Production of Fertile Sperm. Animal Science 434. Hormonal Regulation of the Testis. hormonal regulation of the testis

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1 roduction of Fertile Sperm hormonal regulation of the testis nimal Science 434 Lecture 12: Spermatogenesis mitotic division of spermatogonia meiotic divisions of spermatocytes morphologic transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa LH LH LH LH Hormonal Regulation of the Testis GnRH GnRH GnRH GnRH Hypothalamus GnRH nt. ituitary on Sertoli Cells estradiol inhibin tight junctions Negative Feedback of Estradiol and Inhibin Time of Day (24 hr) ulses are important! Negative Feedback of ndrogens Leydig Cells T LH TJ Germ Cells E 2 Inhibin Sertoli Cells + T Seminiferous Tubule To Epid. 1

2 Spermatogenesis Sertoli Cell Myoid Cells Every 13.5 Days sperm are released from this point Sertoli Cell Spermatozoa Round Spermatid Secondary Spermatocyte rimary Spermatocyte Every 13.5 Days a new group of cells initiate the cycle Typical Sequence of Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia Many Sperm are roduced Spermatogonia (, intermediate, ) otential Sperm roduced I rimary Spermatocyte Secondary Spermatocyte Mitosis Meiosis Spermatocytogenesis I S 2 1 I S Round Spermatid RS RS Spermatozoa S S Spermiogenesis Spermiation Rete Testis 4 I 8 16 S 32 RS RS 64 S S S 2

3 Mitotic Divisions species dependent between 2 and 6 divisions (4 to 64 potential daughter cells produced) classifications vary among species and investigators 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, d, p,, s, 0, 1, 2, I,, cytoplasmic bridges form between daughter cells Cytoplasmic ridges resent mong Daughter Cells ll develop surrounded by 1 Sertoli cell! Degenerating Spermatogonia (poptosis, as high as 75%) Germ Cells / Sertoli Cell Species rimary Round Max. otential Spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatids Equine 3.0 ± ± ovine 1.2 ± ± Human 1.3 ± ± poptosis of Germ Cells Season Disease Trauma or heat Hormone levels Normal part of spermatogenesis Stem Cell Renewal To keep spermatogenesis going indefinitely 1 Stem Cell ool eriodic Entry of Cells into Mitosis 2 Spermatogonial Renewal in the Rat and ull Replenish testis incase of injury, trauma, or high heat 4 3 In 3

4 Stem Cell d Stem Cell ool p Spermatogonial Renewal in the rimate Golgi hase Spermiogenesis Development of crosome Migration of Centrioles Cap hase crosomal hase crosome Development Continues Flagellum Elongates crosome Manchette Elongation 4

5 Maturation hase Manchette disapears Mitochondria migrate Dense fibers form Spermiation Spermiation Temporal Relationships of Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis Multiple Generations of Germ Cells 57 days Stallion 5

6 ull Spermatogenesis Stages ull Spermatogenesis - Stages Specific cellular associations within a small segment of a seminiferous tubule stages are not the same length in time Stages ull Spermatogenesis - Stages Specific cellular associations within a small segment of a seminiferous tubule stages are not the same length in time 6

7 Cycle ull Spermatogenesis - Cycles progression through sequence of all stages Cycle Duration of Spermatogenesis progression through sequence of all stages 4.5 cycles to form spermatozoa some species variation ull Ram oar Stallion Man cycle (days) Spermatogenesis Coordination of Stages Form Waves some portion of seminiferous tubule is always releasing sperm Compartmentalization of Spermatogenesis and the lood Testis arrier 7

8 Interstitial Tissue Seminiferous Tubule lood Vessel and Vascular System rovides Interstitial Tissue Nutrients Oxygen Growth Factors Hormones Compartments Luminal dluminal asal lood Vessel Cycles and Stages Tight Junctions Myoid Cells Compartmentalization asal mitosis spermatogonia (, I, ) primary spermatocytes dluminal meiosis primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids spermiogenesis Lumen spermiation 8

9 lood Testis arrier Sertoli cells and associated tight junctions first appears at puberty induced by after puberty can be maintained by and/or testosterone essential for meiosis!!!!! Tight Junction Role in Meiosis Sertoli cells can manipulate environment around 1 spermatocyte Enters meiosis Completes meiosis Destruction of TJ causes impairment of meiosis Heat, heavy metals, pesticides, lack of or Testosterone Capacity for Sperm roduction Species Testis Sperm/gm DS Weight (gm) (X 10 6 ) (X 10 9 ) Dairy ull eef ull Ram oar Stallion Man Duration of Spermatogenesis ull Ram oar Stallion Man cycle (days) Spermatogenesis d Stem Cell ool p Spermatogonial Renewal in the rimate Capacity for Sperm roduction Species Testis Sperm/gm DS Weight (gm) (X 10 6 ) (X 10 9 ) Dairy ull eef ull Ram oar Stallion Man

10 Variation in Sperm roduction Testis Size Efficiency of spermatogenesis mitotic division degeneration of germ cells Length of spermatogenesis poptosis of Germ Cells Season Disease Trauma or heat Hormone levels Normal part of spermatogenesis Over opulation of Spermatogonia S Sertoli S SG SG Normal Sertoli SG Sertoli Sertoli SG SG SG SG SG SG SG SG SG asement Membrane Tight Junction poptosis Inhibited SG Sertoli SG Sertoli SG SG SG SG SG SG SG SG SG asement Membrane asement Membrane nimation of Spermatogenesis View the nimation of Spermatogenesis Using the Link at the ottom of the Screen The objective is to see how the process of spermatogenesis takes place over time and involves both stages and cycles. In the animation, the timing of events is correct but we have taken liberties in moving groups of cells from side to side to make room for development of other cells. The animation begins with primordial germ cell migration into the primary sex chord and replication of gonocytes to form stem cell -Type spermatogonia. 10

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