Lab 1 ANIMAL TISSUES
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1 Lab 1 ANIMAL TISSUES
2 Levels of Organization Animals are multicellular heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. Most animals exhibit a hierarchical level of organization: Cells are organized into tissues Tissues combine to form organs Organs comprise organ systems
3 What is a tissue? Group of similar cells that perform a specialized function. Examples include: Bone tissue Blood tissue Muscle tissue
4 4 basic types of animal tissue: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
5 Characteristics: Epithelial Tissue Cells fit closely together forming continuous sheets Apical (free) surface covers body surface or lines interior of organs Basal surface adheres to the basement membrane
6 Epithelial Tissue Supported by connective tissue Avascular, but innervated Have remarkable powers of regeneration Variety of functions depending on type (protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion)
7 Epithelial Tissue Classification based on # of cell layers and shape of cells on apical surface. # of Cell Layers: Simple one layer of cells Stratified two or more layers Pseudostratified simple, but appears stratified
8 Epithelial Tissue Cell shape on apical surface: Squamous flattened & scale-like Cuboidal box-like Columnar tall & column-like
9 Characteristics: Connective Tissue Most are well vascularized Consists of widely-spaced cells and fibers embedded in a non-living extracellular matrix Variety of functions depending on type (support, binding other tissues, transport, defense, storage)
10 Characteristics: Well vascularized Muscle Tissue Packed with actin & myosin filaments Function to contract producing most types of body movements
11 Characteristics: Nervous Tissue Composed of two types of cells: Neurons specialized to generate and transmit impulses; amitotic Neuroglia (glial cells) protect, support & insulate neurons Main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord & nerves)
12 This week s lab is devoted to histology (the study of tissues).
13 Exercise A: Epithelial Tissues Simple squamous epithelium Location alveoli of lungs, lining of heart & blood vessels Function allows diffusion of materials surface view lateral view
14 Exercise A: Epithelial Tissues Simple cuboidal epithelium Location kidney tubules & ducts; ovary surface Function secretion & absorption simple cuboidal epithelium basement membrane cross section longitudinal section
15 Exercise A: Epithelial Tissues Simple columnar epithelium Location lines digestive tract from stomach to the rectum Function absorption & secretion
16 Exercise A: Epithelial Tissues Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Location lining of trachea & upper respiratory tract Function secretion & propulsion of mucus ciliated cell cilia goblet cell basal cell basement membrane connective tissue
17 Exercise A: Epithelial Tissues Stratified squamous epithelium Location keratinized type: epidermis of skin non-keratinized type: linings of esophagus, mouth & vagina Function protection stratified squamous epithelium Keratinized connective tissue Non-keratinized
18 Exercise B: Connective Tissues Loose (areolar) connective tissue Location widely distributed under epithelia Function cushions organs Gel-like matrix Collagen fiber Fibroblast nucleus Elastic fiber
19 Exercise B: Connective Tissues Adipose Location under skin; around kidneys & eyeballs; in breasts Function supports & protects organs; insulates against heat loss; provides reserve fuel
20 Exercise B: Connective Tissues Dense (fibrous) connective tissue Location tendons & ligaments Function attaches muscle to bone (tendons) & bone to bone (ligaments)
21 Exercise B: Connective Tissues Hyaline cartilage Location covers ends of long bones; nose, trachea & larynx Function support & reinforcement Chondrocytes sitting in lacunae (cavities) Matrix packed with collagen fibers
22 Exercise B: Connective Tissues Bone Location bones Function support & protection; calcium storage; provides levers for muscles to act on; site of blood cell production Canaliculi Central canal Osteocyte sitting a in lacuna (cavity) Osteon
23 Exercise B: Connective Tissues Blood Location contained within blood vessels Function transport of gases (O 2 & CO 2 ), nutrients & metabolic wastes Red blood cells Platelet White blood cells: neutrophil monocyte lymphocyte Plasma (liquid matrix)
24 Exercise C: Muscle Tissues Skeletal muscle Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations Location attached to bones or occasionally to skin Function voluntary movement Nuclei Striations
25 Exercise C: Muscle Tissues Cardiac muscle Branched, uninucleate cells with striations Location walls of the heart Function contract involuntarily to propel blood Branched cell Intercalated disc Striations
26 Exercise C: Muscle Tissues Smooth muscle Tapered, uninucleate, non-striated cells Location walls of hollow organs Function contract involuntarily to propel materials along internal passageways Circular layer Nuclei Longitudinal layer Individual muscle cell
27 Exercise D: Nervous Tissue Neurons cell body contains nucleus cytoplasmic processes: dendrites transmit impulses to cell body axon transmits impulses from cell body Neuronal processes (axons & dendrites) Neuron nucleus Neuron cell body Neuroglia
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