The Validity and Reliability of Health Belief Scale for Testicular Cancer Self-Examination
|
|
- Shanna Murphy
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 611226JMHXXX / American Journal of Men s HealthAvci and Altinel research-article2015 Article The Validity and Reliability of Health Belief Scale for Testicular Cancer Self-Examination American Journal of Men s Health 1 8 The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalspermissions.nav DOI: / ajmh.sagepub.com Ilknur Aydin Avci, PhD 1, and Busra Altinel, MSc 2 Abstract This study aimed to create a measurement tool for the determination of university students health beliefs about testicular cancer (TC) and self-examination. This is a methodological and cross-sectional study. The study sample included 425 university students. Consents and approvals were obtained from the relevant institutions and the ethics committee prior to the research. The data were collected using an interview form that included questions about descriptive characteristics, family history of TC, and knowledge, beliefs, and practice of self-examination. The health belief model including 41 questions about self-examination and the interview form were administered to the students in their classrooms at a suitable time. Principal components analysis and varimax rotation were used for the examination of the structures of the factors. Accordingly, factor patterns, self-values, and the variance percentages they explained were evaluated. The average age of the participants is 22.2 ± 2.3 (min = 17; max = 40). Of them, 98.8% of the participants are single (n = 420). Of them, 56.2% have heard about TC before, and 18.4% said they were informed about TC. of the items in the first factor was 0.64 to 0.89, while it was 0.48 to 0.75 for the items in the second factor, 0.50 to 0.87 for the items in the third factor, 0.37 to 0.68 for the items in the fourth factor, 0.51 to 0.68 for the items in the fifth factor, and 0.65 to 0.79 for the items in the sixth factor. The health belief model scale may be used in TC screenings for males to measure susceptibility, seriousness, health motivation, barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy. Keywords validity, reliability, testicular self-examination, health belief model Introduction Urogenital system cancers are one of the most common cancer types among males. Although accounting for only 1% to 2% of male cancers, testicular cancer (TC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men aged between 15 and 35 years in the United States and in most European populations. The American Cancer Society s estimates for TC in the United States for 2015 are that about 8,430 new cases of TC will be diagnosed and about 380 men will die of TC (American Cancer Society, 2015). Nigam, Aschebrook-Kilfoy, Shikanov, and Eggene (2015) reported that, between 1992 and 2009, TC incidence in the United States and Europe continued to increase. Urogenital system cancers account for 4.72% of all cancer cases in Turkey, while 1.3% of male neoplasms are TC (Aydın, 2007). Epidemiological risk factors for the development of testicular tumors are a history of cryptorchidism or undescended testicle, high maternal estrogen levels during fetal development, Klinefelter syndrome, family history, a tumor or testicular intraepithelial neoplasm in the other testicle, younger age (15-34 years), White race/ethnicity, and infertility (Albers et al., 2015; Dieckmann, Loy, & Buttner, 1993; Osterlind et al., 1991). While TC is a relatively rare type of cancer, it still has a very significant place in urological oncology because it serves as a model curable cancer in oncology. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are very important in TC. It is possible to cure TC completely if it is diagnosed at an early stage. After an early diagnosis, there is a 99% possibility of 5 more years of life (Bahrami, Ro, & Ayala, 2007; Lechner, Oenema, & Nooijer, 2002). The primary 1 Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey 2 Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Corresponding Author: Ilknur Aydin Avci, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun School of Health, Samsun, Turkey. ilknura@omu.edu.tr
2 2 American Journal of Men s Health methods of diagnosis are ultrasonography, some blood tests, and magnetic resonance imaging (American Cancer Society, 2015). To be able to make an early diagnosis, individuals should be conscious about this issue and be able to do self-examination (Ceylan, Yılmaz, Yıldız, Kuş, & Gönülalan, 2006). The reasons for the delays in diagnosis and treatment are young males lack of knowledge about the danger of TC and self-examination, which is very important for early diagnosis. Although the frequency of TC has increased, many studies have reported that young males are not informed about this tumor and its frequency in their age-group. Young men do not know about its general symptoms and their rate of doing selfexamination is very low (Ceylan et al., 2006; Lechner et al., 2002; Rudberg, Nilsson, Wikblad, & Carlsson, 2005). A study conducted with 7,304 university students in Europe revealed that only 3% of students did selfexamination regularly every month (Wardle et al., 1994). A study conducted in Iran reported that only 7.9% of students did self-examination (Ramim, Mousavi, Rosatmnia, Bazyar, & Ghanbari, 2014). TC is not a preventable disease; however, a regular examination of testicles for swelling can lead to an early diagnosis. Thus, all males between 15 and 35 years of age should do this examination every month and identify the symptoms of TC. The only way to diagnose TC at an early stage is to do regular self-examination. Although self-examination creates a 90% possibility of early diagnosis (Cronholm, Mao, Nguyen, & Paris, 2009; Göçgeldi & Koçak, 2010; Rudberg et al., 2005), it is not effective in diagnosing early stage TC on its own. It definitely requires examination by a physician and the administration of radiological and pathological tests. Selfexamination is still an important health promotion behavior, like breast self-examination in diagnosing breast cancer. If young males are trained about selfexamination, this will create awareness about the early diagnosis of TC. Individuals doing self-examination will exhibit a health promoting behavior by taking care of themselves. It is commonly believed that cancer incidence increases in direct proportion with age. This leads young people to have lower levels of learning and adopting behaviors related to early diagnosis. Teaching and acquiring health protective behaviors at a young age will have a positive influence on attaining individual responsibility of protecting one s self from cancer and other preventable or curable diseases. Beliefs influence the health behaviors that determine the efficiency of the methods used for the early diagnosis of TC. The health belief model (HBM) is a useful theoretical basis for self-examination practices (Levi, Lucchini, Negri, Boyle, & La Vecchia, 2004). The HBM explains the relationship between a person s beliefs and behaviors and the effect of personal motivation on health behaviors (Cummings, Jette, & Rosenstock, 1978). The HBM defines the motivation for an individual s health behaviors, and particularly the conditions that affect protective