Effect of Mannan Oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) Addition With and Without Zinc Oxide on Performance and Immunocompetence of Weanling Pigs

Transcription

1 Effect of Mnnn Oligoscchride (Bio-Mos) Addition With nd Without Zinc Oxide on Performnce nd Immunocompetence of Wenling Pigs E. Dvis, C. Mxwell, B. de Rods, nd D. Brown 1 Story in Brief An experiment involving 216 wenling brrows (1/2 Lrge White x 1/4 Duroc x 1/4 Lndrce; 21 ± 2 d of ge; 13.7 ± 0.07 lb initil BW) ws conducted to determine the efficcy of Bio-Mos s n lterntive to growthpromoting concentrtions of zinc oxide. Pigs were blocked by initil BW nd penned in groups of six with nine pens/tretment in n off-site nursery. Tretments were rrnged s 2 x 2 fctoril with two concentrtions of Bio- Mos (0% nd 0.2%) nd two concentrtions of dietry Zn (165 ppm nd 2465 ppm). Experimentl diets were fed throughout the study nd contined 1.5% lysine during Phse 1 (dy 0 to 10), 1.35% lysine during Phse 2 (dy 10 to 24), nd 1.2% lysine during Phse 3 (dy 24 to 38). Two pigs/pen were bled vi venipuncture, nd lymphocyte blstogenesis ssy ws performed. Addition of zinc oxide incresed (P < 0.05) ADG during Phse 1, ADFI during Phse 1 nd 2, nd F/G in the overll study (dy 0 to 38). In Phse 2 nd overll, ADG incresed when Bio- Mos ws dded to diets contining 165 ppm Zn but decresed when Bio-Mos ws dded to diets with 2465 ppm Zn (interction, P < 0.08). Response to Bio-Mos supplementtion in erly-wened pigs ppers to be dependent on the level of ZnO in the diet. Introduction Bio-Mos is mnnn oligoscchride derived from the cell wll of yest nd hs resulted in improved weight gin nd feed efficiency when fed to broiler chicks nd wenling pigs. Polyscchrides derived from yest cell wll mteril hve lso been implicted in enhncing immune function. Reserchers in quculture hve found tht yest glucn enhnces the nonspecific defense mechnism nd survivl in fish (Engstd et l., 1992). Similrly, performnce hs been improved in erly-wened pigs fed glucn isolted from yest (Schoenherr et l., 1994). Becuse of these observed improvements in performnce, Bio-Mos could serve s potentil replcement for dditions of high levels of trce minerls such s ZnO nd copper sulfte tht re dded in excess of the pigs dietry requirement. The objective of this study ws to further ssess the efficcy of Bio-Mos in improving performnce in wened pigs, nd determine its potentil s replcement for ZnO in nursery pig diets. The effect of diet on immunocompetence of wenling pigs ws lso evluted. Experimentl Procedures A totl of 216 wenling brrows (1/2 Lrge White x 1/4 Duroc x 1/4 Lndrce; 21 ± 2 d of ge; 13.7 ± 0.07 lb BW) were obtined from single source nd trnsported to the University of Arknss off-site nursery fcility. Pigs were sorted by weight nd divided into weight groups (blocks). Pigs within ech weight group were llotted into equl subgroups (six pigs per pen), nd tretments were rndomly ssigned to pens (subgroups) within ech of the weight groups. Four dietry tretments were fed consisting of two concentrtions of inorgnic Zn (165 nd 2465 ppm) with nd without the ddition of Bio-Mos (0 or 0.3% Bio-Mos, Alltech, Nicholsville, KY.) in 2 x 2 fctoril rrngement of tretments. Becuse results in field studies suggest tht pigs my respond better to Bio-Mos regimen in which Bio- Mos supplementtion is greter during the initil nursery period thn in the ltter nursery phses, Bio-Mos ws supplemented t 0.3% of the diet during Phse 1 nd 0.2% during Phse 2 nd 3. The specific diets during the first 10 d postwening (Phse 1) consisted of the following: 1) 1 All uthors re ssocited with the Deprtment of Animl Science, Fyetteville. 112

