The Reproductive System
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1 Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew The Reproductive System PowerPoint Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 84
2 Overview of Reproduction Reproductive System Essentials Gonads (reproductive organs) Testes in males, ovaries in females Gametes (reproductive cells) Spermatazoa in males, ova in females Fertilization Fusion of male and female gamete Zygote Fertilized egg
3 Male Reproductive System Reproductive Organs Testes Enclosed by scrotum Produce spermatazoa (sperm) Epididymis Stores sperm Ductus deferens Conducts sperm outward Within spermatic cord
4 Male Reproductive System Reproductive Organs (cont d) Ejaculatory duct Accessory organs Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Urethra Within penis, an erectile organ
5 Male Reproductive System The Male Reproductive System Figure 19-1
6 Male Reproductive System The Testes Primary sex organ in males Hang within scrotum Dartos muscle wrinkles skin of testes Cremaster muscle lifts testis toward body Tunica albuginea encloses testis
7 Male Reproductive System The Testes (cont d) Septa divide testis into lobules Seminferous tubules within lobule produce sperm Interstitial cells surround tubules Produce testosterone, the main male sex hormone
8 Male Reproductive System Seminiferous Tubules Contain spermatogonia Stem cells for spermatogenesis Contain sustentacular cells Sustain and promote spermatogenesis
9 Male Reproductive System The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules Figure 19-2(a)
10 Male Reproductive System The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules Figure 19-2(b)
11 Male Reproductive System The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules Figure 19-2(c)
12 Male Reproductive System Anatomy of a Spermatozoon Head Contains nucleus and chromosomes Middle piece Tail Contains mitochondria Whips the sperm along
13 MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) DNA replication MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation SPERMATOGENESIS Primary spermatocyte (diploid) Primary spermatocyte Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes MEIOSIS II Spermatids (haploid) SPERMIOGENESIS (physical maturation) Spermatozoa (haploid) Figure of 5
14 MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) SPERMATOGENESIS Primary spermatocyte (diploid) Figure of 5
15 MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) DNA replication MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation SPERMATOGENESIS Primary spermatocyte (diploid) Primary spermatocyte Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes Figure of 5
16 MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) DNA replication MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation SPERMATOGENESIS Primary spermatocyte (diploid) Primary spermatocyte Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes MEIOSIS II Spermatids (haploid) Figure of 5
17 MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) DNA replication MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation SPERMATOGENESIS Primary spermatocyte (diploid) Primary spermatocyte Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes MEIOSIS II Spermatids (haploid) SPERMIOGENESIS (physical maturation) Spermatozoa (haploid) Figure of 5
18 Male Reproductive System Spermatozoon Structure Figure 19-4
19 Male Reproductive System Key Note Meiosis produces gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. For each cell entering meiosis, the testes produce four spermatozoa, whereas the ovaries produce only one ovum.
20 Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive Tract Epididymis Long tubule in which sperm mature Secretes tubular fluid Ductus deferens (vas deferens) Ascends within spermatic cord Joins with seminal vesicle Forms ejaculatory duct Urethra Extends from bladder to tip of penis Passageway for urine and semen
21 Male Reproductive System The Ductus Deferens Figure 19-5(a)
22 Male Reproductive System The Ductus Deferens Figure 19-5(b)
23 Male Reproductive System The Accessory Glands Seminal vesicle Secretes 60% of volume of semen Secretes fructose to power the sperm Prostate gland Contributes about 30% of semen volume Bulbourethral glands Secretes alkaline mucus as a lubricant
24 Male Reproductive System Semen Typical ejaculation expels 2 5 ml of semen Called the ejaculate Contains million sperm per ml
25 Male Reproductive System The Penis Penis skin resembles scrotal skin Contains three erectile bodies A pair of corpora cavernosa dorsally A single corpus spongiosum ventrally Urethra passes through it Erection of penis follows dilation of erectile bodies with blood
26 Male Reproductive System The Penis Figure 19-6(a)
27 Male Reproductive System The Penis Figure 19-6(b)
28 Male Reproductive System The Penis Figure 19-6(c)
29 Male Reproductive System Hormones and Male Reproductive Function Pituitary Hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Promotes spermatogenesis Luteining hormone (LH) Stimulates testosterone production Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Hypothalamic hormone controls pituitary Androgens (steroids) Testosterone most important
30 Male Reproductive System Hormonal Feedback in the Regulation of Male Reproductive Function Figure 19-7
31 Female Reproductive System Principal Female Reproductive Organs Ovaries Uterine (Fallopian) tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia (vulva)
32 Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Figure 19-8(a)
33 Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Figure 19-8(b)
