Antioxidant Activity of the plant Andrographis paniculata (Invitro)
|
|
- Clara Hensley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 4 Antioxidant Activity of the plant Andrographis paniculata (Invitro) 4.1 INTRODUCTION Antioxidants prevents or repairs the cells against reactive oxygen species, reduces damage caused by free radicals such as oxygen, peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and peroxyl radicals, which leads to chain reaction and finally it ends up into cell damage (Mattson and Cheng, 2006). Natural antioxidants prevents body tissues from cell damage, protects degenerative diseases such as cancer, ischema, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases which plays a key role in maintenance of health and prevention (Uddin et al., 2008; Jayasri et al., 2009). Antioxidants exert their activity by scavenging that forms stable radicles which persist reaction with the electrons from the molecules in the sudden surrounding environment. They may damage crucial bio molecules in all membranes, if these radicals are not scavenged effectively in time. Mitochondria and the DNA results in abnormalities leading to diseased conditions present in lipids and proteins (Uddin et al., 2008). Thus, free radicals are involved in a number of diseases like muscular dystrophy, disease that caused through heredity, cataract, damages liver cells, insulin deficiency, gastric diseases, reproduction problem, rheumatoid arthritis, neural diseases etc., in humans (Chen et al., 2006; Uddin et al., 2008). Sufficient amount of antioxidants were not produced in the human body, which is essential for preventing oxidative stress. Natural antioxidant defences removes free radicals that are generated in the body, such as glutathione or catalases (Sen, 1995). The deficiency had to be compensated by using natural exogenous antioxidants, as a chemopreventive mechanism in plants (Madsen and Bertelsen., 1995; Rice Evans et al., 1997; Diplock et al., 1998; Cai and Sun, 2003). In human body, many plants serve to control the levels of anti-oxidants. In phytochemicals, the free radicals generated in the body as health protective have been recorded in biological activities that are responsible for prevention of many diseases (Hertog and Feskens, 1993; Anderson and Teuber, 2001). Many dietary polyphenolic constituents that 57
2 are derived from plants is necessary for good health, reduces the damage of cellular biomolecules (Rice-Evans and Miller, 1997; Jayasri et al., 2009). Methanol extract of Cinnamon contains a number of antioxidant compounds which can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species including superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals as well as other free radicals invitro. The fruit of Cinnamon, an unconditional part of the plant, contains a good amount of phenolic antioxidants which may protect against mutagenesis to counteract the damaging effects of free radicals. Antioxidants are often added to foods to prevent the radical chain reactions of oxidation, and they act by inhibiting the initiation and propagation step leading to the termination of the reaction and delay the oxidation process. Due to safety concerns of synthetic compounds, food industries have focused on finding natural antioxidants to replace synthetic compounds. In addition, there is growing trend in consumer preferences for natural antioxidants, all of which has given more impetus to explore natural sources of antioxidants. In the present investigation, among the four plants, Andrographis paniculata showed good activity against both antidiabetic and antioxidant properties, hence this plant is chosen for further studies. The study is aimed at understanding the plant s role as an antioxidant. Antioxidants are gaining importance due to the increase in the reactive oxygen species generated in our cells due to modern lifestyle. Along with being an anti-diabetic drug, if the extracts are found to be potent antioxidants, their pharmacological value would greatly increase. The plants were extracted with different solvents based on polarity. The antioxidant property of each of the extracted solvents were analyzed in different assays such as DPPH, Total phenolic content,h 2 O 2 radical scavenging activity, β carotene bleaching activity,total reducing power. 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS PLANT COLLECTION Fresh leaves of the plant were collected from Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Plant material were carefully washed with tap water, rinsed with distilled water and dried in air for 1hr. After that it was processed into small particles and dried at 26 degree celcius for one week. They were again grinded into fine powder and stored at room temperature. 58
3 4.2.2 PLANT PREPARATION AND EXTRACTION BY DIRECT EXTRACTION METHOD Sequencing extracts of the plants were prepared by successive maceration of the fine powder (10g) for 2 days at room temperature with 100ml of various solvents on an orbital shaker. The solvents used were n-hexane, Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform and Methanol respectively. The final extracts obtained were filtered and the filtrates were subjected to lyophilisation (Shimadzu Analytical (India) Pvt.Ltd., Mumbai, India) to obtain powdered extracts which were used for the following assays. 4.3 DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ,2-DIPHENYL-2-PICRYLHYDRAZYL FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY (DPPH) One ml of four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100mg/ml) of each extract of the plant dissolved in methanol was added to 1ml of DPPH (0.16mM in methanol). 