2 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 negtive control diet contining Zn t 165 ppm from ZnSO 4 (Tble 1); 2) the negtive control diet plus 2300 ppm Zn s ZnO; 3) the negtive control diet supplemented with 0.3% Bio-Mos; nd 4) the negtive control diet plus 2300 ppm Zn s ZnO, nd supplemented with 0.3% Bio-Mos. Substitutions in ll diets were mde t the expense of corn. Phse 1 diets were formulted to contin 1.50% lysine, 0.87% methionine plus cystine, 0.90% clcium, 0.80% phosphorus, nd 14.53% lctose nd were fed for period of 10 d. Upon completion of the Phse 1 diet, pigs were fed Phse 2 diet (1.35% lysine) from dy 10 to 24 nd Phse 3 diet (1.20% lysine) from dy 24 to 38 postwening (Tble 1). Pig BW nd feed intke were determined t the initition of the study nd weekly therefter to evlute ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. Pigs were housed in n off-site nursery fcility in pens with two nipple wterers, five-hole feeder, nd Mxim nursery flooring. Pigs hd d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. For the first week of the tril, the nursery ws mintined t 85ºF nd decresed 1ºF/wk. In vitro cellulr immune response ws mesured using lymphocyte blstogenesis ssy (Blech et l., 1983). A totl of 72 pigs (18 pigs per tretment) were smpled, nd pproximtely 15 ml of blood ws collected in heprinized tubes by venipuncture for isoltion of mononucler cells. Cells were plted t concentrtion of 2 x 10 6 cells/ml, nd phytohemgglutinin (PHA) nd pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were used s mitogens for cellulr prolifertion t concentrtion of 10 mg/ml. Incubtion, lbeling with [3]Hthymidine, nd cell hrvesting followed procedures outlined by vn Heugten nd Spers (1997). Uptke of [3]H-thymidine served s the mesure of cell prolifertion. Performnce dt were nlyzed s rndomized complete-block design with pen s the experimentl unit nd blocks bsed on initil BW. Anlysis of vrince ws performed using the GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cry, NC). The effects of block, ZnO, Bio-Mos, nd Bio-Mos x ZnO interction effects were evluted. Results nd Discussion Tretment mens re presented where Bio-Mos x ZnO interction ws observed (Tble 2), while dt in which no such interction ws observed nd the results of the lymphocyte prolifertion ssy re presented s min-effect mens (Tble 3). Averge dily gin (P < 0.01), ADFI (P < 0.01), nd F/G (P < 0.01) improved in pigs fed diets contining 2465 ppm Zn during Phse 1 compred to those fed diets with 165 ppm Zn. Averge dily gin incresed (P < 0.01) during the first week (dy 10 to 17) of Phse 2 in pigs fed diets supplemented with 2465 ppm Zn. Additionlly, Zn supplementtion incresed ADFI from dy 10 to 17, dy 17 to 24, nd overll in Phse 2 (P < 0.01, P = 0.06, nd P < 0.01, respectively). Averge dily gin nd F/G incresed during the second week (dy 17 to 24) of Phse 2 nd the entire phse (dy 10 to 24) with the ddition of Bio-Mos t 165 ppm Zn but were similr when Bio-Mos ws dded to diets with 2465 ppm Zn. This resulted in tendency for Bio-Mos x ZnO interction during dys 17 to 24 of the tril nd significnt interction overll in Phse 2 (dy 10 to 24) for ADG (P = 0.14 nd P < 0.05, respectively). Also tendency for n interction for F/G (P = 0.14) for these two intervls ws observed. During the fourth week of the study (dy 24 to 31), ADG incresed with the ddition of Bio-Mos t 165 ppm Zn but decresed with the ddition of Bio-Mos to diets supplemented with 2465 ppm Zn. This resulted in Bio- Mos x ZnO interction for