34 Female Reproductive System The Ovaries Primary sex organs of females Site of oogenesis (ovum production) Monthly ovarian cycle Several stages in ovum development
35 Female Reproductive System The Ovaries (cont d) Stages in ovum development Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Ovulation releases ovum and corona radiata
36 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) OOGENESIS DNA replication (before birth) MEIOSIS I begins before birth Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad Primary oocyte (diploid) Primary oocyte MEIOSIS I completed after puberty First polar body (may not occur) Secondary oocyte (haploid) MEIOSIS II begun in the tertiary follicle and completed only if fertilization occurs Secondary oocyte ovulated in metaphase of MEIOSIS II If fertilization occurs after ovulation, MEIOSIS II Is completed Second polar body Ovum (haploid) Maturation of gamete Figure of 5
37 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) OOGENESIS Primary oocyte (diploid) Figure of 5
38 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) OOGENESIS DNA replication (before birth) MEIOSIS I begins before birth Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad Primary oocyte (diploid) Primary oocyte Figure of 5
39 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) OOGENESIS DNA replication (before birth) MEIOSIS I begins before birth Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad Primary oocyte (diploid) Primary oocyte MEIOSIS I completed after puberty First polar body Secondary oocyte (haploid) Figure of 5
40 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) OOGENESIS DNA replication (before birth) MEIOSIS I begins before birth Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad Primary oocyte (diploid) Primary oocyte MEIOSIS I completed after puberty First polar body (may not occur) Secondary oocyte (haploid) MEIOSIS II begun in the tertiary follicle and completed only if fertilization occurs Secondary oocyte ovulated in metaphase of MEIOSIS II If fertilization occurs after ovulation, MEIOSIS II Is completed Second polar body Ovum (haploid) Maturation of gamete Figure of 5
41 Primordial follicles before puberty Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Primary oocytes Nucleus of primary oocyte Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Antrum containing follicular fluid Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle OVULATION Outer surface of ovary Released secondary oocyte Degenerating corpus luteum Corpus luteum Corona radiata Corpus luteum Figure of 7
42 Primordial follicles before puberty Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Figure of 7
43 Primordial follicles before puberty Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Follicle cells Primary oocytes Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Figure of 7
44 Primordial follicles before puberty Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Follicle cells Primary oocytes Secondary follicle Nucleus of primary oocyte Zona pellucida Zona pellucida Follicle cells Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Figure of 7
45 Primordial follicles before puberty Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Primary oocytes Nucleus of primary oocyte Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Antrum containing follicular fluid Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Figure of 7
46 Primordial follicles before puberty Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Primary oocytes Nucleus of primary oocyte Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Antrum containing follicular fluid Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle OVULATION Outer surface of ovary Released secondary oocyte Corona radiata Figure of 7
47 Primordial follicles before puberty Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Primary oocytes Nucleus of primary oocyte Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Antrum containing follicular fluid Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle OVULATION Outer surface of ovary Released secondary oocyte Degenerating corpus luteum Corpus luteum Corona radiata Corpus luteum Figure of 7
48 Female Reproductive System Key Note Oogenesis begins during embryonic development, and primary oocyte production is completed before birth. After puberty, each month the ovary produces one or more secondary oocytes from pre-existing primary oocytes. The number of viable primary oocytes declines with age, until ovarian cycles end at age
49 Female Reproductive System The Uterine Tubes End in a funnel-shaped infundibulum Opens into pelvic cavity Ovum enters here after ovulation Ovum moves from infundibulum toward uterus Fertilization must occur during first hours of its passage from infundibulum to uterus
50 Female Reproductive System The Uterus Protects and supports developing embryo Anchored by several ligaments Regions Body Cervix Uterine cavity
51 Female Reproductive System The Uterus (cont d) Wall components Endometrium Lining of cavity Myometrium Smooth muscle layer Perimetrium Serous covering
52 Female Reproductive System The Uterus Figure 19-11
53 Female Reproductive System The Uterine Cycle Also called, menstrual cycle Typically, 28 days long Begins with Onset of menses Loss of the functional zone of endometrium Lasts one to seven days
54 Female Reproductive System The Uterine Cycle (cont d) Proliferative phase follows menses Repair, growth of functional zone of endometrium Secretory phase follows Endometrial glands become active Uterus prepared for embryo Menarche First menses Menopause Cycles stop