behaviors. According to the HBM, health behavior, which is an integration of individual perceptions and values that leads a person to a specific end, is directly related to the formation of diseases (Janz & Becker, 1987). The HBM was created by Hochbaum, Kegeles, Leventhal, and Rosenstock in Some concepts thought to influence health beliefs and behaviors were added to this model later. The HBM claims that individuals health behaviors are affected by their beliefs, values, and attitudes. Identifying problematic beliefs and attitudes will make it possible to decide on health training or therapies more correctly. The factors that determine the possibility of health protective behaviors emerging in the HBM are the following: (1) perception of susceptibility or sensitivity: individuals perception of personal risks or sensitivities regarding a disease or health issues; (2) seriousness and caring: taking the outcomes of a disease seriously; (3) benefit: individuals belief in the benefit of protective behavior suggested to mitigate symptoms or prevent a disease; (4) barriers: perceived barriers to adopting new behaviors and adapting to situations. Selfefficacy and motivation perception were incorporated into the model later: (5) self-efficacy: individuals belief in their capability of successfully taking an initiative; (6) health motivation: individual beliefs and behaviors required for holistic health (Gözüm & Capik, 2014; Strecher & Rosenstock, 1997). The HBM has been used by many researchers to explain health protective behaviors in diseases such as breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes (Champion & Scott, 1997; Guvenc, Akyuz, & Açikel, 2011; Hurley, 1990; Kim, Horan, Gendler, & Patel, 1991; Rawl et al., 2001). Champion used the HBM in breast cancer screenings (Champion & Scott, 1997). Self-examination is a health promotion behavior that creates awareness and can guide the early diagnosis of TC. Nurses play a significant role in teaching the early symptoms of cancer and the ways to identify these symptoms. Nurses can also research patient attitudes and health behaviors, and nursing initiatives can be developed to change these attitudes and increase beneficial health behaviors (Champion, 1987; Clemen, Mcguire, & Eigsti, 2002). TC starts at an early age, and the risk group mainly consists of adolescents. This indicates that nurses should be informed about self-examination and related health beliefs in school nursing practices. Male health is too frequently disregarded. Health nursing staff should develop male health implementations for all age-groups and pay attention to this issue. This will lead to an increase in
3 Avci and Altinel 3 public health. The identification of health beliefs about TC and self-examination, which are included in early diagnosis, will create a significant awareness about male health and enable further research to improve it. This study aimed to create a measurement tool for the determination of university students health beliefs about TC and self-examination. The research questions are the following: What is the validity and reliability of Health Belief Scale that measures university students beliefs and attitudes? Do students self-examination habits influence their health beliefs? Method This is a methodological and cross-sectional study. It was conducted in collaboration with male university students in Eskisehir, Turkey, in Study Sample The study sample included 459 of 542 university students. The students were invited to participate in the study, informed about the subject, and volunteers were chosen using improbable sampling. The aim of this research was described to these students in their class. They participated as voluntary at this research. In this research, 34 of the students made errors on their data collection forms. These students were excluded from the study, and thus 425 students participated in the research. The participants were informed that they could withdraw at any time and that their responses would be anonymous and confidential. Consents and approvals were obtained from the relevant institutions and the ethics committee prior to the research (Ethics Committee Decision No. 672). Data Collection Tools The data were collected using an interview form that included questions about descriptive characteristics, family history of TC, and knowledge and practice of self-examination. Selection This study analyzed the research that created measurement tools for breast cancer, cervical cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, and colorectal cancer based on the Health Belief Scale (Çapık & Gözüm, 2011; Champion & Scott, 1997; Guvenc et al., 2011; Hurley, 1990; Kim et al., 1991; Rawl et al., 2001). The studies in the relevant literature mainly evaluated six basic concepts of HBM: susceptibility, caring, benefit, barriers, self-efficacy, and health motivation. Based on these concepts, the authors created an item pool including 51 items about health beliefs about TC and self-examination. The interview form was assessed by six specialists, two urologists, two public nurses, one physiologist, and one psychologist. Some items were excluded from the form after consulting experts, and two items were added TC would end my sex life and TC causes infertility at the suggestion of the urologists. These two items had never before been used in scales. The final version of the form included 41 questions. Instruments The HBM includes six subscales: (1) susceptibility, (2) seriousness, (3) benefit, (4) barriers, (5) self-efficacy in self-examination practices, and (6) health motivation. This is a 5-point Likert-type scale with the following responses: 5 = Strongly agree, 4 = Agree, 3 = Undecided, 2 = Disagree, and 1 = Strongly disagree. Higher scores on the susceptibility, seriousness, health motivation, benefits, and self-efficacy subscales indicate a positive situation, while higher scores on the barriers subscale indicate a negative situation since those with a high level of perceived barriers would not do TC screening. There is no total score on the scale; the scores for each subdimension are calculated and assessed separately. The necessary permission to use the Champion Health Belief Model Scale was obtained from Victoria Champion in Data Collection Procedure The final version of the interview form was administered to a group of 20 students as a pilot test. The data collected from this group were evaluated separately. After the pilot test, the authors decided that the form did not require any changes. The HBM including 41 questions about selfexamination and the interview form were administered to the students in their classrooms at a suitable time. The scale takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. Data Analysis The IBM SPSS 21.0 program was used to analyze the data. The author made psychometric measurements using explanatory factor analysis and Cronbach s alpha reliability analysis. Reliability was also assessed by interpreting the subscale correlations between all items. s with less than r =.30 correlation among subscale items were excluded. Principal components analysis and varimax rotation were used for the examination of the structures of the factors. Accordingly, factor patterns, self-values, and the variance percentages they explained were evaluated.
