Hormones of brain-testicular axis

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1 (Hormone Function)

2 Hormones of brain-testicular axis anterior pituitary drives changes during puberty controlled by GnRH from hypothalamus begins to secrete FSH, LH LH targets interstitial endocrinocytes testosterone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) FSH - Sustentacular cells Androgen-binding protein (ABP) concentrates androgens for spermatids Inhibin negative feedback to the pituitary and hypothalamus

3 Hormones of brain-testicular ti axis Development testosterone t t stimulates t pattern development before birth (internal ducts) DHT external genitals Testosterone converted to estrogens in brain brain development Puberty testosterone & DHT stimulate enlargement of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics

4 Onset of Puberty FSH and LH secretion is high in newborn, but falls to low levels in few weeks. At puberty: Brain maturation increases GnRH secretion. Decreased sensitivity of gonadotropin to negative feedback. During late puberty, pulsatile secretion of LH and FSH increase during sleep. Stimulate a rise in sex steroid secretion.

5 Onset of Puberty (continued) Stimulates rise in testosterone and estradiol-17β. Insert fig Produce secondary sexual characteristics. Age of onset related to the % of body fat and physical activity in the female Leptin secretion from adipocytes may be required for puberty.

6 Male Reproductive System Testes: Seminiferous tubules: Contain receptor Insert fig proteins for FSH in Sertoli cells. FSH stimulates spermatogenesis to occur. Leydig cells: LH stimulates secretion of testosterone. Contain receptor proteins for LH.

7 Control of LH and FSH Secretion Negative feedback: Testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH production. Maintain relatively constant secretion of LH and FSH. Declines gradually in men over 50 years of age. Testosterone converted to DHT, which inhibits LH. over 50 years of age Insert fig Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion. Aromatization reaction producing estradiol in the brain, is required for the negative feedback effects.

8 Endocrine Function of the Testes Testosterone and its derivatives are responsible for initiation and maintenance of body changes in puberty. Stimulate growth of muscles, larynx, and bone growth until sealing of the epiphyseal discs. Promote hemoglobin synthesis. Act in paracrine fashion, responsible for spermatogenesis. Insert fig

9 Testosterone: Sources: Interstitial titi Cells in Testes Targets & Functions: Body in general Stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics including: development of male genitalia male skeleton and muscle development male patterns for hair growth increased RBC production & higher metabolic rate Seminiferous tubules Necessary for the completion of spermatogenesis Anterior Pituitary Moderate inhibition of pituitary and hypothalamus

10 Sertoli Cells Form blood-testes barrier: Prevents autoimmune destruction of sperm. Produce FAS ligand which binds to the FAS receptor on surface to T lymphocytes, triggering apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Prevents immune attack. Secrete inhibin. Phagocytize residual bodies: May transmit information molecules l from germ cells to Sertoli cells. Secrete androgen-binding gp protein (ABP): Binds to testosterone and concentrates testosterone in the tubules.

11 Leydig Cells produce/secrete testosterone located outside seminiferous tubules active in fetus till birth, puberty onward some testosterone converted to estradiol

12 Effects of Testosterone t At puberty testosterone prompts spermatogenesis Causes reproductive organs to grow & assume adult functions As adult normal levels of testosterone are required to maintain normal structure & function of reproductive organ

13 Testosterone develop/maintain secondary sex characteristics : - mental, hair growth, larynx, muscles metabolism anabolic inhibit pituitary LH secretion

14 Estrogen Secretion Sertoli and Leydig cells secrete small amounts of estradiol. Receptors found in Sertoli and Leydig cells and accessory organs. May be responsible for: Negative feedback in brain. Sealing of epiphyseal plates. Regulatory g y function in fertility.

15 Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis Formation of primary spermatocytes and entry into early prophase I, begin during embryonic development. Spermatogenesis arrested until puberty. Testosterone required for completion of meiosis i and spermatid maturation. ti Secrete paracrine regulators: IGF-1. Inhibin. Transforming growth factor. FSH necessary in the later stages of spermatid maturation.

16 Thank you!

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