Lecture name: blood 2 & The Circulatory System Edited by: Buthainah Al masaeed & Yousef Qandeel

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1 Lecture name: blood 2 & The Circulatory System Edited by: Buthainah Al masaeed & Yousef Qandeel

2 Now we will take about A granulocytes : Lymphocyte Monocytes 1- Lymphocyte - The second major type of presence -Lymphocytes constitute a family of leukocytes with spherical nuclei. -They can be subdivided into functional groups according to distinctive surface molecules (markers) into: T lymphocytes: mainly modification in thymus(gland in the mediastinum ) B lymphocytes: mainly modification in lymphatic organ ex lymphnod. Natural killer (NK) cells: kill the abnormal cell or the virus. -Lymphocytes have diverse functional roles related to immune defense against invading microorganisms, foreign or abnormal antigens, and cancer cells. -Most lymphocytes in the blood are small with diameters of 6 8 m; medium and large lymphocytes range in size from 9 to 18 m in diameter. Some larger lymphocytes may be cells that have been activated by specific antigen - All WBC Production in bone marrow,so the Lymphocyte have marker in distinctive surface ex of this marker CD4+( B lymphocytes),cd8+( T lymphocytes )and when they come out of the bone marrow they are negative charge CD4- & CD8- (don't have these receptors) and the receptors appear after maturation of the lymphocytes. -under the light microscope you cannot identify whether it's B or T or Natural killer Lymphocytes,because of that I need Special marker to identify them. -The small lymphocytes that predominate in the blood are characterized by spherical nuclei, sometimes indented, and condensed, very basophilic chromatin, making them easily distinguishable from granulocytes. -The cytoplasm of the small lymphocyte is scanty, and in blood smears it appears as only a thin rim around the nucleus.

3 It is slightly basophilic and may contain a few azurophilic granules, along with a few mitochondria and a small Golgi apparatus; it contains free polyribosomes. -Lymphocytes vary in life span according to their specific functions; some live only a few days and others survive in the circulating blood or other tissues for many years. They are the only type of leukocytes that, following diapedesis, can return from the tissues back to the blood. Nearly from one day to a year. -the only type that can leave The lymphatic cycle and survive. Large nucleus (like moon) basophilic chromatin Contains granulocytes 2- Monocytes -Monocytes are bone marrow derived agranulocytes with diameters varying from 12 to 20 m. -The nucleus is large, off-center, and may be oval, kidney-shaped, or distinctly U-shaped. -The chromatin is less condensed than in lymphocytes and stains lighter than that of large lymphocytes. -The cytoplasm of the monocyte is basophilic and contains very small azurophilic granules (lysosomes), some of which are at the limit of the light microscope's resolution -Circulating monocytes are precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. After crossing the walls of postcapillary venules, monocytes differentiate into macrophages in connective tissues, microglia in the CNS, osteoclasts in bone, etc. -stay 20 hours in blood cycle then inter the tissue called macrophages.

4 Platelets :) *polyploid cells (more than 2n chromosomes) The doctor did not add anything>>so back to the Slide my friend The Circulatory System -Contains: heart, blood.v ( Arteries +Capillaries +Veins ) -Heart is an organ form of Multiple tissue,the most domical type is muscle tissue(cardiac muscle). -Arteries and blood.v that carry blood outside the heart, almost all arteries is oxygenate Except pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery. -veins also order multi tissue. - Capillaries small single layer most domical is simple squamous E. IN GENRAL all the heart and blood.v contains 3 layers: outer medium Inner Connective tissue Muscle tissue Endothelium(simple capsule Heart: cardial Blood.v: smooth squamous E) And basal membrane And subedothelium (connective.t support )

5 Tissues of the vascular wall Walls of all blood vessels except capillaries contain smooth muscle and connective tissue in addition to the endothelial lining. The endothelium is a specialized epithelium that acts as a semipermeable barrier between two internal compartments: the blood plasma and the interstitial tissue fluid. Functions of Endothelial cells 1. Nonthrombogenic surface (Because the platelets adhere to rough surfaces and clot that area so the endothelial layer prevent clotting by providing smooth surface non thrombogenic) 2. Regulate local vascular tone and blood flow 3. Inflammation and local immune responses 4. Secrete growth factors The Arterial System Definition: The arterial system carry the blood from the heart to the capillaries. According to the size of the arteries there are three types : Large arteries (Elastic arteries). Medium arteries (Muscular arteries). Small arteries (Arterioles). The histological structure of the large arteries (Elastic Arteries) It is formed of the three basic layers (tunica): The tunica intima: formed of simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium rest on basement membrane of elastic fibers.