4 4 American Journal of Men s Health Results Descriptive Features The average age of the participants was 22.2 ± 2.3 years (minimum = 17; maximum = 40). Of them, 98.8% of the participants are single (n = 420). Of them, 56.2% have heard about TC before, and 18.4% said they were informed about TC. Of them, 2.8% knew about self-examination, and 1.9% did self-examinations. Only 59.3% of the students said that they thought self-examination was important for early diagnosis of TC. Validity and Reliability The Kaiser Meyer Olkin and Barlett tests were done before the explanatory factor analysis. The Kaiser Meyer Olkin measurement of sampling adequacy was 0.84, and the Barlett test results were quite significant (χ 2 = , df = 780, p =.000). The factor analysis of the 41-item HBM Self-examination Scale reported that six factors were important. 11 (I can live 5 more years at most if I have TC.), 24 (Doing self-examination means doing something good for myself.), 25 (Doing self-examination every month will help me find any lumps at an early stage.), and 32 (I am afraid of doing self-examination incorrectly.) were excluded from the scale since the correlation between each item and the entire scale was under The other items had appropriate correlations with the entire scale. After these items were excluded, the final form of the scale consisted of 37 items (Table 1). Cronbach s alpha reliability coefficient was calculated for each subdimension. Cronbach s alpha value was.88 in the susceptibility subdimension,.86 in seriousness,.87 in the benefit and health motivation subdimension,.82 in the barriers subdimension, and.68 in self-efficacy subdimension, and.64 in the health motivation subdimension (Table 1). The key components analysis of the scale revealed that six factors had self-values above 1. Of the factors revealed by varimax rotation, the first one explained 6% of the total variance, the second explained 18.7%, the third explained 12.8%, the fourth explained 7.2%, the fifth explained 4.8%, and the sixth explained 4.5%. The variance explained by all six factors is 53.8%. The factor analysis identified that the first factor included 5 items, the second factor had 10, the third 6, the fourth 9, the fifth 4, and the sixth factor had 3 items. load of the items in the first factor was 0.64 to 0.89, while it was 0.48 to 0.75 for the items in the second factor, 0.50 to 0.87 for the items in the third factor, 0.37 to 0.68 for the items in the fourth factor, 0.51 to 0.68 for the items in the fifth factor, and 0.65 to 0.79 for the items in the sixth factor (Table 2). The study reported that students doing self-examination affected their self-efficacy. Students who do self-examination had higher self-efficacy perceptions than those who did not (p <.001; Table 3). There was no correlation between students knowledge on self-examination and their health beliefs (p >.05). Discussion The HBM has been used in many studies to create measurement tools to determine health protective and promotive behaviors. The final version of the scale includes 37 items and 6 factors. The authors reviewed the relevant literature to develop the items on the scale. Champion adapted the Health Belief Scale to breast cancer studies, and this scale is the structural reproduction of this study (Champion & Scott, 1997). Explanatory factor analysis indicated that the form created for TC screenings was valid and reliable. Cronbach s alpha value for each subscale varies between.64 and.88. These results are in accordance with Champion s belief scale, and the results of the studies that are based on this scale (Çapık & Gözüm, 2011; Champion & Scott, 1997; Gözüm & Aydin, 2004; Kim et al., 1991). s with coefficient values lower than 0.30 are recommended to be excluded from the scale due to their statistical significance (Polit & Beck, 2003). In this study, the total item correlation values for all items are statistically significant (factor minimum = 37; maximum = 89). The authors added two more items about sexuality and reproductive health, which is a different quality from other similar studies. The inclusion of these items points to the importance attached to the change in the perception of seriousness. It is an important point that factor loads are above 0.30, and the alpha reliability coefficient of seriousness subdimension is high. TC is closely related to sexuality and reproduction. The statements about sexuality and reproductive health in this scale were carefully evaluated by the participants. Thus, it is important that these items were included in the scale because they reflect concerns about TC. This study reported that students do not have sufficient information about TC, and they rarely do self-examination. In their study, Kuzgunbay et al. (2013) reported that 11.1% of 799 students were informed about TC, and only 2.5% of them did self-examination. Ugboma and Aburoma (2011) reported that 88.6% of their participants had not heard of TC, and 63% had not learned about selfexamination. The results of this study are similar. Selfexamination protects and improves health. For this reason, this behavior should be adopted and used by individuals. Like earlier studies, this study also reported that male students rarely did self-examination.
5 Avci and Altinel 5 Table 1. Analysis and Internal Consistency of HBM Self-Examination. Scale mean SD Corrected item total correlation Cronbach s alpha Susceptibility 1. The possibility that I have testicular cancer is very high The possibility that I will have testicular cancer in a few years is very high. 3. I feel that I will have testicular cancer in some part of my life I fear dying of testicular cancer In comparison to a male peer, the possibility that I have testicular cancer is very high. Seriousness 6. The thought of testicular cancer scares me My heartbeat gets faster when I think of testicular cancer I will suffer from various problems for a long period of time if I have testicular cancer. 9. Having testicular cancer will threaten my relationship with my wife/ partner. 10. If I have testicular cancer, my whole life will change Testicular cancer is a hopeless disease Having testicular cancer would put my financial security in danger Testicular cancer would put my future professional life in danger Testicular cancer would end my sexual life If I have testicular cancer, I will be infertile Benefits and health motivation 16. I search for new information to improve my health Finding out my health problems at an early stage is important to me Staying healthy is very important to me I think it is important to do things that benefit my health If I do self-examination every month, I will be less likely to die of testicular cancer. 21. I would have a successful testicular cancer treatment if I find a lump by TSE at an early stage. Barriers 25. I find it boring to do TSE every month It takes a long time to do TSE Testicular self-examination is painful If I do TSE, my family will make fun of me It is difficult to remember to do TSE I do not have the privacy required to do TSE If I have a health professional do my testicular examination, I will not need to do self-examination. 32. I do not do self-examination since I am afraid of finding something (a lump). 33. I have more important problems than doing self-examination Self-efficacy 34. I know how to do self-examination I can do TSE correctly I can find a lump in my testicles by doing self-examination I can say that I have a problem in my testicles by doing selfexamination Health motivation 22. I eat a balanced diet I exercise at least three times a week I have medical checkups regularly even if I am not ill Note. HBM = health behavior model; TSE = testicular self-examination.
6 6 American Journal of Men s Health Table 2. Rotated Analysis of Adapted Champion s Health Belief Model Scale for Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self- Examination. 1: Susceptibility (SUS) 2: Seriousness (SER) 3: Benefits and health motivation (BEN) 4: Barriers (BAR) 5: Selfefficacy (SEF) 6: Health motivation (MOT) SUS SER BEN BAR SEF MOT SUS SER BEN BAR SEF MOT SUS SER BAR SEF MOT SUS SER MOT BAR SEF SUS SER MOT BAR SER MOT BAR SER MOT BAR SER BAR SER BAR SER Explained Explained. variance = 6.0% variance = 18.7% Total explained variance = 53.8% Explained variance = 12.8% Explained variance = 7.2% Explained variance = 4.8% Explained variance = 4.5% Table 3. Relationship Between Health Beliefs With Performing TSE. Performing TSE Not performing TSE Subscales x SD x SD Statistic p Susceptibility Seriousness Health motivation Benefits and health motivation Barriers Self-efficacy Note. TSE = testicular self-examination. p<0.001 The self-efficacy levels of students who did selfexaminations were higher than those who did not (p <.001). Self-efficacy indicates persons perceptions of their ability to succeed in a certain kind of behavior. Past studies have reported that the self-efficacy of people who know about and apply health protective behaviors are higher than those who do not (Avci, Kumcagiz, Altinel, & Caloglu, 2014; Çapık & Gözüm, 2011; Gözüm & Aydin, 2004). Self-examination is a health protective behavior. If students do it, both their participation in TC screenings and their possibilities of adopting and performing other similar behaviors will be increased. The scale created in this study was determined to be valid and reliable for TC screenings. This new scale will help health professionals to determine the benefits, barriers, susceptibilities, seriousness, health motivation, and self-efficacy perceptions of young males. The scale will also contribute to the research on this subject. Conclusion The HBM scale may be used in TC screenings for males to measure susceptibility, seriousness, health motivation, barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy. Male health, particularly that of young males, can be described as a subject that is generally disregarded. Thus, the identification of young males health beliefs about TC and selfexamination will help organize future educational practices and plan more effective initiatives. The measurement of men s health beliefs regarding cancer screenings will create awareness and lead young men to adopt health protective behaviors.
