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1 Common Function: produce offsprings endocrine glands: sex hormone production Primary organs or gonads: sex cell or gametes production Secondary or accessory organs: glands nourish gametes ducts transport gametes MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Primary Organ: testis (singular) / testes (plural) Location of Testes: scrotum septum of scrotum left & right halves Functions of Testes: seminiferous tubules: interstitial cells of Leydig: Aniko Szabo Hill 1 of 12
2 Structure of Testes: p.674. Drawing of testes tunica vaginalis tunica albuginea septum lobules ducts: seminiferous tubules tubulus rectus rete testis efferent ductules in head of epididymis duct of epididymis in body + tail vas deferens in spermatic cord cells: spermatogenic cells sustentacular cells myoid cells sperms interstitial cells (of Leydig) Aniko Szabo Hill 2 of 12
3 Secondary Organs: Scrotum: divided pouch of skin Location: between legs and posterior to penis - muscles: dartos muscle in hypodermis wrinkles scrotum smooth muscle cremaster muscles from internal oblique elevates testes skeletal muscle - pampiniform plexus gonadal vein: keeping the testes cool Histology: skin = keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Functions: covering temperature regulation Epididymis: coiled tubule location: on superior & posterior surface of testes macroscopy: head + body + tail histology: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia p. 678 one layer of smooth muscle function: stores sperms nourishes sperms helps mature sperms: they become motile Ductus (vas) Deferens: muscular tube: from epididymis to ampulla to ejaculatory duct joins with duct from seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct location: spermatic cord histology: function: pseudostratified columnar epithelium extremely thick smooth muscle layer peristalsis to expell sperms adventitia stores & transports sperms during ejaculation Aniko Szabo Hill 3 of 12
4 Spermatic Cord: tube of fascia (fibrous CT) : vas deferens + testicular vessels + nerves Location: inferior part: in scrotum superior part: inguinal canal in the anterior abdominal wall pelvic cavity: on urinary bladder Ejaculatory Duct: short muscular duct in prostate gland function: empties sperms into prostatic urethra Urethra: muscular tube location: from base of urinary bladder to urethra orifice at end of penis subdivided into 3 regions: prostatic membranous: in urogenital diaphragm penile or spongy histology: transitional epithelium stratified columnar epithelium urethral glands : mucus secretion function: urination ejaculation Semen: sperms + secretions of glands Aniko Szabo Hill 4 of 12
5 SEMINAL FLUID is MADE from 3 EXOCRINE GLANDS: 1. Seminal Vesicles: paired exocrine glands; location: at posterior base of urinary bladder macroscopy: - length of a finger - crypts inside - ducts of seminal vesicles join with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct histology: function: pseudostratified columnar epithelium smooth muscle fibrous capsule secretes 60 % of seminal fluid contains: fructose to nourish sperms prostaglandines: to construct uterus enzymes 2. Prostate Gland: single gland; Location: inferior to urinary bladder; surrounds urethra chestnut size exocrine gland Histology: compound tubulo-alveolar glands in fibro-muscular stroma main glands submucosal glands mucosal glands CT capsule Function: 33 % of semen contain: milky secretion enzymes prostate specific antigen = in prostate cancer it Aniko Szabo Hill 5 of 12
6 3. Bulbourethral Glands: paired glands Location: inferior to prostate gland, within urogenital diaphragm pea-sized exocrine glands bulbourethral duct joins spongy urethra Histology: compound tubulo-alveolar glands Function: mucus secretions neutralizes the acidic urine Penis: located anterior to scrotum Root Shaft Glans Penis Prepuce = foreskin lubrication Internal Structure: three cylinders of erectile tissue two corpora cavernosa: erectile bodies one corpus spongiosum: place ot urethra corpus spongiosum contains penile urethra 2 dorsal veins: superficial & deep dorsal arteries dorsal nerves deep arteries Function: erection: parasympathetic (from sacral plexus) ejaculation: sympathetic ( from lumbar region) Aniko Szabo Hill 6 of 12