55 Female Reproductive System The Vagina Muscular tube between uterus and external genitalia Highly elastic, distensible Partially blocked by hymen Thin fold of epithelium
56 Female Reproductive System Functions of the Vagina Convey menstrual fluid Receive penis during intercourse Hold semen after ejaculation Passageway for fetus during birth
57 Female Reproductive System The External Genitalia Also called, vulva Components of vulva Vestibule Labia minora Clitoris Labia majora Mons pubis Vestibular glands
58 Female Reproductive System The Female External Genitalia Figure 19-12
59 Female Reproductive System The Mammary Glands Located within the breast Specialized organs of the integumentary system Produce milk to nourish the infant Lactation The processes of milk synthesis and secretion by cells of the mammary glands Stimulated by hormones
60 Female Reproductive System Mammary Gland of the Left Breast Figure 19-13
61 Female Reproductive System Hormones and the Reproductive Cycle Coordinate ovarian and uterine cycles Estradiol The estrogen that dominates follicular phase of ovarian cycle Progesterone The progestin that dominates luteal phase of ovarian cycle Ovulation triggered by mid-cycle LH surge Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH triggers pituitary to release FSH, LH
62 Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14
63 Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(a)
64 Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(b)
65 Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(c)
66 Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(d)
67 Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(e)
68 Female Reproductive System Key Note Cyclic changes in FSH and LH levels are responsible for the maintenance of the ovarian cycle; the hormones produced by the ovaries in turn regulate the uterine cycle.
69 Physiology of Sexual Intercourse Male Sexual Function Arousal Erotic thoughts, sensations lead to parasympathetic activity Erection Sympathetic activity increases blood flow into erectile tissues of penis
70 Physiology of Sexual Intercourse Male Sexual Function (cont d) Coitus Sexual intercourse increases sensation Emission Ejaculation Orgasm Associated with strong contractions
71 Physiology of Sexual Intercourse Female Sexual Function Phases of sexual arousal resemble the male s Parasympathetic activity during arousal Clitoral erection Muscular contraction associated with orgasm
72 Reproductive System and Aging Menopause Time when menstruation and ovulation cease Normally occurs about age 50 Production of sex steroids drops Estrogen, progesterone Production of regulatory hormones rise GnRH, FSH, LH Negative feedback effect
73 Reproductive System and Aging The Male Climacteric Onset at about age Hormone levels change Testosterone levels drop FSH, LH levels rise Negative feedback effect Sperm quantity and quality decline
74 The Reproductive System in Perspective FIGURE Functional Relationships Between the Reproductive System and Other Systems Figure of 11
75 The Integumentary System Covers external genitalia; provides sensations that stimulate sexual behaviors; mammary gland secretions provide nourishment for newborn Reproductive hormones affect distribution of body hair and subcutaneous fat deposits Figure of 11
76 The Skeletal System Pelvis protects reproductive organs of females, portion of ductus deferens and accessory glands in males Sex hormones stimulate growth and maintenance of bones; sex hormones at puberty accelerate growth and closure of epiphyseal cartilages Figure of 11
77 The Muscular System Contractions of skeletal muscles eject semen from male reproductive tract; muscle contractions during sexual act produce pleasurable sensations in both sexes Reproductive hormones, especially testosterone, accelerate skeletal muscle growth Figure of 11
78 The Nervous System Controls sexual behaviors and sexual function Sex hormones affect CNS development and sexual behaviors Figure of 11
79 The Endocrine System Hypothalamic regulatory hormones and pituitary hormones regulate sexual development and function; oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus and mammary glands Steroid sex hormones and inhibin inhibit secretory activities of hypothalamus and pituitary gland Figure of 11
80 The Cardiovascular System Distributes reproductive hormones; provides nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal for fetus; local blood pressure changes responsible for physical changes during sexual arousal Estrogens may help maintain healthy vessels and slow development of atherosclerosis Figure of 11
81 The Lymphatic System Provides IgA for secretions by epithelial glands; assists in repairs and defense against infection Lysosomes and bactericidal chemicals in secretions provide nonspecific defense against reproductive tract infections Figure of 11
82 The Respiratory System Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide generated by tissues of reproductive system Changes in respiratory rate and depth occur during sexual arousal, under control of the nervous system Figure of 11
83 The Digestive System Provides additional nutrients required to support gamete production and (in pregnant women) embryonic and fetal development Figure of 11
84 The Urinary System Urethra in males carries semen to exterior; kidneys remove wastes generated by reproductive tissues and (in pregnant women) by a growing embryo and fetus Accessory organ secretions may have antibacterial action that helps prevent urethral infections in males Figure of 11
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