7 Avci and Altinel 7 Suggestions Health professionals working in health protection and promotion can research young males beliefs about TC and self-examination using this study s valid and reliable HBM scale. They can use this scale to learn about the health beliefs of males between 20 and 34 years of age who have cryptorchidism or TC in their family history, which is the high-risk group. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. References Albers, P., Albrecht, W., Algaba, F., Bokemeyer, C., Cohn- Cedermark, G., Fizazi, K.,... Laguna, M. P. (2015). Guidelines on testicular cancer. Arnhem, Netherlands: European Association of Urology. Retrieved from uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/testicular-cancer pdf American Cancer Society. (2015). What are the key statistics about testicular cancer? How is testicular cancer diagnosed? Retrieved from testicularcancer/detailedguide/testicular-cancer-keystatistics Avci, I. A., Kumcagiz, H., Altinel, B., & Caloglu, A. (2014). Turkish female academician self-esteem and health beliefs for breast cancer screening. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15, Aydin, S. (2007). The incidence of urinary cancers in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Urology, 33, Bahrami, A., Ro, J. Y., & Ayala, A. G. (2007). An overview of testicular germ cell tumors. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 131, Çapık, C., & Gözüm, S. (2011). Development and validation of health beliefs model scale for prostate cancer screenings (HBM-PCS): Evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15, doi: /j.ejon Ceylan, K., Yılmaz, Y., Yıldız, A., Kuş, A., & Gönülalan, H. (2006). Cryptorchidism: Evaluation of the 164 cases in terms of associated anomalies, complications, treatment modality and age. Journal of Medical Researches, 4(3), Champion, V. L. (1987). The relationship of breast selfexamination to health belief model variables. Research in Nursing & Health, 10, Champion, V. L., & Scott, C. R. (1997). Reliability and validity of breast cancer screening belief scales in African American women. Nursing Research, 46, Clemen, S. A., Mcguire, S. L., & Eigsti, D. G. (2002). Comprehensive health nursing family aggregate and community practice (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Cronholm, P. F., Mao, J. J., Nguyen, G. T., & Paris, R. T. (2009). A dilemma in male engagement in preventive services: Adolescent males knowledge and attitudes toward testicular cancer and testicular self-exam. American Journal of Men s Health, 3, Cummings, K. M., Jette, A. M., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1978). Construct validation of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 6, Dieckmann, K. P., Loy, V., & Buttner, P. (1993). Prevalence of bilateral germ cell tumours and early detection based on contralateral testicular intra-epithelial neoplasia. British Journal of Urology, 71, Gözüm, S., & Aydin, I. (2004). Validation evidence for Turkish adaptation of Champion s health belief model scales. Cancer Nursing, 27, Gözüm, S., & Capik, C. (2014). A guide in the development of health behaviours: Health belief model (HBM). Dokuz Eylül Universitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 7, Göçgeldi, E., & Koçak, N. (2010). Evaluation of the education given to the young adult males about testicular selfexamination. Gülhane Medical Journal, 52, Guvenc, G., Akyuz, A., & Açikel, C. H. (2011). Health belief model scale for cervical cancer and Pap smear test: Psychometric testing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, Hurley, A. C. (1990). The health belief model: Evaluation of a diabetes scale. Diabetes Educator, 16(1), Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1987). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), Kim, K. K., Horan, M. L., Gendler, P., & Patel, M. K. (1991). Development and evaluation of the osteoporosis Health Belief Scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 14, Kuzgunbay, B., Yaycioglu, O., Soyupak, B., Kayis, A. A., Ayan, S., Yavascaoglu, I.,... Beduk, Y. (2013). Turkish study group of public awareness in testicular cancer public awareness of testicular cancer and self-examination in Turkey: A multicenter study of Turkish Urooncology Society. Urologic Oncology, 31, doi: /j. urolonc Lechner, L., Oenema, A., & Nooijer, J. (2002). Testicular selfexamination (TSE) among men aged 15-19: Determinants of the intention to practice TSE. Health Education Research, 17(1), Levi, F., Lucchini, F., Negri, E., Boyle, P., & La Vecchia, C. (2004). Cancer mortality in Europe, , and an overview of trends since International Journal of Cancer, 110, Nigam, M., Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B., Shikanov, S., & Eggene, S. (2015). Increasing incidence of testicular cancer in the United States and Europe between 1992 and World Journal of Urology, 33, Osterlind, A., Berthelsen, J. G., Abildgaard, N., Hansen, S. O., Hjalgrim, H., Johansen, B.,... Rasmussen, L. H. (1991). Risk of bilateral testicular germ cell tumours in Denmark:
8 8 American Journal of Men s Health Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 83, Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2003). Nursing research principles and methods (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins. Ramim, T., Mousavi, S. O., Rosatmnia, L., Bazyar, A., & Ghanbari, V. (2014). Student knowledge of testicular cancer and self-examination in a medical sciences. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research, 6(4), Rawl, S., Champion, V., Menon, U., Loehrer, P., Vance, G., & Skinner, C. S. (2001). Validation of scales to measure benefits and barriers to colorectal cancer screening. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 19(3-4), Rudberg, L., Nilsson, S., Wikblad, K., & Carlsson, M. (2005). Testicular cancer and testicular self-examination: Knowledge and attitudes of adolescent Swedish men. Cancer Nursing, 28, Strecher, V. J., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1997). The health belief model. In A. Baun, S. Newman, J. Weisnman, R. West & C. McManus (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health, and medicine (pp ). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Ugboma, H. A. A., & Aburoma, H. L. S. (2011). Public awareness of testicular cancer and testicular self-examination in academic environments: A lost opportunity. Clinics, 66, doi: /s Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Burckhardt, R., Vögele, C., Vila, J., & Zarczynski, Z. (1994). Testicular self-examination: Attitudes and practices among young men in Europe. Preventive Medicine, 23,
Evaluation of the effectiveness of testicular cancer and testicular self-examination training for patient care personnel: intervention study
HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH Vol.29 no.6 2014 Pages 966 976 Advance Access published 23 September 2014 Evaluation of the effectiveness of testicular cancer and testicular self-examination training for patient
More informationReliability and validity of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening among Malaysian
Original Article Singapore Med12008,49(11):897 Reliability and validity of Champion's Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening among Malaysian women Parsa P, Kandiah M, Mohd Nasir M T, Hejar A R,
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE. Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination; Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice in Final Year Medical Students in Nigeria
DOI:10.22034/APJCP.2016.17.11.4999 RESEARCH ARTICLE Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination; Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice in Final Year Medical Students in Nigeria Fred O Ugwumba 1 *, Osa
More informationThe KAP Study on TSE in Salak Tinggi, Sepang, Selangor
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research Website: www.gkpublication.in/ijshr.html Original Research Article ISSN: 2455-7587 The KAP Study on TSE in Salak Tinggi, Sepang, Selangor Fatin
More informationTeachers Sense of Efficacy Scale: The Study of Validity and Reliability
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. II, Issue 12/ March 2015 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Teachers Sense of Efficacy Scale: The Study of Validity and Dr.