1ml DPPH in methanol with 1ml pure methanol was used as a control. The reaction mixtures were mixed and kept in the darkness at room temperature for half an hour. Their absorbance was then read at 517nm (Farhan et al., 2012).The ability of plant extracts in DPPH scavenging activity was calculated using the following equation Where, Absorbance control (DPPH Solution without extract) and Absorbance sample (DPPH Solution with extract). Comparison of the results with positive control, ascorbic acid was done. The percentage inhibition was plotted against the sample extract concentration in order to calculate the IC 50 values, which is the concentration (µg/ml) of extract that causes 50% loss of DPPH activity HYDROGEN PEROXIDE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY One ml of extract at four concentrations 25, 50, 75,100 mg/ml was taken in 4 test tubes. 0.6 ml of hydrogen peroxide (40mM) was added with phosphate buffer. The samples were incubated at 30 0 C for 10 minutes (Ruch et al.,1989). After incubation, absorbance 59
4 was determined at 230 nm against phosphate buffer as a blank (Wettasinghe et al., 1997). This was done in replicate. The percentage H 2 O 2 scavenged was calculated using the formula: Where A 1 = absorbance of the H 2 O 2 without extract. A 2 = absorbance of the sample with extract TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT: One ml aliquots of extracts (100 mg/l) were added to a Erlenmeyer flask containing nine ml of water. The mixture was added with1 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu s reagent and vortexed. After 5 min, 10 ml of 7% sodium carbonate was added to the mixture and incubated for 90 min at 25 C. Absorbance of the sample against reagent blank was determined at 750 nm. Using standard curve, a reagent blank was prepared and the amount of phenolic compound in the extract was determined. Results of the plant extracts was then calculated based on the equation below and expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g fresh weight (Anyasor et al., 2010) Where C = total content of phenolic compound in gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, c = the concentration of gallic acid established from the calibration curve (μg/ml) V= volume of extract (ml) m = weight of the crude plant extract (g) β - CAROTENE BLEACHING ACTIVITY To 3ml of β-carotene solution (5mg of β carotene/50ml of chloroform) 40mg of linoleic acid and 400mg of Tween 20 was added. Then, this mixture was vortexed well. To the dried mixture, 100ml of distilled water was added in order to form β-carotene linoleic acid emulsion. 1ml of solvent extract was taken in 4 test tubes and 1.5ml of emulsion was 60
5 added. Then, the mixture was incubated in water bath at 50ºC for 60 minutes. This was done in replicate. Finally, the absorbance was read at 470nm (Ruch et al., 1989). This was done in triplicates. The final activity of Andrographis paniculata extract was calculated by using the following equation: Where DR C = Degradation rate of the control, DR S = Degradation rate of the sample [(a/b)/60] a=initial absorbance of the sample, b=absorbance after 60 min of incubation REDUCING POWER Four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/ml) of A. paniculata solvent extracts were added with 2.5ml of phosphate buffer and 2.5 ml of potassium ferricyanide. Then, the mixture was kept in the incubator at 50 0 C for 30 minutes. 2.5 ml of trichloroacetic acid was added and the mixture was kept for centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. 2.5 ml of supernatant solution was taken and added with 2.5 ml of distilled water and 0.5 ml of ferric chloride. Standard used are L-ascorbic acid. Finally, the absorbance of all samples was studied at 700 nm. This was done in triplicates (Yildirim et al., 2001). 4.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analyses were done using MS-Excel The standard errors in all the analyses were found to be less than or equal to 5% of the mean values. 4.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plants are potential sources of natural antioxidants. Environmental stresses may trigger the oxidative stress in plants, generating the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cellular damage, metabolic disorders, and senescence processes (Zhang et al., 2006). Indeed, ROS can react with biological molecules, that leads to cell damage (Kong et al., 2003). Plants produce immunity to protect themselves from the harmful effect of oxidative stress (Bartoli et al., 1999). As in abiotic stress, growth regulators also will results in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species, which activates the immunity of 61
6 antioxidant enzymes. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species causes cellular damage by activating the chain reaction (Nayyar et al., 2006). ROS scavenging is one among the common defences response in cell signalling and homeostasis. ROS scavenging depends on the detoxification mechanism generated during mitochondrial oxidative mechanism as well as in cellular response (Jaleel et al., 2007) DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING ASSAY The results for the antioxidant activity are given in Table 4.1. The antioxidant activity for the methanolic extract was found to be the highest. In all cases except the methanolic extract, the antioxidant activity decreased till a concentration of 75 mg/ml, after which, a sharp increase was seen at 100 mg/ml. And hence the activity was found to be highest at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. The DPPH activity increased with concentration in case of the methanol extract. These results have been graphically represented in Figure 4.1. The higher DPPH activity of methanolic extract can be featured to its highest phenolic compound content. This is because flavonoids, the primary compounds responsible for antioxidant activity of plants are phenolic compounds (Pietta et al., 2000). 62
