Introduction to Anatomical Terms. Packet #3

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1 Introduction to Anatomical Terms Packet #3

2 Directional Terms

3 Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. Introduction

4 Superior vs. Inferior Superior (Cranial) Above Toward the head end OR upper part of a structure or body Cephalic Head Inferior (Caudal) Below Hyper- Hypo- Away from head end OR toward the lower part of a structure or body. Caudal Tail

5 Anterior vs. Posterior Anterior Toward or at the front of the body. In front of Ventral Posterior Belly Toward or at the back of the body. Behind Dorsal Back Spine

6 Medial vs. Lateral Medial [me di al] Toward, or at, the midline On the inner side Lateral Away from midline On the outer side Intermediate* Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

7 Proximal vs. Distal Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part Closer to the point of attachment Distal Farther from the origin of a body part Away from point of attachment of a limb.

8 Superficial vs. Deep Superficial At/near/toward the surface Deep Further from the surface Away from the body surface More internal

9 Non-synonymous Anatomical Terms In a two-legged organism (e.g. human) Superior, cranial and cephalic are the same Inferior and caudal are the same. Anterior and frontal are the same Posterior and dorsal at the same This is not true for a four-legged organism (e.g. dog) Different terms become synonymous

10 Body Planes

11 In anatomy, a plane is a flat surface along which a body or structure is cut for anatomical study. Introduction

12 Transverse Plane Transverse plane Horizontal plane Cross section plane A transverse divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts.

13 Frontal Plane Frontal Plane Coronal Plane A frontal plane divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts.

14 Sagittal Plane A sagittal plane divides the body (or organ) vertically into left and right parts Produces a sagittal section

15 Sagittal Plane II A midsagittal (median) plane divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts. Lies on the midline Produces a midsagittal section.

16 Sagittal Plane III A parasagittal (median) plane does not occur on the midline and can be a particular number of centimeters from the midline.

17 Body Cavities

18 Introduction Body Cavities Vital organs are suspended in chambers called body cavities. Protect organs Permit changes in size and shapes of organs.

19 Dorsal Body Cavity Dorsal body cavity Protects the nervous system. Two subdivisions Cranial cavity houses the brain Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord Cranial Cavity Dorsal Body Cavity Brain Spinal Cavity Spinal Cord

20

21 Ventral Body Cavity I Ventral Body Cavity Houses internal organs Viscera Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm) Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs Thoracic Cavity Ventral Body Cavity Heart Lungs Abdominopelvic Digestive Urinary System Organs

22 Ventral Body Cavity II

23 Ventral Body Cavity III Ventral Body Cavity Organs in the ventral body cavity are called viscera AND are surrounded by a serous membrane called serosa. Visceral serosa Surrounds organ Parietal serosa Lines cavity Viscera Visceral Serosa Ventral Body Cavity Organs Surrounds Organ Parietal Serosa Lines Cavity

24 Ventral Body Cavity IV Thoracic Cavity Right & Left Pleural Cavities Each houses a lung Mediastinum [me di as ti num] Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds thoracic organs Pericardial Cavity Encloses heart Thoracic Cavity Right & Left Pleural Cavity Pericardial Cavity Mediastinum Lungs

25 Ventral Cavity V

26 Ventral Cavity VI

27 Ventral Body Cavity VII Abdominopelvic Cavity Liver Abdominal cavity Stomach Peritoneal Liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine Retroperitoneal Abdominal Cavity Peritoneal Spleen Small Intestine Large Intestine Kidneys Kidneys Pancreas Retroperitoneal Pancreas

28 Ventral Body Cavity VIII Abdominopelvic Cavity Pelvic Cavity Inferior Large Intestine Retroperitoneal Inferior large intestine Inferior urinary bladder Some reproductive organs Peritoneal Pelvic Cavity Retroperitoneal Inferior Urinary Bladder Some Reproductive Organs Superior Urinary Bladder Superior urinary bladder Peritoneal Ovaries Ovaries Uterus Uterus

29 Ventral Body Cavity IX

30 Ventral Body Cavity X Abdominopelvic quadrants Divisions used primarily by medical professionals.

31 Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavity Middle ear cavity Synovial cavity

32 Body Cavities I

33 Body Cavities II

34 Review

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