ADG (P < 0.05). There were no significnt interctions or min effects observed during the overll Phse 3 (dy 24 to 38) period. For the overll study (dy 0 to 38), ADG nd ADFI incresed with the ddition of Bio-Mos t 165 ppm Zn, but decresed with the ddition of Bio-Mos in diets with 2465 ppm Zn. This resulted in Bio-Mos x ZnO interction for ADG (P < 0.05) nd tendency for n interction for ADFI (P = 0.14). Feed/gin ws improved (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets with 2465 ppm Zn compred to those fed diets contining 165 ppm Zn. Dietry tretments did not ffect lymphocyte prolifertion fter mitogen stimultion in smples tken on dys 10, 11, 14, nd 15, postwening. As observed in the current study, ddition of ZnO t phrmcologicl levels in previous experiments resulted in incresed gin nd feed intke in young pigs (Hhn nd Bker, 1993; Smith et l., 1997). However, response to the ddition of Bio-Mos ws not s pronounced s observed in prior study compring it with copper sulfte ddition (Dvis et l., 1999). This my be due to the higher level of Bio-Mos fed during Phse 1 of this study (0.3% of the diet) compred to the level fed in the previous experiment (0.2% of the diet). Severl tendencies for Bio-Mos x ZnO interction were observed, in which ADG incresed with Bio-Mos ddition to the low Zn diets but decresed with the ddition of Bio- Mos when the diet ws supplemented with 2300 ppm ZnO. Titrtion of yest glucn product (Mcrogrd) indicted tht performnce does not increse linerly with incresing dosge (Schoenherr et l., 1994). Additionlly, immunostimulnts often hve mximum level tht cn be dministered, fter which there is lck of response or toxic effect on performnce (R, 1998). The effect of dietry Bio-Mos nd ZnO ddition on the immunocompetence of wenling pigs ws evluted by mitogen-stimulted lymphocyte prolifertion. As observed in previous experiment (Dvis et l., 1999), neither Bio- Mos nor ZnO hd significnt effect on the prolifertion of lymphocytes in vitro; however, stimulted cell cultures from pigs supplemented with Bio-Mos nd 2465 ppm Zn hd numericlly greter prolifertion of lymphocytes. Implictions The results of this study suggest tendency for Bio- Mos dded t 0.2% of the diet to improve wenling pig performnce in pigs fed 165 ppm Zn during Phse 2 (dy

3 AAES Reserch Series 478 to 24), Phse 3 (dy 24 to 38), nd the overll tril (dy 0 to 38). However, ddition of Bio-Mos t 0.3% of the diet during Phse 1 (dy 0 to 10) tended to increse F/G nd my indicte negtive effect ssocited with the higher dietry Bio-Mos level. Literture Cited Blech, F., et l J. Anim. Sci. 56:396. Dvis, M.E., et l J.Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):63. Engstd, R.F., et l Fish nd Shellfish Immunology. 2:287. Hhn, J.D., nd D.H. Bker J. Anim. Sci. 71:3020. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th edition). Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. R, J Orff Seminr, April 29, Schoenherr, W. D., et l J. Anim. Sci. 72(Suppl. 1):57. Smith, J.W., et l J. Anim. Sci. 75:1861. vn Heugten, E., nd J.W. Spers J. Anim. Sci. 75:

4 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 Tble 1. Composition of bsl diets. Item, % Phse 1 Phse 2 Phse 3 Yellow corn Stem rolled ots Deproteinized whey Processed soy protein (Optipro) Soyben mel, 48% CP AP AP Select menhden fish mel Soyben oil Ft Ethoxyquin Lysine HCl Threonine Methionine Tyln Neo-terromycin 10/ Minerl premix (NB-8557B) b Vitmin premix (NB-6157B) b Diclcium phosphte Clcium crbonte Slt Clculted Composition Lysine Threonine Tryptophn Methionine + cystine Clcium Phosphorus Metbolizble energy, kcl/lb Lctose Bsl diets were supplemented with 0.32% ZnO or with Bio-Mos dded t 0.3% (Phse 1) or 0.2% (Phse 2 nd 3) to provide four diets in ech phse with nd without Bio-Mos nd with nd without 2465 ppm Zn. Zinc oxide nd Bio-Mos were dded t the expense of corn. b Vitmins nd minerls met or exceeded NRC (1998) requirements. 115

