11/19/2015. Compound eyes. Odonata. Diptera facets of ommatidia. ocellus compound eye. up to 30,000 facets per eye. corneagen cells.

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1 corneagen cells DORSAL OCELLUS retinula (sense) cell ocellar nerve to medial area of protocerebrum corneal lens cuticle epidermis pigment cells (or urate tapetum) pigment cell retinula cell (of 3) cross-section of retinal apparatus DIOPTRIC RETINAL STEMMA ( lateral ocellus ) retinula cells corneal lens cuticle epidermis crystalline cone (lens) corneagen cells focal plane (image) pigment DIOPTRIC RETINAL ocellar nerve (optic nerve to optic lobes) Compound eyes ocellus compound eye Odonata up to 30,000 facets per eye Diptera facets of ommatidia 1

2 Structure of the compound eye one ommatidium (showing facets of ommatidia) crystalline cone crystalline cones retinula cell x-sec nerve fibers (7-8 per unit) APPOSITION-TYPE EYE retinula cell (of 8) corneal lens Semper cell crystalline cone corneagen cell (primary pigment cell) DIOPTRIC retinula cell ere secondary pigment cell retinula cell RETINAL SUPERPOSITION-TYPE EYE basement membrane nerve fiber (of 7-8, to optic lobes) -- up to 500,000 to dragonfly brain Dark-adapted corneal lens Semper cell crystalline cone primary pigment cell secondary pigment cell nuclei of retinula cells cytoplasmic filament retinula cell basement membrane nerve fiber (typically 8) Light-adapted 2

3 Photoreception by retinula cells Light bleaches rhodopsin, dissociating the retinene from the protein rhodopsin (a chromoprotein: aldehyde of vit. A, conjugated with a protein) light altered retinene nerve impulse (transduction) protein (determines absorption spectrum of the visual pigment) Spectral absorbance Trichromatic human cones ( ) Tetrachromatic birds ( ) Bichromatic insects ( ) Trichromatic insects ( ) bees, dragonflies X-rays, gamma rays microwaves, radio waves 3

4 UV reflectance patterns Detection of polarized light (different amplitudes in different planes) Colias butterflies Nectar guides Schistocerca locust: view from top of dorsal rim area Ability to discriminate color: Phasmatodea: Bees: bee purple ( + ), but can t see red Butterflies: can see Photinus: can also see What do insects see? 1. Mosaic theory (Müller 1826) pointillist view 2. Diffraction theory diffraction from the lens system images formed at several levels in the eye 3. Movement theory translates form in space into sequences of events in time much like a computer does when digitizing Yikes! Flicker Fusion Frequency (FFF) 30/sec in humans (24 fps movies) 40-50/sec in slow fliers 300/sec in fast fliers! 4

5 Spiral/Holoblastic Cleavage: Anterior pole Posterior pole The Reproductive System: Origin of germ cells zygote nucleus Anterior pole Posterior pole cleavage nuclei plus cytoplasm (energids) (vs. Radial/Meroblastic) vitellophage germ band: somatic cells (diploid) pole plasm plus special cleavage nuclei: primordial sex cells or germ cells (diploid) Ancestral-type reproductive systems (metameric) sperm tubule or testis follicle PRIMITIVE MALE SYSTEM (Zygentoma: Lepisma) vas deferens vas efferens PRIMITIVE FEMALE SYSTEM (Ephemeroptera) egg tubule or ovariole seminal vesicle lateral oviduct common sperm duct genital pore very short common oviduct, lacking accessory glands genital pore 5

6 Typical (specialized) male reproductive system testis sperm tubule (testis follicle) vas deferens seminal vesicle (paired) accessory glands ejaculatory duct (common sperm duct) Sperm tubule or testis follicle vas efferens ZONE 3 ZONE 2 ZONE 1 TRANSFORMATION MATURATION GROWTH (mitosis & enlargement) GERMARIUM: (differentiation) apical cell vas deferens sperm spermatids meiosis (prespermatids) spermatocytes cysts spermatogonia (spermatogenesis in a grasshopper) later spermatids primary spermatocytes prespermatids telophase II spermatozoa 6

7 maturation division Spermatogenesis reduction division MEIOSIS MITOSIS MITOSIS MITO. spermatogonia MEIOSIS (germarium) spermatocyte (zone 1) MITO. MITOSIS prespermatid (zone 2) axial filament (microtubules: ) spermatid (zone 3) spermatozoan acrosome mitochondrial elements centriole nucleus Spermatozoan (300µ - 1.7mm) axial filament mitochondrial element Sperm from ruptured spermatheca of a honey bee (Hymenoptera) size-dimorphic paired sperm Spermatodesm (sperm bundle) from a cicada Cicadidae: Hemiptera) conjugate of 8 sperm large conjugate Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) sperm (Coefficient of relatedness: R = ½, so potential benefits of cooperation must be >2X the cost) 7

8 Typical (specialized) female reproductive system terminal filament bundle ovary ovariole calyx common oviduct genital pore spermathecal gland spermatheca accessory glands vagina Primitive (Orthopteroid orders) Types of spermathecae More specialized (enlarged) An odd variant some Coleoptera some higher Diptera 8

9 Complex spermatheca in a robber fly (Diptera: Asilidae) 9

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