7 SPERM STRUCTURE p head: acrosome = penetrating enzymes nucleus = DNA midpiece: mitochondria (motor) tail: flagellum OVERVIEW OF SEMEN PRODUCTION semen = sperm + secretions from male reproductive glands seminal fluid: protects sperm and aids movement alkaline - neutralizes vaginal secretions 50 to 100 million sperm / mm semen OVERVIEW OF MITOSIS & MEIOSIS Mitosis: division of the nucleus (DNA or genetic material or chromosome) the end product is two identical daughter cells both daughter cells have the entire genetic material ( 2n=diploid) location: every cell of the body Meiosis: division of the nucleus the end product is 4 identical daughter cells all 4 daughter cells contain half genetic material (n=haploid) location: testes + ovaries STRICTLY TO PRODUCE SEX CELLS Aniko Szabo Hill 7 of 12
8 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Primary Organ: Ovaries Location of Ovaries: anchored by ligaments on both sides of the uterus on bony lateral wall in the fork of the iliac vessels in pelvic cavity paired, almond shaped Structure of Ovaries: tunica albuginea = fibrous capsule outer cortex: houses developing eggs/ gametes / oocytes in follicles inner medulla: blood vessels & nerves Functions of Ovaries: oocyte production in ovarian follicles of cortex Follicles at different stages of development: 1. primordial follicle 2. primary follicle 3. secondary follicle 4. vesicular or Graafian follicle oocytes zona pellucida corona radiata antrum theca folliculi: synthesizes sex hormones Aniko Szabo Hill 8 of 12
9 Secondary Organs: Oviducts (fallopian tubes, uterine tubes) Location: extend from ovary to uterus muscular tube, NOT CONNECTED TO OVARIES trumpet shape = salpinx isthmus ampulla infundibulum fimbriae Histology: ciliated simple columnar epithelium smooth muscle layers peritoneum functions: aids the progress of oocytes muscular peristalsis beating of cilia Aniko Szabo Hill 9 of 12
10 Uterus: muscular organ; Location: posterior to urinary bladder, anterior to rectum Three divisions: fundus body cervix cervical canal: internal & external os lumen ligaments: cardinal broad round Histology: Layers: endometrium: simple columnar epithelium ` cervical glands mucus uterine glands 2 layers: - stratum functionalis: shed during menstruation - stratum basalis: forms new str. functionalis after menstruation myometrium: smooth muscle perimetrium : peritoneum, serous membrane Functions: receive + retain + nourish a fertilized ovum during pregnancy extends during pregnancy Aniko Szabo Hill 10 of 12
11 Vagina: muscular tube Location: posterior to urethra & anterior to rectum; extends from cervix to outside of body fornix= vaginal recess around cervix of uterus vaginal orifice hymen= mucosa rugae Histology: stratified squamous epithelium smooth muscle adventitia functions: copulation birth canal Vulva = pudendum = external genitalia a. mons pubis = fatty area over pubic symphysis b. labia majora = folds of skin that protect the structures between them homologous to scrotum c. labia minora = folds of skin inside labia majora d. vestibule = area enclosed by labia minora contains urethral and vaginal openings greater vestibular glands open on either side of vaginal orifice e. clitoris = erectile tissue composed of two corpora cavernosa homologous to penis prepuce clinical or obstetrical perineum = area between vaginal & anal openings Aniko Szabo Hill 11 of 12
12 Mammary Glands p. 695 Location: functional in females, present in both sexes anterior to pectoralis major Histology: modified sweat glands 15 to 20 lobes separated by connective tissue and fat lobules contain alveoli ==> produce milk Development: at puberty, female mammary duct system develops slightly, there is substantial fat deposition during pregnancy, progesterone and estrogen cause development of the secretory tissue Pathway of Milk Flow through an Active Mammary Gland alveoli lactiferous ducts lactiferous sinus nipple in center of areola Aniko Szabo Hill 12 of 12
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