Urogenital system - Development. Aleš Hampl
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1 Urogenital system - Development Aleš Hampl
2 cloaca Urogenital system Overall picture
3 Urogenital system Reminder
4 Urogenital system Intermediate mesoderm
5 Urogenital system Early forms of kidneys - Pronephros Recapitulation of three stages of evolution of kidneys in a cranial to caudal sequence: pronephros mesonephros metanephros pronephros primary nephric duct Nephrotomes Nephric duct Nephrotomes at about day 22 in cervical part of nephrogenic cord 7 to 10 groups of epithelial cells connect to primary nephric duct non-functional disappear by day 28
6 Urogenital system Early forms of kidneys - Pronephros Mouse D9 equivalent to human D27 The lumen of each nephrotome opens into the primary nephric duct as well as into the body cavity. Glomeruli form as small vessels extend from the dorsal aortae.
7 Urogenital system Early forms of kidneys - Mesonephros Mesonephros caudal continuation of nephrogenic cord thoracolumbar region unsegmented intermediate mesoderm mesonephric ducts (paired) Wolffian ducts mesonephric tubuli open individually into m. duct 36 to 40 m. tubuli in total (on one side) some filtration mesonephric unit mesonephros is most prominent when metanephros start to shape then they diasappear fast mesonephric ducts persist in males
8 Urogenital system Mesonephros - Another view
9 Urogenital system Definitive kidneys - Metanephros Develop since week 5 Ureteric bud = metanefric diverticulum + Metanephrogenic blastema (mesenchyme) Branching and Elongation 14 to 15 x
10 Urogenital system Definitive kidneys - Metanephros Repeated branching of ureteric bud produces: ureter pelvis calyces (major + minor) collecting tubuli (1 to 3 millions)
11 Nephron Collecting tubule Uriniferous tubule = The functional unit of the kidney renal corpuscle Cortex Medulla Ducts of Bellini 1 to 1.4 milllions of nephrons in one kidney Area cribrosa Minor calyx Nephrons X Collecting tubules Different embryological origin
12 Urogenital system Metanephros - Nephrons arched ampulous endings of ureteric ducts (collecting tubuli) capping by condensed mesenchyme part of the cap cells differentiate into nephrogenic vesicle vesicles elongate vesicles open to the collecting tubulus on one end distal from the ducts, the cells of elongating vesicles polarize and form lumen and basal lamina precursors of endothelia grow into this area - glomerulus endothelia connect to branches of dorsal aorta gromerular circulation production of urine since week 10
13 Urogenital system Metanephros - Nephrons
14 Urogenital system Metanephros - Nephrons Cortical nephrons Juxtamedulary nephrons about 15 successive generations of nephrons in peripheral zone of kidney outermost nephrons are less mature
15 Urogenital system Definitive kidneys - Metanephros
16 Urinary system - Bladder Cloaca = terminal part of the hindgut + allantois 5 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 4.5 weeks Cloaca Urogenital simus Urogenital septum Urogenital membrane Perineum Primitive rectum Anal membrane ventral outpocketing of the hindgut sac-like structure (respiration) in umbilical cord proximal part URACHUS continuos with bladder URACHUS transforme to Median umbilical ligament
17 Urinary system Bladder + Ureters + Urethra Posterior view Urachus Ureter Ureter Trigone Primitive urethra Ejaculatory duct alantois expands - urinary bladder initially bladder is continuos with alanotois then obliteration urachus median umbilical ligament caudal portions of mesonepric ducts become absorbed by the bladder wall separation ureters + ejaculatory ducts
18 Urinary system Congenital anomalies 1. Agenesis 2. Duplication 3. Anomalies of shape 4. Abnormal of position 5. Congenital polycystic kidney Horseshoe kidney
19 Genital system Sexual dimorfism individual can only have one type of genital organs Genetic determination: Heterogametic (XY) male Homogametic (XX) - female Indifferent stage Differentiation into individual sexes Fertilization = genetic gender established (Barr body) 7th week
20 Genital system 7 weeks at indifferent stage Gonads External genitalia
21 Genital system Sry gene Sry gene Sox family TF on short arm of Y chromosome Y chromosome decides XXY male X0 - female Sexual Determination Default pathway Sertoli cells No MIS No Testosterone Leydig cells Sexual Differentiation
22 Genital system Sry gene Pairing of X and Y chromosomes in pseudoautosomal region during meiosis Rare crossing-over causes translocation of SRY to X chromosome: XY females or XX males
23 PGC - large spherical cells Genital system Primordial germ cells Primordial germ cells (PGC) first recognizable at day 24 from epiblast-derived extraembryonic msoderm few cells among endodermal cells of the yolk sac they migrate through the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut migrate towards genital rigdes (plicae genitales) proliferate during migration reach (1-2 thousands) genital ridges on week 6 of gestation Males PGC stop dividing X Females PGC enter meiosis decided by somatic cells in the genital ridges
24 Genital system migration of PGC into gonadal anlagen
25 Genital system gonadal anlagen Steroidogenic mesoderm along the ventromedial border of the mesonephros cranial region = Adrenocortical primordia caudal region = Genital ridges cells of coelomic epithelium + cells from mesonephric ridge Week 4 Th6 to S2 ranial + caudal parts involute Week 6 L3 to L5 become populated by PGC at week 6