7 % Antioxidant Activity (DPPH) Table 4.1: Percentage antioxidant activity of the 4 extracts at 4 concentrations. DPPH Concentration(mg/ml): Hexane Ethyl Chloroform Methanol Extract Acetate ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.12 The values represent Mean±SEM(%) for sets of three values Concentration (mg/ml) Hexane Ethyl Acetate Chloroform Methanol Figure 4.1: Percentage antioxidant activity of the 4 extracts at 4 concentrations. 63
8 4.5.2 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY The scavenging activity of the methanol extract was found to be the highest, followed by chloroform and ethyl acetate, respectively. This has special significance due to the fact that H 2 O 2 is a potent oxidant. It has a strong tendency to oxidize DNA in the cells, causing mutations. Reactive agents of H 2 O 2 may sometimes even cause cellular damage due to the generation of free hydroxyl radicals inside the cell. The H 2 O 2 radical scavenging activity is attributed to primary antioxidants, which in case of plants would be phenolic (Dorman et al., 2003).Results of the H 2 O 2 radical scavenging activity are described in Table 4.2. Thus, the higher activity of the methanol extract is most likely due to this. The results are graphically depicted in Figure 4.2. Table 4.2: Percentage H2O2 radical scavenging activity of the 4 extracts at 4 concentrations H 2 O 2 Radical Scavenging Activity Concentration(mg/ml): Hexane Ethyl Chloroform Methanol Extract Acetate ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.78 The values represent Mean±SEM(%) for sets of three values. 64
9 Antioxidant Activity (H2O2) Concentration (mg/ml) Hexane Ethyl Acetate Chloroform Methanol Figure 4.2:Percentage radical scavenging activity of the 4 extracts at 4 concentrations TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT The results for the total phenolic content are given in Table 4.3. As inferred from the table, the methanol extract had the highest total phenolic content. This further implies that the methanol extract contains the maximum number of tannins and flavonoids, since these are phenolic compounds. Table 4.3: Total phenolic content of the extracts in Gallic Acid Equivalents/gram. Extract Total Phenolics (GAE/g) n-hexane 0.35± Ethyl Acetate 0.33± Chloroform 0.51± Methanol 0.82± The values represent Mean±SEM for sets of three values. 65
10 4.5.4 β CAROTENE BLEACHING ACTIVITY β carotene bleaching activity is again an indirect measure of the antioxidant activity of a plant extract. β carotene gets bleached by hydro peroxides like H 2 O 2 (Khare et al., 2012).In the presence of antioxidants, this bleaching is greatly reduced due to the neutralizing effect of the antioxidants on the hydro peroxides. The results of the β carotene bleaching activity are given in Table 4.4. Again, the methanol extract showed the lowest amount of β carotene, and hence, the highest concentration of antioxidants. This can be correlated to the results of the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The results are graphically depicted in Figure 4.3. Table 4.4: β carotene bleaching activity of the extracts. Concentration(mg/ml): Hexane Ethyl Chloroform Methanol Extract Acetate ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.14 The values represent Mean±SEM(%) for sets of three values. 66
11 % β Carotene Concentration (mg/ml) Hexane Ethyl Acetate Chloroform Methanol Figure 4.3: β carotene bleaching activity of the 4 extracts at 4 concentrations REDUCING POWER The ferric reducing assay measures the ability of an antioxidant to reduce a reactive oxygen species against that species oxidative power (Saklani et al., 2011). This is important to make the reactive oxygen species more stable and unreactive. The results are tabulated in Table 4.5 and graphically represented in Figure 4.4. As can be observed from the graph, the methanol extract showed a reducing power nearly equal to that of L Ascorbic Acid. The chloroform extract showed a very good reducing power at lower concentrations. However, at higher concentrations, its reducing power was lesser than that of the methanol extracts. 67
12 Total Reducing Power Table 4.5: Total reducing power of the 4 extracts at 4 concentrations. Concentration Hexane Ethyl Chlorofor Methanol Ascorbic (mg/ml) Acetate m Acid Extract ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.037 The values represent Mean±SEM for sets of three values Concentration (mg/ml) Hexane Ethyl Acetate Chloroform Methanol Ascorbic Acid Figure 4.4: Total reducing power of the 4 extracts at 4 concentrations. 68
13 4.6 CONCLUSION Based on the above experiments, we can conclude that methanol extracts of A. paniculata are the most effective antioxidants. These could find potential application in today s urban lifestyle which increases our exposure to various harmful oxidants. These findings indicate that in addition to its anti-diabetic effect, A. paniculata has a potent antioxidant activity. 69
Preparation and characterization of Aloe vera extract
Chapter 2 Preparation and characterization of Aloe vera extract 2.1. INTRODUCTION Aloe vera ethanolic extract was prepared according to Noor et.al, 2008 with few modifications. The phytochemical analysis
More informationResearch Article GALLIC ACID AND FLAVONOID ACTIVITIES OF AMARANTHUS GANGETICUS
ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 238 Research Article GALLIC ACID AND FLAVONOID ACTIVITIES OF AMARANTHUS GANGETICUS G. Jyoti Jain 1* and S. Ramachandra Setty 2 1 Department of Pharmacology,
More informationDetermination of total phenolic, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activities of common herbs and spices.
