Tissues. tissue = many cells w/ same structure and function. cell shape aids its function tissue shape aids its function
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1 Tissues tissue = many cells w/ same structure and function cell shape aids its function tissue shape aids its function Histology = study of tissues
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3 4 types of tissues Epithelial coverings contact openings Connective support connect other tissues Muscle movement contraction Nerve control conduct impulse
4 we, our organs, are built in layers epithelial tissue dense connective tissue adipose c.t. muscle bone (not seen)
5 organs are built in layers : epithelial tissue dense connective tissue adipose c.t. muscle
6 protection functions of epithelial tissues : prevent passage across epithelia permeability allow passage across epithelia lubrication of surfaces the function of the epithelial tissue depends on its structure
7 characteristics of epithelia: contact opening covers body surfaces lines hollow organs forms glands skin mouth lung stomach urinary bladder blood vessels
8 respiratory tract skin digestive tract
9 epithelium opening
10 apical surface = free surface basal surface contacts the opening contacts connective tissue
11 basal surface apical surface
12 lumen open space in organ or blood vessel
13 lumen
14 cellularity
15
16 specialized contacts between cells tight junctions zona occludens seals area between cells desmosomes holds cells together anchoring junctions basement membrane holds epithelium to connective tissue
17 Figure 3.5 Special characteristics of epithelium. Cilia Narrow extracellular space Microvilli Apical region of an epithelial cell Epithelium Cell junctions Tight junction Desmosome Gap junction Basal region Connective tissue Nerve ending Capillary Basal lamina Reticular fibers Basement membrane Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
18 Figure 3.5 Cell junctions. Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Microvilli Intercellular space Basement membrane Intercellular space Plaque Intercellular space Interlocking junctional proteins Intercellular space (a) Tight junctions: Impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space. Intermediate filament (keratin) Linker glycoproteins (cadherins) (b) Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers. Channel between cells (connexon) (c) Gap junctions: Communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
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20 avascular regeneration no blood vessels active mitosis replaces cells that are lost
21 definitions simple = one layer stratified = many layers squamous = flat cuboidal = box like columnar = tall
22 simple squamous epithelium structure one row of very thin cells function thin - allow exchange of chemicals through the tissue smooth - to decrease friction in the lumen location lung capillaries blood vessels
23 Figure 19.3a Capillary structure. Pericyte Red blood cell in lumen Basement membrane Tight junction Endothelial nucleus Intercellular cleft Endothelial cell Pinocytotic vesicles Continuous capillary. Least permeable, and most common (e.g., skin, muscle) Pearson Education, Inc.
24 simple squamous smooth, thin
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26 Figure 22.8 Respiratory zone structures. Alveolar duct Alveoli Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct Terminal bronchiole Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar pores Alveoli Alveolar sac 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
27 Figure 4.3a Epithelial tissues. Simple squamous epithelium Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. Function: Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Air sacs of lung tissue Nuclei of squamous epithelial cells Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae). Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (140x) Pearson Education, Inc.
28
29 artery wall simple squamous epithelium
30 artery wall : simple squamous (endothelium) connective tissue
31 simple cuboidal epithelium structure one row of square/oval cells round nucleus function secretions into the opening location glands (exocrine glands) kidney why simple?
32 simple cuboidal basement membrane connective tissue
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34 Glands are long, coiled openings lined with cuboidal cells. So, when we slice through the tissue, we get many circular arrangements of cuboidal cells
35 Figure 4.3b Epithelial tissues. Simple cuboidal epithelium Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelial cells Nucleus Function: Secretion and absorption. Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface. Basement membrane Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules (430x) Pearson Education, Inc.