26 Genital system indifferent gonade (week 6)
27 Genital system Descent of the testes Prerequisites + driving forces for the descent of testes: testes enlargement atrophy of mesonphros allows for caudal movement tension of gubernaculum atrophy of paramesonephric ducts move to unquinal canal enlargement of processus vaginalis peritonei (6 th month) increased intraabdominal pressure? By 26 weeks the testes have descended retroperitoneally to the deep inguinal rings During 26th week final descent through the inguinal canals into the scrotum 2 to 3 days NOTES More than 97% of full-term newborn males have both testes in the scrotum During the first 3 months after birth, most undescended testes descend into the scrotum Gubernaculum originates from caudal portion of genital ridge Spontaneous testicular descent does not occur after the age of one year
28 Genital system Descent of the testes Processus vaginalis obliterated NORMAL Remanining connection ABNORMAL Remaing cyst = Hydrocele ABNORMAL
29 Genital system Differentiation of the testes Late 6th week Cord cells differentiate to Sertoli cells (meiosis-inhibiting factor, anti-mullerian substance, androgen binding factor) Tunica albuginea develops (sets barrier between coelomic epithelium and testis cords) Cord cells form seminiferous tubuli, tubuli recti, and rete testis Rete testis joints ductli efferentes that are derived from mesonephric ducts (5th to 12th) Week 8 to 18 Leydig cells develop and function in developing testis from coelomic epithelia and mesonphros produce testosteron support development of Wolfian (mesonephric) duct support development of external genitalia
30 Genital system Differentiation of the ovaries PGC concentrate in the cortical region PGC proliferate (max until week 22) and then enter meiosis arrest in prophase Ovarian follicles develop (somatic cell contribution is not understood) Transient rete ovarii develops in medullary region Medulla contains connetive tissue and vasculature derived from mesonephros
31 Genital system Sexual duct system Indifferent stage Week 7 Wolffian Mullerian Paramesonephric duct Develops at days 44 to 48 Cranially opens to coelomic cavity
32 Genital system Sexual duct system Male Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian) Ductus epididymis Ductus deferens Ductus ejaculatorius Seminal vesicle Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian) regresses in week 8 (anti-m hormone) Appendix testis (cranial part) Utriculus prostaticus (caudal part) Mesonephros Ductuli efferentes Paradidymis (under the testis, nonfunctional)
33 Genital system Sexual duct system Female Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian) regresses (absence of testosterone) Gartners cyst (caudal part) Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian) involutes in week 8 Uterine tubes (falopian t.) Uterus Vagina Mesonephros (+Mesonephric duct) Epoophoron (appendix of ovary) Paraophaoron
34 Genital system Sexual duct system Uterus
35 Genital system Duct system Uterovaginal channel Dorsal view Lateral view Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts fuse to form uterus and upper 1/3 of vagina
36 Genital system Uterovaginal channel - Anomalies
37 Genital system External genitalia - Indifferent stage They are derived from a complex mesodermal tissue located around cloaca. HORMONE-INDEPENDENT Week 6 to 8 Week 8 Orificium urogenitale primitivum demarcated by: Genital tubercle Phallus Urethral (genital) folds Plicae urogenitales Genital swellings Tori genitales
38 Genital system External genitalia - Dimorphism Week 9 to 13 Weeks are particularly critical = fusing of urethral folds MALE Penis Genital tubercle FEMALE Clitoris Urethra Genital (urethral) folds Labia minora Scrotum Genital swellings Labia majora
39 Genital system External genitalia - Male Influenced by dihydrotestosterone Influenced by testosterone
40 Genital system External genitalia - Male Genital plate Urethral raphe Genital groove Scrotum Fused genital folds + Canalized urethra formed Scrotal raphe Anus Genital tubercle elongates penis (phallus) Genital swellings enlarge scrotum Genital folds form the lateral walls of the urethral groove Genital folds form the spongy urethra Ventral epithelium of genital folds urethra proper Corpora cavernosa develop from mesenchyme
41 Genital system External genitalia Urethral orifice Spongy urethra Coronary groove Glans penis Surface ectoderm ectodermal ingrowth forms a cellular ectodermal cord Penis body Ectodermal cord Spongy urethra Distal part of spongy urethra External urethral orifice the cord grows towards the root of the penis to meet the spongy urethra the cord canalizes circular ingrowth of ectoderm occurs at the periphery of the glans penis (week 12) Developing septum Spongy urethra Prepuce circular ingrowth breaks down forming prepuce (for some time adherent to the glans penis, hard to retract at birth) Glandular part of urethra
42 Genital system External genitalia Male hypospadia Normal midline raphe Raphe off center
43 Genital system External genitalia - Female urethra and vagina open into vestibule = from urogenital sinus urethra develops from the more cranial part of urogenital sinus equivalent to prostatic urethra
44 Thank you for your attention! Questions and comments at:
45
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