2014; 3 (3): 104-108 E: ISSN 2278-4136 P: ISSN 2349-8234 JPP 2014; 3 (3): 104-108 Received: 07-08-2014 Accepted: 08-09-2014 Ovais Ullah Shirazi. Muhammad Muzaffar Ali Khan Khattak. (a) (b)non Communicable
More informationPRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN-VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF MELOCHIA CORCHORIFOLIA PLANT EXTRACTS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Research Article PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN-VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF MELOCHIA
More informationChapter 2 Biochemical changes and antioxidant activity of elephant- foot yam corm during development
Chapter 2 Biochemical changes and antioxidant activity of elephant- foot yam corm during development Introduction The corm of elephant-foot yam is used as vegetable and also as a major ingredient in various
More informationIn Vitro Antioxidant Activity of some Edibles Bearing Nutritional Value
International Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Research. ISSN 2231-1238, Volume 4, Number 5 (2013), pp. 487-494 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ ijbbr.htm In Vitro Antioxidant
More informationPhytochemical and antioxidant properties of some Cassia species
Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of some Cassia species Firdose R. Kolar a *, Chaya L. Gogi a, Mairunisabegum M. Khudavand a, Meera S. Choudhari a and Sindhu B. Patil a a Department of Botany,
More informationWORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences SJIF Impact Factor 6.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Neeru et al. SJIF Impact Factor 6.041 Volume 5, Issue 6, 1884-1891 Research Article ISSN 2278 4357 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT, TOTAL FLAVONOID
More informationPhytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant property of Aegle marmelos Extracts
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 826-830 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant property of Aegle marmelos Extracts Anjay Kumar Gupta*, Sumeet
More informationInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science
Research Article Available online www.ijrpsonline.com ISSN: 2249 3522 International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science DPPH Scavenging Activity of Various Extracts of Sweet Potatoes Leaves with
More informationOxiSelect Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit (Colorimetric)
Product Manual OxiSelect Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit (Colorimetric) Catalog Number STA-343 5 assays FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY Not for use in diagnostic procedures Introduction Oxidative stress is a physiological
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Antiradical and antioxidant activity of flavones from Scutellariae baicalensis radix
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Antiradical and antioxidant activity of flavones from Scutellariae baicalensis radix Dorota Woźniak A, Andrzej Dryś B, and Adam Matkowski* A A Department of Pharmaceutical Biology
More informationINTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN Research Article
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY www.irjponline.com ISSN 223 87 Research Article EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CORCHORUS AESTUANS LINN LEAVES EXTRACTS Patel Rashmika P. 1 *, Patel Manish
More information4. Determination of fat content (AOAC, 2000) Reagents
94 ANALYTICAL METHODS 1. Determination of moisture content (AOAC, 2000) 1. Dry the empty dish and lid in the oven at 105 C for 3 h and transfer to desiccator to cool. Weigh the empty dish and lid. 2. Weigh
More informationPelagia Research Library. Study of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of fresh Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Der Pharmacia Sinica, 2012, 3 (2):271-277 ISSN: 0976-8688 CODEN (USA): PSHIBD Study of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of fresh Eichhornia crassipes
More informationResearch Article In-vitro antioxidant activity of Cassia auriculata Leaves
Research Article In-vitro antioxidant activity of Cassia auriculata Leaves R. Radha 1*, MVV. Prasad 2, A. Lakshmi Devi 1, R. Bhanu Murthy, M. Ravi Kumar 1, B. Sitaram 3 and D. Ranganayakulu 1 1 Sri Padmavathi
More informationAntioxidant properties and total phenolic content of a marine diatom, Navicula clavata and green microalgae, Chlorella marina and Dunaliella salina
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2013, 4(5): 151-157 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of a marine
More informationFigure 8.1: Principle reaction behind DPPH assay Unnati Shah Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University-Ph.D. thesis 136
8. Antioxidant and DNA fragmentation assay of bioactives of S. racemosa 8.1. Instrument Instruments used in the study were Gel electrophoresis assembly (Genei, India), UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan)
More informationAppendix A: Preparation of Media and Chemicals. Malt Extract Agar (MEA) weighing g was dissolved in 400 ml of distilled water
Appendix A: Preparation of Media and Chemicals Preparation of Malt Extract Agar (MEA) Malt Extract Agar (MEA) weighing 13.44 g was dissolved in 400 ml of distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask using a
More informationDetection of Antioxidants in the Development of an Effective Polyherbal Combination in the Management of Diabetes
South As. J. Biol. Sci. 1(2)2011:30-39 Research Article (ISSN 2249 6599) Detection of Antioxidants in the Development of an Effective Polyherbal Combination in the Management of Diabetes *1 S.Vasugi, 2
More informationThis chapter deals with the evaluation of alpha amylase inhibitory
This chapter deals with the evaluation of alpha amylase inhibitory activity of different extracts isolated from leaves of Aloe vera L. and leaves of Azadiracta indica A Juss. collected from Bharatpur and
More informationEVALUATION OF INVITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Research Article EVALUATION OF INVITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM LEAVES AND STEMS OF THAI WATER SPINACH (Ipomoea aquatic var.
OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM LEAVES AND STEMS OF THAI WATER SPINACH (Ipomoea aquatic var. aquatica) Boonnet Koonchanok 1, Thadsaneeya Cheunchob 1, Nisakorn
More informationProtein Cleavage Due to Pro-oxidative Activity in Some Spices
Protein Cleavage Due to Pro-oxidative Activity in Some Spices Sittiwat Lertsiri Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Phayathai, Bangkok 10400 Thailand Kanchana Dumri Department
More informationEvaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sateria verticillata Leaves by Using DPPH Scavenging Assay
Human Journals Research Article August 2015 Vol.:4, Issue:1 All rights are reserved by Chintala Shivakoti et al. Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sateria verticillata Leaves by Using DPPH
More informationANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF HABISCUS CANNABINUS METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF HABISCUS CANNABINUS METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT James SA 1, MJ Ladan and Goje DJ Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University, Kaduna. 1 Corresponding author email: sjgamong@yahoo.com
More informationIn vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Psidium guajava Leaves
International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences (IJRSB) Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2015, PP 145-149 ISSN 2349-0357 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0365 (Online) www.arcjournals.org In vitro Antioxidant Activity
More informationNIS/WW Report 1 1 of 11. Report 1. Testing of Willard s Water for antioxidant capacity and cellular uptake of selected nutrients.
NIS/WW Report 1 1 of 11 October 18, 2012. Report for: John Willard WW Industries, Inc. PO Box 4040 Rapid City, South Dakota 57709 Phone: (888) 379-4552 Fax: (605) 343-0109 Email: john@drwillard.com Web:
More informationMyBioSource.com. OxiSelect Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay Kit. Product Manual. Catalog Number
Product Manual OxiSelect Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay Kit Catalog Number Introduction Oxidative stress is a physiological condition where there is an imbalance between concentrations
More informationTEST REPORT & SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Page 1 (5) Dartsch Scientific GmbHAuf der Voßhardt 25 D-49419 Wagenfeld Firma LuKo Pharm GmbH Mayrwiesstrasse 25-27 A-5300 Hallwang Auf der Voßhardt 25 D-49419 Wagenfeld, Germany Fon: +49 5444 980 1322
More informationANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE 1,7-DIARYLHEPTANOIDS AND THEIR METAL COMPLEXES
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE 1,7-DIARYLHEPTANOIDS AND THEIR METAL COMPLEXES Malini.P.T Lanthanide complexes of curcuminoids Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, 2004 CHAPTER IV ANTIOXIDANT
More information6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Free radicals are chemical species containing one or more unpaired electrons, like hydrogen atom, most transition metal ions, nitric oxide and oxygen, with two unpaired electrons.
More informationFree radical scavenging activity of plant extracts of Chlorophytum tuberosum B
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016, 8 (8):308-312 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4
More informationResearch Article An In-Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Whole Plant of Teramnus labialis (Linn.)
Research Article An In-Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Whole Plant of Teramnus labialis (Linn.) G. Alagumani Vasagam*, A. Kottai Muthu and R. Manavalan Department of Pharmacy,
More information6 CHAPTER-6 TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT DETERMINATION
6 CHAPTER-6 TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT DETERMINATION 6.1 PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS Phenolic compounds are a group of chemical compounds that are widely distributed in nature. They are simple compounds
More informationTitle: Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L.
Author's response to reviews Title: Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. Authors: Naima Saeed (naima_qau@hotmail.com) Muhammad
More informationPreparation of stock solution and reagents for DPPH assay
A1 Preparation of stock solution and reagents for DPPH assay i. Plant sample (Stock solution) A stock solution of 20 mg/ml of each extract was prepared and wrapped in aluminium foil. The crude methanol
More informationTOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY BOTH FLESH AND PEEL OF RED PITAYA, WHITE PITAYA AND PAPAYA
Academic Sciences International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 4, Issue 2, 2012 Research Article TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND RADICAL SCAVENGING
More informationScholars Research Library. In-vitro antioxidant activity of Triumfetta pilosa Roth
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2011, 3(3):220-224 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 In-vitro antioxidant activity
More informationResearch Article Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Anthocyanins from Two Forms of Brassica oleracea
Research Article Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Anthocyanins from Two Forms of Brassica oleracea P. Gomathi 1,2 *, R. Prameela 2 and A. Sanjeevakumar 2 1 Pharmacognosy Course and Research
More informationASSAY OF using AZO-FRUCTAN S-AZFR5 11/17
www.megazyme.com ASSAY OF endo-fructanase using AZO-FRUCTAN S-AZFR5 11/17 Megazyme 2017 PRINCIPLE: The substrate is the high molecular weight fraction of chicory fructan (DP ~ 20-60) dyed with an azo-dye
More informationIn vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Alcoholic Root Extract of Pseudarthria viscida
In vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Alcoholic Root Extract of Pseudarthria viscida K. Rajendran 1 *, Annie Shirwaikar 1, Arun Shirwaikar 1, P. Ramalingam 1 and K.K. Srinivasan 2 1College of Pharmacy,
More informationPRODUCTION OF VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FROM SOME CEREAL MILLING BY-PRODUCTS SAYED SAAD ABOZAIED SMUDA THESIS DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
PRODUCTION OF VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FROM SOME CEREAL MILLING BY-PRODUCTS By SAYED SAAD ABOZAIED SMUDA B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Food Science), Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 2004 M.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Food Science), Fac.