5 AAES Reserch Series 478 Tble 2. Tretment mens showing interction effects of Bio-Mos nd zinc oxide on gin, feed intke, nd efficiency of segregted erly wened pigs. Bio-Mos, % Zinc oxide, ppm SE Phse 2 (dys 17 to 24) ADG, lb F/G Phse 2 (dys 10 to 24) ADG, lb b F/G Phse 3 (dys 24 to 31) ADG, lb b Overll tril (dys 0 to 38) ADG, lb b ADFI, lb Tendency for Bio-Mos x zinc oxide interction; P = b Bio-Mos x zinc oxide interction; P <

6 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 Tble 3. Min effects of Bio-Mos nd zinc oxide ddition to nursery pig diets. Bio-Mos b Zinc oxide + SE + SE Phse 1 (dys 0 to 10) ADG, lb c ADFI, lb c F/G d Dys 10 to 17 ADG, lb c ADFI, lb c F/G Dys 17 to 24 ADFI, lb e Phse 2 (dys 10 to 24) ADFI, lb c Dys 24 to 31 ADFI, lb F/G Dys 31 to 38 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Phse 3 (dys 24 to 38) ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Overll tril (dys 0 to 38) F/G d Lymphocyte prolifertion, cpm f Unstimulted PHA, 30 mg/ml PWM, 10 mg/ml Dt re mens of nine pens/tretment with six pigs/pen. Pigs were 15 to 21 d of ge nd verged 13.7 ± 0.07 lb of BW t the initition of the study. b Bio-Mos ws supplemented t 0.3% during Phse 1 nd t 0.2% during Phse 2 nd 3. c Zinc oxide effect; P <.01. d Zinc oxide effect; P <.05. e Zinc oxide effect; P =.06. f Dt re mens of nine pens/tretment with two pigs/pen. One blood smple ws collected from ech pig on one of 4 d beginning on dy 10 nd ending on dy 15 of the tril. Dt re expressed s counts per minute (cpm). 117

7 Effect of Concentrtion of Mnnn Oligoscchride (Bio-Mos) Addition With nd Without Zinc Oxide on Performnce nd Immunocompetence of Wenling Pigs E. Dvis, C. Mxwell, D. Brown, nd Z. Johnson 1 Story in Brief A totl of 216 brrows (1/2 Lrge White x 1/4 Duroc x 1/4 Lndrce; 21 ± 2 d of ge; 10.1 ± 0.01 lb BW) were used to determine the potentil for Bio-Mos to serve s replcement for phrmcologicl concentrtions of zinc oxide. Pigs were blocked by initil BW nd penned in groups of six with six pens/tretment in n off-site nursery. Tretments were rrnged s 2 x 3 fctoril with three concentrtions of Bio-Mos (0%, 0.2%, nd 0.3%) nd two concentrtions of Zn (165 ppm nd 2465 ppm). Experimentl diets were fed throughout the study nd contined 1.5% lysine during Phse 1 (dy 0 to 10), 1.35% lysine during Phse 2 (dy 10 to 24), nd 1.2% lysine during Phse 3 (dy 24 to 38). Two pigs/pen were bled vi venipuncture, nd lymphocyte blstogenesis ssy ws performed. The ddition of ZnO improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, nd F/G during Phse 1 nd in the overll tril (dy 0 to 38). Supplementtion with Bio-Mos t 0.3% incresed ADG nd improved F/G during Phse 1 nd in the overll study when compred to pigs fed 0.2% Bio-Mos, but performnce ws not different from pigs fed diets without Bio-Mos. During Phse 2, ADG decresed in pigs fed 0.2% Bio-Mos in diets contining 165 ppm Zn but incresed with the ddition of 0.3% Bio-Mos. However, the ddition of Bio-Mos t 0.2% nd 0.3% in diets contining 2465 ppm Zn improved ADG (interction, P < 0.05). Lymphocyte prolifertion in response to pokeweed mitogen incresed in pigs fed diets contining 2465 ppm Zn with 0.2% Bio-Mos when compred to pigs fed 0 or 0.3% Bio-Mos but ws similr for ll Bio-Mos concentrtions in