More informationValidity and reliability of physical education teachers' beliefs and intentions toward teaching students with disabilities (TBITSD) questionnaire
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(11) Oct 201, Pages: 469-47 AENSI Journals Advances in Environmental Biology Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb.html Validity and reliability of physical
More informationImproving Breast Self Examination: an Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model
Original Article Improving Breast Self Examination: an Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model Aghamolaei T 1, Hasani L 1, Tavafian SS 2, Zare S 3 Abstract Background: This study evaluated
More informationMayo Hiroshima. Manami Amagai. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy. 1. Background
Development of a Simple Version of the 7-item Version of an Instrument to Measure Self-Efficacy for Social Participation of People with Mental Illness Doi:.59/mjss.3.v4np5 Abstract Mayo Hiroshima Graduate
More informationThe Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework for Climate Change Cultivation Effects. Adam M. Rainear. Graduate Student. John L.
The Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework for Climate Change Cultivation Effects Adam M. Rainear Graduate Student & John L. Christensen Assistant Professor Department of Communication University
More informationThe Asian Conference on Education & International Development 2015 Official Conference Proceedings. iafor
Constructing and Validating Behavioral Components Scale of Motivational Goals in Mathematics Nancy Castro, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines Michelle Cruz, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines Maria
More informationAstronomy Attitude Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability 1
Astronomy Attitude Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability 1 Cumhur TÜRK (Corresponding Author) Researcher Assistant Science Education Program, Faculty of Education Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun,
More informationAwareness and understanding of dementia in New Zealand
Awareness and understanding of dementia in New Zealand Alzheimers NZ Telephone survey May 2017 Contents Contents... 2 Key findings... 3 Executive summary... 5 1 Methodology... 8 1.1 Background and objectives...
More informationINFLUENCING FLU VACCINATION BEHAVIOR: Identifying Drivers & Evaluating Campaigns for Future Promotion Planning
INFLUENCING FLU VACCINATION BEHAVIOR: Identifying Drivers & Evaluating Campaigns for Future Promotion Planning Cathy St. Pierre, MS ACHA 2011 Annual Conference June 1, 2011 H1N1 Flu Media Coverage Source:
More informationlog.gxi^. 'Xpe^h A <^^l^^e.^^^^ BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF ACTIVE DUTY AIR FORCE MALES RELATED TO TESTICULAR CANCER AND TESTICULAR SELF-EXAMINATION
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF ACTIVE DUTY AIR FORCE MALES RELATED TO TESTICULAR CANCER AND TESTICULAR SELF-EXAMINATION Roberta J. Barnes APPROVED: log.gxi^. 'Xpe^h Chair ^ Date Member V \ NDate Member Date
More informationKnowledge, Attitude and Beliefs Women Attending Mammography Units have Regarding Breast Cancer and Early Diagnosis
Knowledge, Attitude, and Beliefs of Turkish Women Regarding Breast Cancer RESEARCH COMMUNICATION Knowledge, Attitude and Beliefs Women Attending Mammography Units have Regarding Breast Cancer and Early
More informationUsing knowledge interventions to determine stress and future preventative behaviour regarding cervical cancer and the human papilloma virus
Using knowledge interventions to determine stress and future preventative behaviour regarding cervical cancer and the human papilloma virus Clare Austin (Psychology) Cervical cancer, the human papilloma
More informationFactors Influencing Undergraduate Students Motivation to Study Science
Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students Motivation to Study Science Ghali Hassan Faculty of Education, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 114 ( 2014 ) th World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 114 ( 2014 ) 222 228 4th World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance Locus of control and
More informationIntercultural Communication Apprehension Scale (PRICA): Validity and Reliability Study in Turkish
September-December 2018 Volume 11 Issue 3 Page1638 Original Article Intercultural Communication Apprehension Scale (PRICA): Validity and Reliability Study in Turkish Eda Ay, MSc Research Assistant, Department
More informationThe Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Risk Version of the Perception Survey-Diabetes Mellitus Scale
September-December 2018 Volume 11 Issue 3 Page1597 Original Article The Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Risk Version of the Perception Survey-Diabetes Mellitus Scale Feride Taskin Yilmaz,
More informationFactors influencing alcohol use among Korean adolescents: A comparison between middle and high school students
Factors influencing alcohol use among Korean adolescents: A comparison between middle and high school students Seung Soo Kim Department of Social Welfare, Chung-Ang University Sulki Chung Associate Professor
More informationMeasuring Perceived Social Support in Mexican American Youth: Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Marquette University e-publications@marquette College of Education Faculty Research and Publications Education, College of 5-1-2004 Measuring Perceived Social Support in Mexican American Youth: Psychometric
More informationHealth Belief Model of Breast Cancer Screening for Female College Students
Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Graduate Capstone Projects 1-1-2009 Health Belief Model of Breast
More informationNisha Beharie, DrPH. Postdoctoral Fellow National Development and Research Institutes, Inc.
Nisha Beharie, DrPH Postdoctoral Fellow National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. New York City is facing levels of homelessness among families that has not been seen since the Great Depression.
