3. There are three pairs of salivary glands that have three important functions. These are: a)
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1 Reference: 1. Use the human systems in your textbook.. 2. Pig instruction packet. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. What is the process of digestion? 2. List three major glands involved in this process? 3. There are three pairs of salivary glands that have three important functions. These are: a) b) c) 4. What type of molecule is salivary amylase? 5. Give the digestive function for the adult pig of the following structures: STRUCTURE DIGESTIVE FUNCTION MOUTH TEETH TONGUE EPIGLOTTIS ESOPHAGUS STOMACH PYLORIC VALVE SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE LIVER GALL BLADDER PANCREAS
2 UROGENITAL SYSTEM USE TEXT AS WELL AS PIG INSTRUCTION PACKET NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, the questions refer to the pig. 1. What systems are included in the urogenital system? 2. a) List the structures, in order, through which urine passes from formation of urine to excretion. b) List the difference/s between male and female. 3. What two tubes join to form the urogenital sinus? In which sex of the pig do you find a urogenital sinus? (male, female, both) Is there a urogenital sinus in the human? 4. In which organ do eggs develop? 5. List the structures in order through which the egg must pass from its development to its release from the body. Is there a uterus in the human? 6. Why do pigs have litters or multiple births while humans usually have only one baby at a time? (Note: humans do not have uterine horns, just one uterus in which the embryo develops.) 7. List the structures in order through which sperm must travel from their formation to ejaculation. Is there an epididymis in the human? 8. List the function of the following organs: epididymis: kidneys: uterus:
3 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. List the specific names of the structures through air must pass on its way to the alveoli in the lung. (There are six you should name before getting to the alveoli.) 2. Which structure prevents food from being aspirated into the lungs? 3. In which structure are the vocal cords located? Who generally has longer vocal chords male or female? 4. What is the purpose of the rings of cartilage around the trachea and bronchi? 5. Describe the alveoli and state their function. 6. Using proper terminology, indicate in which cavity the lungs are located? 7. During dissection of the respiratory, you will come across a small, red gland on the trachea. If you have dissected the respiratory system, name this gland. 8. List two ways in which the lungs of the fetal pig are different from the lungs of a pig after birth? 9.a) Describe the movement of the diaphragm and ribs during inhalation. b) Draw a diagram of exhalation. 10. The lungs of the pig are uninflated - collapsed. What could cause a collapse of the lung in a human?
4 CIRCULATION 1. List the function of the circulatory system. 2. William Harvey is important to the understanding of circulation. How did he contribute to our knowledge of circulation? 3. Name the three types of blood vessels. 4. Name the three layers of most blood vessels. 5. Fill in the chart: Organ Walls Valves Purpose and gas concentration (# of layers) (yes/no) ( high in CO2,O2 or both) heart arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins lymph vessels 6. Using the Pig Instruction Packet/ dictionary, associate each of these terms with a part of the body. a) renal: f) subclavian: b) carotid: g) jugular: c) iliac: h) hepatic: d) coronary: i) mesenteric e) pulmonary: j) umbilical:
5 FETAL CIRCULATION There are four structures found in a fetus which are not found in an adult animal s circulatory system. 1. Give a) the function of each b) where located c) what happens if still functioning once animal is born a) Ductus arteriosus: b) Foramen ovale: c) Umbilical vein: d) Umbilical artery: 2. Trace the path of blood of fetal circulation through the heart. 3. How is this circulation different from an adult? 4. Placental circulation. Fill in the chart: Material Vessel Organ in adult which provides or (umbilical artery or removes the material umbilical vein) oxygen (provides) carbon dioxide (removes) urea and salts (removes) food (provides)
6 ENDOCRINE GLANDS 1. What is the function of the endocrine system? 2. Endocrine glands are ductless, which means they secrete their hormones directly into the. 3. The cells in the body have receptors for a particular hormone. The cells are called. 4. Which two systems regulate the activities of the body? 5. What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? Give an example of each. 6. List the symptoms of a patient with an overactive thyroid: 7. What would happen to a person if all the secretions from the pancreas were blocked? 8. If you, at the age you are now, were given a choice of having a malfunctioning thymus gland or a malfunctioning pancreas, which would you choose and why? 9. Why is the pituitary gland so often referred to as the Master Gland? 10. a) How do the pituitary and the hypothalamus interact? b) Indicate to which system/s each belongs: pituitary: hypothalamus:
7 MUSCULAR SYSTEM 1. What is the function of the muscular system? 2. Why are the muscles of your fetal pig not well developed? 3. Fill in the chart: Voluntary/ Found in/on Striations #of nuclei Involuntary which organ (yes/no) Skeletal Cardiac Smooth 4. The theory of muscle contraction is called the. 5. In muscle contraction, when the protein filaments of muscle tissue slide toward one another, the myofibril (shortens or lengthens) 6. When the muscle is doing heavy work, (more or less) fibers are contracting. 7. Name the structure that attaches muscle to bone.
8 NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. State the function of the nervous system. 2. Which other system does the nervous system work with to regulate everything in the body? 3. The cells of the nervous system are called. 4. The nervous system is divided into two major systems. These are the central nervous system and the peripheral system. a) Central nervous system: function: made up of: b) Peripheral nervous system : function: where found in the body: 5. The function of the brain is : The membranes that cover the brain are called and their function is : 6. List the functions of the following parts of the central nervous system: cerebrum: cerebellum: medulla oblongata: pons: thalamus: spinal cord: 7. Nerves - refer to your pig instruction packet: the phrenic nerve controls the and if found the vagus nerve supplies the and is found
9 SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. List the functions of the skeletal system: 2. The skeleton in your pig is made up of and not yet bone since it is a fetal pig. 3. How many bones are there in the human body? 4. Using the diagram in your book, indicate the scientific name for the following: Common name Scientific name a) collarbone b) ribs c) breastbone d) wrist bones e) shoulder blade f) jaw g) backbone h) kneecap i) upper arm bone k) finger and toe bones 5. Bone is surrounded by a tough membrane called the that carries. Beneath this membrane is bone in which is found bone. The function of spongy bone is. 6. The cavities in bones is filled with marrow. Name the two types and their functions:
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