36 kidney tubules simple cuboidal epithelium
37 Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney tubules) Simple cuboidal epithelium Lumen of kidney tubule Nucleus Cuboidal cell
38 Figure 4.5 Types of multicellular exocrine glands. Simple duct structure (duct does not branch) Compound duct structure (duct branches) Tubular secretory structure Simple tubular Example Intestinal glands Simple branched tubular Example Stomach (gastric) glands Compound tubular Example Duodenal glands of small intestine Alveolar secretory structure Simple alveolar Example No important example in humans Simple branched alveolar Example Sebaceous (oil) glands Compound alveolar Example Mammary glands Compound tubuloalveolar Example Salivary glands Surface epithelium Duct Secretory epithelium Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
39 simple columnar epithelium structure one row of tall cells function absorption from the opening ; and some secretion location stomach small and large intestines why simple?
40 Simple columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucussecreting unicellular glands (goblet cells). Figure 4.3c Epithelial tissues. Microvilli Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action. Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. Simple columnar epithelial cell Mucus of goblet cell Basement membrane Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine mucosa (660x) Pearson Education, Inc.
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42 Goblet cells specialized columnar cell function secretes mucus ; lubricates the free surface location small intestine large intestine respiratory tract
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44 ciliated epithelium hair-like organelle that protrudes out of the cell function to move things along the tract location respiratory tract fallopian tube ciliated columnar epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
45 Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea) Cilia Pseudostratified epithelium Nuclei of epithelial cells
46 Figure 4.3d Epithelial tissues. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia. Cilia Function: Secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Location: Nonciliated type in male s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. Trachea Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (800x). Pseudostratified epithelial layer Basement membrane 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
47 pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
48 microvilli structure folds of the cell membrane on columnar or cuboidal cells function increases surface area for absorption location small and large intestines = brush border kidney
49 Figure 4.6 Cell junctions. Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Microvilli Intercellular space Basement membrane Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
50 simple columnar epithelium - with microvilli
51 Figure 4.3c Epithelial tissues. Simple columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells). Microvilli Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action. Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine mucosa (660x). Simple columnar epithelial cell Mucus of goblet cell Basement membrane 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
52 stratified squamous epithelium structure several rows of flat cells may have cuboidal-like cells near basal area function protection location skin mouth esophagus vagina anal canal
53 Figure 4.3e Epithelial tissues. Stratified squamous epithelium Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers. Stratified squamous epithelium Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium lining the esophagus (285x). Nuclei Basement membrane Connective tissue 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
54 Stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus) Squamous cell Nuclei Stratified squamous epithelium
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56 transitional epithelium structure several rows of round cells may decrease # of rows, and flatten, when stretched function allows epithelia to stretch, when organ is filled location urinary bladder ureter
57 Figure 4.3f Epithelial tissues. Transitional epithelium Description: Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch. Transitional epithelium Function: Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ. Location: Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra. Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining the bladder, relaxed state (360x); note the bulbous, or rounded, appearance of the cells at the surface; these cells flatten and elongate when the bladder fills with urine. Basement membrane Connective tissue 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
58 transitional epithelium note: this is not stratified cuboidal
59 stratified cuboidal epithelium structure two rows of square/oval cells location ducts of glands
60 Figure 4.3f Epithelial tissues. (f) Stratified cuboidal epithelium Description: Generally two layers of cubelike cells. Basement membrane Function: Protection Cuboidal epithelial cells Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. Duct lumen Photomicrograph: Stratified cuboidal epithelium forming a salivary gland duct (285 ). Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. old text
61 Stratified cuboidal epithelium gland (gland ducts) Lumen of duct Stratified cuboidal epithelium
62 Figure 4.5 Types of multicellular exocrine glands. Simple duct structure (duct does not branch) Compound duct structure (duct branches) Tubular secretory structure Simple tubular Example Intestinal glands Simple branched tubular Example Stomach (gastric) glands Compound tubular Example Duodenal glands of small intestine Alveolar secretory structure Simple alveolar Example No important example in humans Simple branched alveolar Example Sebaceous (oil) glands Compound alveolar Example Mammary glands Compound tubuloalveolar Example Salivary glands Surface epithelium Duct Secretory epithelium 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
63 typical cross sections through glands ; ducts
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