More informationSynergistic effects of antioxidative peptides from rice bran
Synergistic effects of antioxidative peptides from rice bran Pichamon Kiatwuthinon 1,*, Neeracha Lapanusorn 1, Anunyaporn Phungsom 1, Wirawan Tinanchai 1 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,
More informationInvestigations on its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential
- 1 - CITROZINE Investigations on its antioxidative and CITROFRESH SUPERCONCENTRATE anti-inflammatory potential Investigator and responsible for the correctness of the test protocol, results, conclusions
More informationEstimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Hibiscus furcatus Roxb leaves
IJPAR Vol.6 Issue 1 Jan - Mar -217 Journal Home page: ISSN:232-2831 Research article Open Access Estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Hibiscus furcatus Roxb leaves Najuma Salim*, Rahul
More informationProduction of phenolic antioxidants from apple residue using Rhizopus oligosporus
Available online at http://www.ijabbr.com International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research Volume 2, Issue 6, 2014: 1937-1942 Production of phenolic antioxidants from apple residue
More informationScholars Research Library J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour., 2017, 7(2): (
Available online www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour., 2017, 7(2): 74-78 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory
More informationCHEM104 Exp. 9 Phytochemical Antioxidants with Potential Benefits in Foods Part I. 1
EM104 Exp. 9 Phytochemical Antioxidants with Potential Benefits in Foods Part I. 1 ame People have known and believed for a long time that eating certain foods is good for their health. owever, it is difficult
More information5. BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FOOD VALUE OF RIBBON FISH L. SAVALA
5. BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FOOD VALUE OF RIBBON FISH L. SAVALA During present study, sixty specimens of fresh L. savala ranging from 200 to 600 mm of total length were collected from Baithkol, Majali
More informationQuantification of Total Phenolics in Different Parts of Pluchea indica (Less) Ethanolic and Water Extracts
Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 19 (1): 19 24 (2011) ISSN: 0128-7680 Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Quantification of Total Phenolics in Different Parts of Pluchea indica (Less) Ethanolic and Water Extracts
More informationThe Journal of Phytopharmacology
Volume 1 Issue 3 2012 The Journal of Phytopharmacology (Pharmacognosy and Phytomedicine Research) Comparing of antioxidant and DPPH induced free radical scavenging activity of Sesbania grandiflora and
More informationEvaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peel and Pulp Extracts by Using Different Solvents
http://www.e-journals.in Chemical Science Transactions DOI:10.7598/cst2015.1041 2015, 4(3), 723-727 RESEARCH ARTICLE Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peel and Pulp Extracts by Using Different
More informationPharmacologyonline 2: (2009)
A TIOXIDA T ACTIVITY OF SOME B COMPLEX VITAMI ES; A PRELIMI ARY STUDY Nabavi S.F., Nabavi S.M., Eslami Sh. and Ebrahimzadeh M.A.* Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Phenolic, flavonoid contents, anticholinestrase and antioxidant evaluation of Iris germanica var; florentina
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Phenolic, flavonoid contents, anticholinestrase and antioxidant evaluation of Iris germanica var; florentina Farhat Ullah a, Muhammad Ayaz a*, Abdul Sadiq a, Abid Hussain a, Sajjad
More informationANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF ZIZIPHUS MUCRONATA
ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF ZIZIPHUS MUCRONATA T.E Kwape and * P. Chaturvedi Department of Biological Sciences University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana * Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT
More informationGLUCOSE OXIDASE
www.megazyme.com GLUCOSE OXIDASE ASSAY PROCEDURE K-GLOX 11/16 (200 Assays per Kit) or (1960 Auto-Analyser Assays per Kit) or (2000 Microplate Assays per Kit) Megazyme 2016 INTRODUCTION: Glucose oxidase
More informationKeywords: antioxidant; extraction; paper flower; phenolic compound
PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS FROM Bougainvillea SPP. Punyawatt Pintathong 1, *, Prisana Pinket 1, Monthira Papoodplook 1, Natthawut Thitipramote 1,2, Phanuphong Chaiwut 1 1 School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah
More informationThe Study of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Skin, Seeds and Leaves of The Sri Lankan Variety of Pumpkin.
IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy (e)-issn: 2250-3013, (p)-issn: 2319-4219 Volume 8, Issue 2 Version. 1 (February 2018), PP. 43-48 www.iosrphr.org The Study of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Skin,
More informationEVALUATION OF FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA EXTRACTS
EVALUATION OF FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA EXTRACTS * Chaturvedi P., Kwape T.E. and Fulukani I. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana *
More informationInternational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
Research Article Biochemistry International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN 0975-6299 DETERMINATION AND COMPARISION OF NON ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS FROM DIFFERENT LOCAL VARIETIES OF BANANA (MUSA
More informationAnalysis of Polyphenoloxidase Enzyme Activity from Potato Extract Biochemistry Lab I (CHEM 4401)
Analysis of Polyphenoloxidase Enzyme Activity from Potato Extract Biochemistry Lab I (CHEM 4401) Background Enzymes are protein molecules (primarily) that serve as biological catalysts. They are responsible
More informationMATERIAL AND METHODS
MATERIAL AND METHODS Material and Methods Glucose induced cataract was chosen as a model for the present study. A total of 210 fresh goat lenses were analyzed. Sample Collection: Goat eyeballs were obtained
More informationAntioxidative activities and phenolic compounds of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seeds and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) grain extracts
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Antioxidative activities and phenolic compounds of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seeds and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) grain extracts Pier Giorgio Peiretti a, Giorgia Meineri b, Francesco
More informationAnalytical Method for 2, 4, 5-T (Targeted to Agricultural, Animal and Fishery Products)
Analytical Method for 2, 4, 5-T (Targeted to Agricultural, Animal and Fishery Products) The target compound to be determined is 2, 4, 5-T. 1. Instrument Liquid Chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)
More informationIn Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Pholidota articulata
Human Journals Research Article November 2016 Vol.:5, Issue:1 All rights are reserved by Darshan Singh et al. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Pholidota articulata Keywords:
More informationPurity Tests for Modified Starches
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Purity Tests for Modified Starches This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationIn Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Analysis of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 263-68. 2009. In Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Analysis of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Teepica Priya Darsini D* 1, J.M. Sasikumar 1 and Kulandhaivel M. 2 1 Department of Industrial
More informationAntioxidant Activity of Cinnamtannin B1 from Cinnamomum zeylanicum BLUME. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
1 Antioxidant Activity of Cinnamtannin B1 from Cinnamomum zeylanicum BLUME M.Taher a *, Deny Susanti b, Mohamad Roji Sarmidi a, Fadzilah Adibah Abdul Majid a, Hasnah M. Sirat b and Farediah Ahmad b a Department
More informationSubcritical Water Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Terminalia chebula Fruits
Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2008; 35(1) FU-003 103 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2008; 35(1) : 103-108 www.science.cmu.ac.th/journal-science/josci.html Contributed Paper Subcritical Water Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Identification and in vitro antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds isolated from Cynoglossum cheirifolium L. Bensaid Ilhem 1, Atik Bekkara Fawzia 1, El Haci Imad Abdelhamid
More informationTotal Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of The Extracts from Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Leaves
International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2017 Vol. 13(7.1): 1325-1332 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 1686-9141 Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of The Extracts
More informationScience & Technologies ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES IN DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS L. GROWING IN BULGARIA
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES IN DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS L. GROWING IN BULGARIA Dimitrova M., Hristova L., Damianova E., Yordanova Y., Petrova N., V.Kapchina-Toteva*
More informationKit for assay of thioredoxin
FkTRX-02-V2 Kit for assay of thioredoxin The thioredoxin system is the major protein disulfide reductase in cells and comprises thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH (1). Thioredoxin systems are
More informationWork-flow: protein sample preparation Precipitation methods Removal of interfering substances Specific examples:
Dr. Sanjeeva Srivastava IIT Bombay Work-flow: protein sample preparation Precipitation methods Removal of interfering substances Specific examples: Sample preparation for serum proteome analysis Sample
More informationBIOASTIN Bioastin is product that contains 4 mg astaxantin and 50 i.e. vitamin E (α-tocopherol) per tabl.. Carotenoids are family of around 700 substa
INTRODUCTION In 1956 Rebecca Gerchman and Daniel Gilbert detected toxic effect of superoxid on aerobs. Till today there are identificated many free radicals. Their toxic effect is registrated in more than
More informationAnticancer Properties of Phytochemicals Present in Indian Medicinal Plants.
