CHAPTER 8 CELL REPRODUCTION

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1 CHAPTER 8 CELL REPRODUCTION

2 CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE Structures in the nucleus that carry genetic information Composed of DNA coiled around proteins called histones Consists of 2 identical parts called sister chromatids Chromatids are joined by a centromere A segment of a chromosome is called a gene

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6 CHROMOSOME TYPES 1. Sex Chromosome Determines the sex of the organism Humans have 2 sex chromosomes (1 pair) Female is XX Male is XY

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10 2. Autosomes Any chromosome that does not determine sex Humans have 44 autosomes (22 pairs) In sexually reproducing organisms, there are 2 copies of each autosome One copy of each autosome from each parent

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12 CHROMOSOME NUMBER All organisms have a specific amount of chromosomes If both chromosomes of the pair are present this is called the diploid number If one chromosome of the pair is present this is called the haploid number Ex. Humans have 46 total chromosomes (diploid) or 23 pairs (haploid)

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14 Extremes: Smallest number: The female of a subspecies of the ant, Myrmecia pilosula, has one pair of chromosomes per cell. Its male has only one chromosome in each cell. Largest number: In the fern family of plants, the species Ophioglossum reticulatum has about 630 pairs of chromosomes, or 1260 chromosomes per cell.

15 CELL DIVISION Prokaryotes bacteria Binary fission splitting in two chromosome is copied cells grow twice its size cell wall forms between the chromosomes to form 2 identical cells com/mrlewisclassroo m/video.htm

16 Eukaryotes Division of the cytoplasm & nucleus Mitosis division of the nucleus in body cells (somatic) ; results in new cells that are identical to the original Meiosis division of the nucleus in sex cells (germ); results in new cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell

17 CELL CYCLE

18 Interphase period of growth & development longest period of cell s life chromatin present in the nucleus & centrioles are still together G1 phase cell grows to mature size S phase DNA replication G2 phase prepares for cell division CELL CYCLE

19 Mitosis division of the nucleus A. Prophase Centrioles begin migrating to opposite ends of the cell Chromatin shortens & thickens to form chromosomes Nuclear membrane & nucleolus dissolves Spindle fibers extend across cell Asters anchor centrioles

20 PROPHASE

21 B. Metaphase Chromosomes line up along center of cell Spindle fibers attach to centromere

22 C. Anaphase Chromosomes pulled apart into individual chromatids Chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell

23 D. Telophase Chromatids unwind into chromatin Nuclear membrane & nucleolus reform Centrioles, spindle fibers & asters dissolve

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31 Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm to form new cells Cleavage furrow occurs in animal cells; pinching of cell membrane until two sides meet Cell plate occurs in plant cells; vesicles fuse in the middle of cell to form a plate that separates the cell in two

32 STAGES OF MEIOSIS Division of sex (germ) cells egg & sperm These cells go through interphase to grow & copy DNA These cells begin with a duplicate set of chromosomes Because the cells divide twice the chromosome number of the new cells is half of the original cell

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34 MEIOSIS I (separation of chromosome pairs) 1. Prophase I chromosomes find their homologous partner in a process called synapsis A pair of homologous chromosomes is called a tetrad Sometimes parts of chromatids break off & reattach to adjacent chromatid called crossing over

35 2. Metaphase I Tetrad lines in the middle of the cell 3. Anaphase I Homologous pair of chromosomes separate 4. Telophase I & Cytokinesis I Chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell & cytoplasm divides

36 MEIOSIS II (separation of chromosomes) 1. Prophase II Spindles form, chromosomes tighten, nuclear membrane dissolves 2. Metaphase II Chromosomes line at the center of the cells

37 3. Anaphase II Chromosomes separate to form chromatids 4. Telophase II & Cytokinesis II Nuclear membrane reforms Cytoplasm divides resulting in 4 daughter cells with half the chromosome number as original parent cell

38 OOGENESIS (cytokinesis in egg cells or ova) Cytoplasm divides unequally Results in 3 cells having little or no cytoplasm called polar bodies Cell receiving most of the cytoplasm develops into a immature egg cell called an ootid Ootid develops into a mature egg called an ovum or ova

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40 SPERMATOGENESIS (cytokinesis in sperm cells) Equal division of cytoplasm Results in 4 functional cells called spermatids Spermatids develop into mature sperm cells or spermatozoa

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