7/4/2018. Key Objectives. A and P 2401 Lecture 2 TWO MECHANISMS USED TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS. Negative Feedback Examples. Review of Homeostasis

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1 Key Objectives Review of Homeostasis Negative Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback Mechanisms Body Systems and Function A and P 2401 Lecture 2 HOMEOSTASIS TWO MECHANISMS USED TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS The organism s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing. Dynamic State of Equilibrium Consorted Effort Among the Systems HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL: NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS The final goal is to shut off the original effect (stress) of the stimulus or reduce its intensity. Attempt to Return to Dynamic Equilibrium. 1

2 Positive Feedback Loop In a Positive Feedback Loop the response increases and accelerates the stress (stimulus). Stress (Stimulus) Sensor Control Center Intensifies HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL: POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS The response enhance the original stimulus so that response is accelerated. Have an amplifying or waterfall effect. Effect (Response) Effector Positive Feedback - Childbirth Sensor Cervix stretches and nerve impulses from cervix transmitted to brain Control Center Blood Clotting Stress (Stimulus) Effector Effect (Response) 2

3 Lactation Homeostatic imbalance Diseases cause homeostatic imbalance. Age is a contributor to homeostatic imbalance. Collapse of homeostasis leads to system failures. Hair Skin Nails BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO MAINTIN HOMEOSTASIS Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil s. Skeletal muscles Bones Joint Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. 3

4 Brain Thyroid Thymus Pineal Pituitary Adrenal Pancreas Testis Spinal cord Nerves Ovary Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and s. Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Heart Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Blood vessels Lymph nodes Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Oral cavity Esophagus Lung Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. 4

5 Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Penis Prostate Testis Ductus deferens Scrotum Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and s aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Mammary s (in breasts) Ovary Uterus Vagina Uterine tube Female Reproductive System Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary s of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. 5

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