Anticancer Properties of Phytochemicals Present in Indian Medicinal Plants. Dr.Prathiba H.D* Department Of Biochemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University. Bangalore(Karnataka), INDIA. ABSTRACT
More informationTHE PHARMA INNOVATION - JOURNAL. Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica leaves
Received: 21-04-2014 Accepted: 25-05-2014 ISSN: 2277-7695 CODEN Code: PIHNBQ ZDB-Number: 2663038-2 IC Journal No: 7725 Vol. 3 No. 4. 2014 Online Available at www.thepharmajournal.com THE PHARMA INNOVATION
More informationIN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF FLOWER EXTRACTS OF COUROUPITA GUIANENSIS
CHAPTER 3 IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF FLOWER EXTRACTS OF COUROUPITA GUIANENSIS 3. INTRODUCTION Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. Almost all the parts of the plant, namely
More informationTHIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY Thin layer chromatography is the best known technique of plant biochemistry. TLC is used for preliminary separation and determination of plant constituents. It is helpful for
More informationAmudha S et al., Asian Journal of Pharmthiaceutical Technology & Innovation, 04 (21); 2016; Research Article
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Innovation ISSN: 2347-8810 Research Article Received on: 09-11-2016 Accepted on: 20-11-2016 Published on: 15-12-2016 Corresponding Author: * Amudha S, Dept.
More informationABTS Assay Kit KF tests (96 well plate)
ABTS Assay Kit KF-01-002 250 tests (96 well plate) Index Introduction Pag. 1 Materials Pag. 2 Assay Principle Pag. 3 Sample preparation Pag. 4 Assay protocol Pag. 5 Data analysis Pag. 9 References Pag.
More informationAnalysis report ORAC Europe BV
Analysis report ORAC Europe BV initials investigator Customer name: Hak Agrofeed BV att. Mr. B. Hak Leemansstraat 2 4251 LD Werkendam The Netherlands Amount of samples delivered: 63 samples Date of sample
More informationScholars Research Library. Determination of Phenol and flavonoid content from Vateria indica (Linn)
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2012, 4 (1):222-226 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4
More informationInternational Journal of Drug Research and Technology
Int. J. Drug Res. Tech. 2012, Vol. 2 (2), 203-207 ISSN 2277-1506 International Journal of Drug Research and Technology Available online at http://www.ijdrt.com/ Original Research Paper COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL
More informationab Lipoxygenase Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit
ab133087 Lipoxygenase Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit Instructions for Use For the detection of hydroperoxides produced in the lipoxygenation reaction using a purified Lipoxygenases. This product is for
More informationPhytochemical Investigation and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Dalbergia sissoo Bark
Human Journals Research Article June 217 Vol.:9, Issue:3 All rights are reserved by ANUSHA GOVINDULA et al. Phytochemical Investigation and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Dalbergia sissoo Bark Keywords:
More informationResearch Article. Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and lipid degradation potential of Psidium guajava leaf extracts
Available online wwwjocprcom Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,, 7(4):1489-1494 Research Article ISSN : 975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and lipid degradation
More informationInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Oct-Dec. 2009
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Oct-Dec. 2009 Research Article IN -VITRO ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM SEEDS
More information7. NOOTROPIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY. 7.1 Introduction
268 7. NOOTROPIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY 7.1 Introduction Alzheimer s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, which according to World Health Organization (WHO) affects 22 million people world wide,
More informationab65329 Total Antioxidant Capacity Assay kit (Colorimetric)
ab65329 Total Antioxidant Capacity Assay kit (Colorimetric) Instructions for Use For rapid, sensitive and accurate measurement of both small molecule antioxidants and proteins or small molecules alone
More informationA November 2015
Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Syzygium zeylanicum Leaves AZIZAH MAHMOOD Politeknik Pagoh Johor, Semambu, 25350 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Email: azizah1.poli@1govuc.gov.my
More informationMATERIALS AND METHOD
Chapter - 3 Histomorphology, Ecology and Biochemistry of leaf galls of Ficus glomerata Roxb. induced by Pauropsylla depressa Crawford. MATERIALS AND METHOD Field observations were confined in Saharanpur
More informationAZO-XYLAN (BIRCHWOOD)
ASSAY OF endo-1,4-ß-xylanase using AZO-XYLAN (BIRCHWOOD) S-AXBP S-AXBL 10/07 Megazyme International Ireland 2007 PRINCIPLE: This assay procedure is specific for endo-1,4-ß-d-xylanase activity. On incubation
More informationPhospholipid Assay Kit
Product Manual Phospholipid Assay Kit Catalog Number MET-5085 96 assays FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY Not for use in diagnostic procedures Introduction Phospholipids are important structural lipids that are the
More informationAN ACTIVE SHELTER AGAINST POLLUTION V.16
AN ACTIVE SHELTER AGAINST POLLUTION V.16 THE SKIN IS CONSTANTLY EXPOSED The skin is an interface and thus is constantly exposed to environmental agents: Sun radiation Smoke Air pollution Free radicals
More informationEvaluation of the in vitro antioxidant potential of extracts obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum barks
Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant potential of extracts obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum barks Lidiya Georgieva, Dasha Mihaylova Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant potential of extracts obtained
More information