More informationConstructing a Three-Part Instrument for Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence and Learning Behavior
Constructing a Three-Part Instrument for Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence and Learning Behavior Mali Praditsang School of Education & Modern Language, College of Art & Sciences, Universiti Utara
More informationKeywords assessment, measurement, competency development, professional training, rehabilitation counselors, psychiatric rehabilitation, suicide
660840RCBXXX10.1177/0034355216660840Rehabilitation Counseling BulletinLund et al. research-article2016 Article The Factor Structure, Internal Consistency, and Convergent Validity of Two Suicide Assessment
More informationHae Won KIM. KIM Reproductive Health (2015) 12:91 DOI /s x
KIM Reproductive Health (2015) 12:91 DOI 10.1186/s12978-015-0076-x RESEARCH Open Access Sex differences in the awareness of emergency contraceptive pills associated with unmarried Korean university students
More informationSocial Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Self-esteem and Positive Health Practices: Implications for Practice
15 JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE APPLICATIONS & REVIEWS OF RESEARCH Social Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Self-esteem and Positive Health Practices: Implications for Practice Cynthia G.
More informationSmiley Faces: Scales Measurement for Children Assessment
Smiley Faces: Scales Measurement for Children Assessment Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya and Sobihatun Nur Abdul Salam Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Utara Malaysia wajwy@usm.my, sobihatun@uum.edu.my
More informationReliability and Exploratory Factor Analysis of Psychological Well-being in a Persian Sample
From the SelectedWorks of Seyed Mohammad Kalantarkousheh June, 2012 Reliability and Exploratory Factor Analysis of Psychological Well-being in a Persian Sample دکتر سید محمد کالنتر کوشه Kalantarkousheh,
More informationHEALTH BELIEF MODEL. The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action (i.e., use condoms) if that person:
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL History and Orientation The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs
More informationOlder P Pyshological Counseling and Guidance Needs Scale: Validity and reliability study
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scien ce s 84 ( 2013 ) 652 657 3rd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG-2012) Older P Pyshological
More informationDr. Hala Hazam Al-Otaibi Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Community Nutrition College of Agriculture and Food Science, King Faisal
Dr. Hala Hazam Al-Otaibi Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Community Nutrition College of Agriculture and Food Science, King Faisal University Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased
More informationMeasurement of Constructs in Psychosocial Models of Health Behavior. March 26, 2012 Neil Steers, Ph.D.
Measurement of Constructs in Psychosocial Models of Health Behavior March 26, 2012 Neil Steers, Ph.D. Importance of measurement in research testing psychosocial models Issues in measurement of psychosocial
More informationThe Influence of Health and Beauty Perception on Medical Tourism Intentions: A Learning Lesson from Korea for Hong Kong
The Influence of Health and Beauty Perception on Medical Tourism Intentions: A Learning Lesson from Korea for Hong Kong Changmi Lee The Incubating Professional & Creative Tourism Player for Grobal, Jeju
More informationThe Development of Scales to Measure QISA s Three Guiding Principles of Student Aspirations Using the My Voice TM Survey
The Development of Scales to Measure QISA s Three Guiding Principles of Student Aspirations Using the My Voice TM Survey Matthew J. Bundick, Ph.D. Director of Research February 2011 The Development of
More informationFamily Expectations, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement among African American College Students
Family Expectations, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement among African American College Students Mia Bonner Millersville University Abstract Previous research (Elion, Slaney, Wang and French, 2012) found
More informationTHE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL. Health Behavior CHAPTER 6
THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL 1 DESCRIPTION This chapter will discuss The Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory and how to use the model in the behavior case analysis 2 OBJECTIVES General The student
More informationMovember and Men s Health:
Movember and Men s Health: What You Should Know! By: Jordan Rivera & Yona Lunsky With Movember here, some of you will be growing out your moustaches to raise awareness about men s health issues including
More informationMeasuring Self-Esteem of Adolescents Based on Academic Performance. Grambling State University
Measuring Self-Esteem 1 Running head: MEASURING SELF-ESTEEM INADOLESCENTS Measuring Self-Esteem of Adolescents Based on Academic Performance Grambling State University Measuring Self-Esteem 2 Problem Studied
More informationPersonality Traits Effects on Job Satisfaction: The Role of Goal Commitment
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Management Faculty Research Management, Marketing and MIS Fall 11-14-2009 Personality Traits Effects on Job Satisfaction: The Role of Goal Commitment Wai Kwan
More informationGirls on the Run & Girls on Track: Formative Evaluation Report. Spring 2007 Results
Girls on the Run & Girls on Track: Formative Evaluation Report Spring 2007 Results RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED BY: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY AND FAMILY HEALTH COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH UNIVERSITY
More informationVALIDATION OF TWO BODY IMAGE MEASURES FOR MEN AND WOMEN. Shayna A. Rusticus Anita M. Hubley University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
The University of British Columbia VALIDATION OF TWO BODY IMAGE MEASURES FOR MEN AND WOMEN Shayna A. Rusticus Anita M. Hubley University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Presented at the Annual
More informationELEMENTARY TEACHERS SCIENCE SELF EFFICACY BELIEFS IN THE EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE OF IRAN
ELEMENTARY TEACHERS SCIENCE SELF EFFICACY BELIEFS IN THE EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE OF IRAN Eskandar Fathi-Azar College of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Iran This study measures the self-efficacy
More informationVALUES AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUDE AS PREDICTORS OF NASCENT ENTREPRENEUR INTENTIONS
VALUES AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUDE AS PREDICTORS OF NASCENT ENTREPRENEUR INTENTIONS Noel J. Lindsay 1, Anton Jordaan, and Wendy A. Lindsay Centre for the Development of Entrepreneurs University of South
More informationPhysical health needs, lifestyle choices, and quality of life among people with mental illness in the community
HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH FUND Physical health needs, lifestyle choices, and quality of life among people with mental illness in the community WWS Mak *, PKH Mo, JTF Lau, SYS Wong K e y M e s
More informationMother-daughter Relationship and Sex Education from Mother to Daughter
Kawasaki Journal of Medical Welfare Vol. 22, No. 2, 2017 77-87 Original Paper Mother-daughter Relationship and Sex Education from Mother to Daughter Hiroko SUIZU *1, Rie IKEDA (NAKAMURA) *2 and Kinuko
More informationFRIDAY NOON LECTURE SERIES
U54 Pilot Study (2015-2018) NIH/NCI Grant U54 143931 FRIDAY NOON LECTURE SERIES Aziza Lucas Wright, M.Ed. Instructor Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Community Engagement Division College
More informationReliability and Validity checks S-005
Reliability and Validity checks S-005 Checking on reliability of the data we collect Compare over time (test-retest) Item analysis Internal consistency Inter-rater agreement Compare over time Test-Retest
More informationExamining of adaptability of academic optimism scale into Turkish language
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 ( 2012 ) 566 571 CY-ICER2012 Examining of adaptability of academic optimism scale into Turkish language Gulizar Yildiz
More informationValidity and Reliability of Sport Satisfaction
International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2014 Available online at www.irjabs.com ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 8 (10): 1782-1786 Science Explorer Publications Validity and Reliability of Sport