diets with 165 ppm Zn (tendency for n interction, P = 0.13). Response to Bio-Mos seems to be dependent on the concentrtion of Bio-Mos nd ZnO in the diet. Introduction Bio-Mos is mnnn oligoscchride derived from the cell wll of yest tht hs resulted in improved weight gin nd feed efficiency when fed to wenling pigs nd broiler chicks. The effect of Bio-Mos on the immune system is not s well documented. Previous reserch with yest glucns reported n enhncement of nonspecific immunity in fish (Engstd et l., 1992) nd n improvement in the immune response of young pigs. In ddition, the conditions under which Bio-Mos is n effective supplement in wenling pig diets needs to be ssessed. Previous work compring Bio- Mos nd the ddition of copper sulfte (Dvis et l., 1999) resulted in significnt ADG nd F/G responses to Bio-Mos. The pigs used for this study were from fcility with history of severl disese problems. In subsequent experiment (Dvis et l., 2000) compring Bio-Mos nd ZnO ddition nd obtining pigs from different source, min effects due to the ddition of Bio-Mos were not observed, lthough there were some tendencies for Bio-Mos x ZnO interctions. Therefore, this study ws conducted to confirm the previous response to Bio-Mos using the sme source of pigs s in the initil nursery study nd to further evlute the efficcy of Bio-Mos supplementtion in diets with nd without growthpromoting levels of ZnO. In ddition, second concentrtion of Bio-Mos ws evluted bsed upon results of study conducted t Louisin Stte University nd our previous observtions of decresed performnce in pigs fed 0.3% Bio-Mos in Phse 1. Experimentl Procedures A totl of 216 wenling brrows (21 ± 2 d of ge; 10.1 ± 0.01 lb BW) were obtined from single source nd trnsported to the University of Arknss off-site nursery fcility. Pigs were blocked by initil BW nd penned with six pigs/pen (six pens/tretment). Six dietry tretments consisted of two concentrtions of inorgnic Zn (165 nd 2465 ppm) nd three concentrtions of Bio-Mos (0, 0.2%, or 0.3%, Alltech, Nicholsville, KY) in 2 x 3 fctoril rrngement of tretments. The specific diets during the first 10 d postwening (Phse 1, Tble 1) consisted of the 1 All uthors re ssocited with the Deprtment of Animl Science, Fyetteville. 118

8 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 following: 1) negtive control diet contining Zn s ZnSO 4 t 165 ppm; 2) the negtive control diet supplemented with 0.2% Bio-Mos; 3) the negtive control diet supplemented with 0.3% Bio-Mos; 4) the negtive control diet plus 2300 ppm Zn s ZnO; 5) the negtive control diet plus 2300 ppm Zn s ZnO, nd supplemented with 0.2% Bio-Mos; 6) the negtive control diet plus 2300 ppm Zn s ZnO, nd supplemented with 0.3% Bio-Mos. Tretment diets were fed throughout Phse 2 nd 3. Substitutions in ll diets were mde t the expense of corn. Phse 1 diets were formulted to contin 1.50% lysine, 0.90% methionine plus cystine, 0.90% clcium, 0.80% phosphorus, nd 14.53% lctose nd were fed for period of 10 d. Pigs were then fed Phse 2 diet (1.35% lysine) from dy 10 to 24 nd Phse 3 diet (1.20% lysine) from dy 24 to 38 postwening (Tble 1). Pigs were housed in n off-site nursery fcility in pens with two nipple wterers, five-hole feeder, nd Mxim nursery flooring. Pigs hd d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. For the first week of the tril, the nursery ws mintined t 85ºF nd mbient temperture ws decresed 1ºF/wk throughout the study. Pig BW nd feed intke were determined t the initition of the study nd weekly to evlute ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. In vitro cellulr