6 Tunica media: It is thickest layer. Consists of elastic fibers and a series of concentrically arranged, perforated elastic laminae. Between the elastic laminae are smooth muscle cells. This layer is thick in the arteries more than in the veins which gives it a circular shape. Elastic fibers prevent the arteries from bursting because of the high blood pressure Tunica adventitia (tunica externa): consists principally of type I collagen and elastic fibers and small vessels called vasa vasorum(supply the external layer of the blood vessels with nutrients because the nutrients can't diffuse all the way to the external layer because of the thick layer of the tunica media) Vasa vasorum is abundant in large arteries(aorta & pulmonary trunk) and veins(vena cava) Tunica intima and media receive nutrients from the blood in the original artery itself. Tunica externa receives nutrients from vasa vasorum Large Artery

7 The histological structure Medium Artery (Muscular Arteries) Tunica intima: formed of endothelium separated from the tunica media by the internal elastic layer. Tunica media: contains up to 40 layers of more prominent smooth muscle cells which are intermingled with a variable number of elastic lamellae. Separated from the adventitia by the external elastic layer. Tunica adventitia: formed of collagenous fibers support the artery with surrounded structure. External elastic lamina is less intense than internal elastic lamina

8 In large arteries there are many elastic layers inbetween the smooth muscle layer(tunica media) In muscular arteries there are only 2 layers of elastic fibers (external and internal elastic lamina) Medium Artery (Muscular Arteries) Arterioles Muscular arteries branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries, until reaching a size with only two or three medial layers of muscle. Tunica intima: formed of endothelium. The subendothelial layer is very thin, the elastic lamina are absent. Tunica Media: consists of one or two smooth muscle layers. Arterioles are generally less than 0.5 mm in diameter. Tunica Adventitia: In both small arteries and arterioles, the tunica adventitia is very thin and inconspicuous.

9 The Capillaries Definition: It is an inter connected thin walled vessels through which the material exchange between the blood and the tissue. The blood reach the capillaries through small arteries called pre capillary and leave it through small venules called post venules. The wall of the capillaries is thin and formed of layer of endothelium of flat cells rest on basement membrane.

10 Type of capillaries according to the endothelium lining: (depening on permeability and histology) Continuous capillaries: there is No opening between the endothelium cells this type formed the most of the body capillaries(especially in nervous system). Only small molecules pass such as O2,CO2,and small nutrients. Endothelium layer tightly attached to each other Basement membrane continuous Fenestrated capillaries: in this type there are opening between the endothelium cells. The basal lamina of the fenestrated capillaries is continuous, covering the fenestrae. As in the kidney(because in filtering the blood many molecules must pass the basement membrane to be filtered but not the large proteins and molecules such as RBCs & WBCs), the intestine and the endocrine glands(secreting hormones). Discontinuous capillaries: the endothelial cells have large fenestrae and the basal lamina is also discontinuous. As in the liver, spleen, some endocrine organs, and bone marrow Also called sinusoid which allow passing of the large molecules such as RBCs and WBCs through the basement membrane

11 Venules The transition from capillaries to venules occurs gradually. The immediate postcapillary venules are similar structurally to capillaries Venules converge into larger collecting venules which have more contractile cells. With greater size the venules become surrounded by recognizable tunica media with two or three smooth muscle layers and are called muscular venules. A characteristic feature of all venules is the large diameter of the lumen compared to the overall thinness of the wall. Tunica media in the veins is thinner than in the arteries that's Veins why it looks collapsed and not circular. Tunica adventitia in the veins is thicker than in the arteries.

12 Blood entering veins is under very low pressure and moves toward the heart by contraction of the tunica media and external compressions from surrounding muscles and other organs. In the lower limb the movement of blood in the veins is due to contraction of smooth muscle, negative pressure from the thoracic cavity which suck the blood, and valves in large veins (unidirectional valves) Valves project from the tunica intima to prevent back-flow of blood. Most veins are small or medium veins. The intima usually has a thin subendothelial layer. The tunicamedia: consists of small bundles of smooth muscle cells intermixed with reticular fibers and a delicate network of elastic fibers. The collagenous adventitial layer is well-developed. Large Veins Large veins have a well-developed tunica intima. The tunica media is relatively thin, with few layers of smooth muscle and abundant connective tissue. The adventitial layer is thickest layer in large veins and frequently contains longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle. Both the media and adventitia contain elastic fibers, but elastic laminae like those of arteries are Not present.

13 Most veins have valves, but these are most prominent in large veins. Valves consist of paired semilunar folds of the tunica intima projecting across part of the lumen. When we see large arteries and veins under light microscope we can't see the full ring of them because they are very large so we distinguish them from the tunica media and tunica externa Tunica media is thicker large artery Tuncia externa is thicker large vein Wall of large vein with valve Summary Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa (or adventitia) An artery has a thicker tunica media and relatively narrow lumen.

14 A vein has a larger lumen and its tunica externa is the thickest layer. The tunica intima of veins is often folded to form valves. Capillaries have only an endothelium, with NO subendothelial layer or other tunics. Large Artery vs Large vein

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