More informationEXPLORING CASINO GAMBLING IMPACT PERCEPTIONS: A GENDERED SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY APPROACH
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2007 ttra International Conference EXPLORING CASINO GAMBLING
More informationAlcoholEdu for College
for College Executive Summary January 2006 California State University, Chico SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS Following is a summary of the key findings from California State University s 2005 implementation of
More informationFactor Analysis of Student s Achievement Motivation Variables (Case Study: Agricultural Ms.C Student in Tehran University)
134 Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biom. Res, 2015; 3 (2), 134-138 IJABBR- 2014- eissn: 2322-4827 International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research Journal homepage: www.ijabbr.com Original Article
More informationChapter 9. Youth Counseling Impact Scale (YCIS)
Chapter 9 Youth Counseling Impact Scale (YCIS) Background Purpose The Youth Counseling Impact Scale (YCIS) is a measure of perceived effectiveness of a specific counseling session. In general, measures
More informationBeating the Odds: Surviving Breast Cancer in India
Beating the Odds: Surviving Breast Cancer in India Suneeta Krishnan, PhD Resident Director, Research Triangle Institute Global India Scientific and Research Collaborator, Harvard Global Equity Initiative
More informationEvaluating the Greek Version of Religious Commitment Inventory-10 on a Sample of Pomak Households
(Volume 12, Issue 2/2016), pp. 5-11 Evaluating the Greek Version of Religious Commitment Inventory-10 on a Sample of Pomak Households Nikolaos Satsios 1+ 1 University of Nicosia, Cyprus Abstract. The aim
More informationAlcohol Impact Monitoring and evaluation. Rachel Drayson Insight manager
Alcohol Impact Monitoring and evaluation Rachel Drayson Insight manager rachel.drayson@nus.org.uk 07876 860 324 Why should we monitor and evaluate? Monitoring and evaluating Alcohol Impact is important
More informationONCOLOGY OUTCOMES REPORT
2017 EVANGELICAL COMMUNITY HOSPITAL ONCOLOGY OUTCOMES REPORT One Hospital Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837 570-522-2000 evanhospital.com Cancer Screening The Commission on Cancer requires annual dissemination
More informationAn Assessment of Current Palliative Care Beliefs and Knowledge: The Primary Palliative Care Providers' Perspective
Baptist Health South Florida Scholarly Commons @ Baptist Health South Florida All Publications 6-26-2015 An Assessment of Current Palliative Care Beliefs and Knowledge: The Primary Palliative Care Providers'
More informationDevelopment of a measure of self-regulated practice behavior in skilled performers
International Symposium on Performance Science ISBN 978-2-9601378-0-4 The Author 2013, Published by the AEC All rights reserved Development of a measure of self-regulated practice behavior in skilled performers
More informationF31 Research Training Plan
F31 Research Training Plan Guidance & tips Nicole McNeil Ford, PhD July 19, 2017 1. Overview 2. Key Sections: Outline Specific Aims Research Strategy Training in Responsible Conduct of Research 3. Final
More informationThe Validity and Reliability Study of the Self-Efficacy Scale of Musical Individual Performance
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 3; February 2013 The Validity and Reliability Study of the Self-Efficacy Scale of Musical Individual Performance Assistant Prof. Hatice
More informationwww. russellresearch.com
0 Introduction and Methodology Study Overview The purpose of this study was to understand familiarity, perceptions, and behavior as it relates to human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, and hepatitis
More informationCOUNCIL RECOMMENDATION of 2 December 2003 on cancer screening (2003/878/EC)
L 327/34 COUNCIL RECOMMDATION of 2 December 2003 on cancer screening (2003/878/EC) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular
More informationRaising the aspirations and awareness for young carers towards higher education
Practice example Raising the aspirations and awareness for young carers towards higher education What is the initiative? The University of the West of England (UWE) Young Carers Mentoring Scheme Who runs
More informationReview Article A Systematic Review of Osteoporosis Health Beliefs in Adult Men and Women
SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research Journal of Osteoporosis Volume 2011, Article ID 197454, 11 pages doi:10.4061/2011/197454 Review Article A Systematic Review of Osteoporosis Health Beliefs in Adult Men and
More informationA Psycholinguistics Case Study: The Relations of Learned Helplessness, Locus of Control, and Attitudes towards English with Academic Success
A Psycholinguistics Case Study: The Relations of Learned Helplessness, Locus of Control, and Attitudes towards English with Academic Success Hakan Aydoğan Mugla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Abstract: Learned
More informationSpinal Cord Injury Research. By the Department of Clinical Psychology, National Spinal Injuries Centre
Stoke Mandeville Hospital Spinal Cord Injury Research By the Department of Clinical Psychology, National Spinal Injuries Centre 2008-2009 Department of Clinical Psychology, National Spinal Injuries Centre,
More informationISSN X Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol. 2 (8) October 2012
The Investigation of Czech Lower Secondary School Pupils Toward Science Subjects Milan Kubiatko Doi:10.5901/jesr.2012.v2n8p11 Institute for Research in School Education, Masaryk University, Brno,Czech
More informationDevelopment of self efficacy and attitude toward analytic geometry scale (SAAG-S)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 ( 2012 ) 20 27 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEW HORIZONS IN EDUCATION INTE2012 Development of self efficacy and attitude
More informationStatistics Anxiety among Postgraduate Students
International Education Studies; Vol. 7, No. 13; 2014 ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Statistics Anxiety among Postgraduate Students Denise Koh 1 &
More informationOriginal Article. Relationship between sport participation behavior and the two types of sport commitment of Japanese student athletes
Journal of Physical Education and Sport (JPES), 17(4), Art 267, pp. 2412-2416, 2017 online ISSN: 2247-806X; p-issn: 2247 8051; ISSN - L = 2247-8051 JPES Original Article Relationship between sport participation
More informationA Study on Adaptation of the Attitudes toward Chemistry Lessons Scale into Turkish
TÜRK FEN EĞİTİMİ DERGİSİ Yıl 8, Sayı 2, Haziran 2011 Journal of TURKISH SCIENCE EDUCATION Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2011 http://www.tused.org A Study on Adaptation of the Attitudes toward Chemistry Lessons
More informationValidation of the WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Questionnaire for Use with Medical Students
B R I E F C O M M U N I C A T I O N Validation of the WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Questionnaire for Use with Medical Students CU Krägeloh 1, MA Henning 2, SJ Hawken 2, Y Zhao 1,2, D Shepherd 1, R Billington
More informationEffects of Dance on Changes in Physical Self-Concept and Self-Esteem. Abstract
,. Effects of Dance on Changes in Physical Self-Concept and Self-Esteem Aekyoung KIM Masako MASAKI Abstract This study investigated the effects of dance activities on changes in physical selfconcept and
More informationCleveland Clinic 2018 MENtion It Survey
Cleveland Clinic 2018 MENtion It Survey Survey Objectives and Methodology This media deck provides insights into the behaviors and attitudes of men and women related to their own health and their spouse/partner
More informationactive lives adult survey understanding behaviour Published February 2019
active lives adult survey understanding behaviour Published February 2019 welcome Welcome to an additional Active Lives report. This is not one of our sixmonthly overviews of sport and physical activity
More informationSuicide: Starting the Conversation. Jennifer Savner Levinson Bonnie Swade SASS MO-KAN Suicide Awareness Survivors Support
Suicide: Starting the Conversation Jennifer Savner Levinson Bonnie Swade SASS MO-KAN Suicide Awareness Survivors Support What We Do Know About Suicide Suicidal thoughts are common. Suicidal acts, threats
More informationRESEARCH COMMUNICATION. Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening Behavior among Iranian Women. Azita Noroozi 1 *, Rahim Tahmasebi 2.
Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening Behavior among Iranian Women RESEARCH COMMUNICATION Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening Behavior among Iranian Women Azita Noroozi 1 *, Rahim Tahmasebi
More informationAnalysis of Social Phobia Levels of University Students Who and Who Do Not Do Sports in terms of Different Variables
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 7, No. 3; March 2016 Analysis of Social Phobia Levels of University Students Who and Who Do Not Do Sports in terms of Different Variables Selçuk
More informationHealth Behaviors and Primary Prevention
Health Behaviors and Primary Prevention Following up on Health Psychological Methods: Long-term longitudinal studies and daily process approaches Philosophy underlying health promotion Obesity as a current
More informationReproductive Health s Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices A European Youth Study Protocol October 13, 2009
Reproductive Health s Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices A European Youth Study Protocol October 13, 2009 I. Introduction European youth has been facing major socio-demographic and epidemiological changes
More informationCreating and Validating the Adjustment Inventory for the Students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Creating and Validating the Adjustment Inventory for the Students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz Homa Choheili (1) Reza Pasha (2) Gholam Hossein Maktabi (3) Ehsan Moheb (4) (1) MA in Educational Psychology,
More informationTesting the Multiple Intelligences Theory in Oman
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 190 ( 2015 ) 106 112 2nd GLOBAL CONFERENCE on PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCHES, 28-29, November 2014 Testing the Multiple
More informationA Study to Determine Why Some Women Age Fifty and Over Choose Not to Have Frequent Papanicolaou Tests
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Masters Theses Graduate Research and Creative Practice 6-2-2000 A Study to Determine Why Some Women Age Fifty and Over Choose Not to Have Frequent Papanicolaou
More informationPackianathan Chelladurai Troy University, Troy, Alabama, USA.
DIMENSIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY OF SPORT GOVERNING BODIES OF GHANA: DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE Christopher Essilfie I.B.S Consulting Alliance, Accra, Ghana E-mail: chrisessilfie@yahoo.com Packianathan
More informationAwareness of risk factors for breast, lung and cervical cancer in a UK student population. Susan M. Sherman and Emily L. Lane
Awareness of risk factors for breast, lung and cervical cancer in a UK student population Susan M. Sherman and Emily L. Lane School of Psychology, Keele University, Keele, Staffs, ST5 5BG, UK. Corresponding
More informationA Study of a Diet Improvement Method for Controlling High Sodium Intake Based on Protective Motivation Theory
pissn 1229-1153 / eissn 2465-9223 J. Food Hyg. Saf. Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 89~93 (2018) https://doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2018.33.2.89 Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at http://www.foodhygiene.or.kr
More informationDownloaded from unmf.umsu.ac.ir at 19: on Friday March 22nd 2019
* 1392/02/14 1391/12/12. / :. (CBE)(BSE) : SPSS BSE /. (%/) (%/) / ± /. / : / BSE. (%/) (%/) (%/) BSE BSE.. CBE. CBEBSE :. : 299-308 139245 - :5816753464 :.() -..() () Email: l.mokhtary@gmail.com () ().().().()
More informationSchool orientation and mobility specialists School psychologists School social workers Speech language pathologists
2013-14 Pilot Report Senate Bill 10-191, passed in 2010, restructured the way all licensed personnel in schools are supported and evaluated in Colorado. The ultimate goal is ensuring college and career
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA Academic functional procrastination: Validity and reliability study
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) 194 198 ERPA 2014 Academic functional procrastination: Validity and reliability study Mehmet
More informationSYNDROMIC CASE MANAGEMENT OF STD
SYNDROMIC CASE MANAGEMENT OF STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases A Guide for Decision-makers, Health Care Workers, and Communicators WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC MANILA
More informationCOLLEGE WOMEN S PERCEPTIONS OF HPV VACCINES AND THEIR PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF VACCINATION
COLLEGE WOMEN S PERCEPTIONS OF HPV VACCINES AND THEIR PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF VACCINATION Pacific Global Health Conference October 10, 2012 L. Yoda, A. Katz, D. Nahl, D. Streveler, R. Busse &
More informationSelf-Handicapping Variables and Students' Performance
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern SoTL Commons Conference SoTL Commons Conference Mar 12th, 4:00 PM - 5:45 PM Self-Handicapping Variables and Students' Performance Lugenia Dixon
More informationTHE GLOBAL elearning JOURNAL VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3, 2016
VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3, 2016 Validation of the Findings of an Appreciation of Diversity Inventory Conducted in the United Arab Emirates Ahad Al Hebsi School of Engineering Fatima Aly School of Engineering Aamer
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE. Hasret Yalcinoz Baysal 1, Hatice Polat 2 * Abstract. Introduction
RESEARCH ARTICLE Determination of the Breast Cancer Risk Levels and Health Beliefs of Women With and Without Previous Mammography in the Eastern Part of Turkey Hasret Yalcinoz Baysal 1, Hatice Polat 2
More informationNormative Outcomes Scale: Measuring Internal Self Moderation
Normative Outcomes Scale: Measuring Internal Self Moderation Dr Stephen Dann Advertising Marketing and Public Relations, Queensland University Technology, Brisbane, Australia Email: sm.dann@qut.edu.au
More information