Lab Activity 1. Language of Anatomy Martini Chapter 1. Portland Community College BI 231

Transcription

1 Lab Activity 1 Language of Anatomy Martini Chapter 1 Portland Community College BI 231

2 Anatomy Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope) Microscopic anatomy: Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells Histology: examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function. 2

3 Anatomical Position Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body 3

4 Anterior Landmarks 4

5 Posterior Landmarks 5

6 Anatomical Locations Abdominal: abdominal region Acromial: the point of the shoulder Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow Axillary: armpit Brachial: upper arm Buccal: cheek of the face Calcaneal: heel of the foot Carpal: wrist Cephalic: head 6

7 Anatomical Locations Cervical: neck Deltoid: round part of the shoulder Digital: fingers and toes Dorsum: back Femoral: thigh Frontal: forehead Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe Inguinal: groin Lumbar: lower back Mammary: breast 7

8 Anatomical Locations Mental: chin Nasal: Nose Occipital: base of the skull Olecranal: elbow Oral: mouth Orbital: bony eye socket Otic: ear Palmar: palm of hand Patellar: Kneecap Pedal: Foot 8

9 Anatomical Locations Pelvic: pelvis region Perineal: area between anus and external genitals Plantar: sole of foot Pollex: thumb Popliteal: behind the knee Pubic: genital region Sacral: lower back between the hips Scapular: shoulder blade Tarsal: ankle Thoracic: chest 9

10 Body Orientation and Direction These are relative positions Proximal/distal Used to describe locations on the arms and legs GI tract Medial/lateral Medial is closer to the midline Farther away from the midline 10

11 Body Orientation and Direction Dorsal: Back Ventral: Front Superior or Cephalad is toward the head Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet Anterior: most forward Posterior: toward the backside 11

12 Planes of the Body 12

13 Dorsal Body Cavity Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system Contains Brain and Spinal Cord 13

14 Cavities Thoracic Cavity Heart & Lungs Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities Lower border is the diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Stomach, Liver, Intestines Pelvic Cavity Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum 14

15 Serous Membranes Serous Membranes have two layers 1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls 1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae 15

16 Serous Membranes 16

17 Serous Membranes of the Heart 17

18 Quadrants RUQ Liver LUQ Spleen RLQ Appendix LLQ Sigmoid colon 18

19 Abdominopelvic Regions 19

20 Lab Activity 2 Organ Systems Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10

21 Integumentary System Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands Function: Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Involved in vitamin D synthesis Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry Site of pain and pressure receptors 21

22 Skeletal System Structure: 206 bones of the human body Function: Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) Mineral storage Bone contains 99% of the body s store of calcium 22

23 Muscular System Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body Function: Locomotion Manipulation of the environment Maintaining posture Thermogenesis (generation of heat) 23

24 Nervous System Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Function: Fast-acting control system of the body Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity Information Assessment 24

25 Endocrine System Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart Functions: Long-term control system of the body Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things. 25

26 Cardiovascular System Structures: Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) Functions: The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O 2, CO 2 ), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat. 26

27 Lymphatic/Immune System Structures: Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow Functions: Returning leaked fluid back to the bloodstream Disposal of debris Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms) Absorption of fat from the digestive tract 27

28 Respiratory System Structures: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Functions: Constantly supply the blood with O 2, and remove CO 2 Regulate blood ph 28

29 Digestive System Structures: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Functions: Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body s cells 29

30 Urinary System Structures: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Functions: Removal of nitrogenous wastes Regulation of body s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity 30

31 Reproductive System Structures: Male: Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis Female: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands Functions: Making Babies 31

32 Lab Activity 3 The Microscope

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34 Care of the Microscope 1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base 2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES. 3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowestpower objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. Use fine focus only for adjustment 4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens 5. Always use a coverslip with temporary 34

35 Putting Microscope Away 1. Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place 2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position 3. Move stage to the lowest position 4. Turn down light brightness 5. Turn off power 6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed 7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base 8. Lock the cabinet 35

36 The End 36