immune response ws mesured using lymphocyte blstogenesis ssy (Blech et l., 1983), in which totl of 72 pigs (18 pigs/tretment) were smpled nd pproximtely 15 ml of blood ws collected in heprinized tubes by venipuncture for isoltion of mononucler cells. Phytohemgglutinin (PHA) nd pokeweed mitogen were used s mitogens t concentrtion of 30 nd 20 mg/ml, respectively. Uptke of [3]H-thymidine served s the mesure of cell prolifertion. Performnce dt were nlyzed s rndomized complete block design with pen s the experimentl unit nd blocks bsed on initil BW. Anlysis of vrince ws performed using the GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cry, NC). The effects of block, ZnO, Bio-Mos, nd Bio-Mos x ZnO interction were evluted. When significnt interction ws observed, tretment mens were seprted using the PDIFF option of the LSMEANS sttement in PROC GLM. Min effect mens were evluted when the interction ws not significnt, nd the sme procedure ws used to seprte Bio-Mos min effect mens. Results nd Discussion Dt in which no Bio-Mos x ZnO interctions were observed re presented s min effect mens (Tble 2), while tretment mens re presented grphiclly when there ws Bio-Mos x ZnO interction. Averge dily gin incresed (P < 0.05) nd F/G improved (P < 0.05) during Phse 1 nd in the overll study (dys 0 to 38) when Bio-Mos ws supplemented t 0.3% when compred to pigs fed 0.2% Bio- Mos. However, there ws no difference between pigs fed 0.3% Bio-Mos nd those fed diets without Bio-Mos. Addition of 2465 ppm Zn s ZnO to in the diet in Phse 1 improved ADG, ADFI nd F/G (P < 0.05). During week 1 of Phse 2 (dys 10 to 17), performnce ws not significntly ffected by Bio-Mos ddition t either the 0.2% or 0.3% level. However, ADG, ADFI, nd F/G were improved in pigs fed 2465 ppm Zn (P < 0.05). During week 2 of Phse 2 (dys 17 to 24), ADG ws improved in pigs fed Bio-Mos t the 0.2% level in combintion with 2465 ppm Zn. However, ADG decresed in pigs fed 165 ppm Zn in combintion with the 0.2% concentrtion of Bio-Mos. Gin ws similr in pigs fed either concentrtion of Zn t the 0.3% concentrtion of Bio-Mos supplementtion. This resulted in Bio-Mos x ZnO interction (P < 0.02, Figure 1). Averge dily feed intke incresed (P < 0.05) with ZnO ddition from dys 17 to 24. For the combined Phse 2 period (dys 10 to 24), pigs fed Bio-Mos t either the 0.2% or 0.3% concentrtion in combintion with 2465 ppm Zn tended to hve improved ADG, wheres gin tended to be reduced t both concentrtions of Bio-Mos supplementtion when pigs were fed diets contining 165 ppm Zn (interction, P < 0.04; Figure 2). For the overll study (dys 0 to 38), ADG, ADFI, nd F/G improved (P < 0.05) when ZnO ws supplemented in the diet, while Bio-Mos ddition improved (P < 0.05) F/G when supplemented t 0.2%. Lymphocyte prolifertion in response to PWM tended to be incresed in pigs fed diets contining 2465 ppm Zn with 0.2% Bio-Mos, but ws similr for ll Bio-Mos concentrtions in diets with 165 ppm Zn (tendency for n interction, P = 0.13; Figure 3). As in previous study conducted t the University of Arknss compring Bio-Mos nd ZnO (Dvis et l., 2000) nd in other studies evluting the young pig s response to Zn (Hhn nd Bker, 1993; Smith et l., 1997), ZnO supplementtion improved performnce during Phse 1 nd 2 of the current tril. Response to Bio-Mos in the current study ws more pronounced thn in previous tril compring Bio-Mos nd ZnO (Dvis et l., 2000). This my be response to the different disese sttus between the two herds. The pigs in the first study with Zn were from frm without ny evident disese problems, while the pigs used in this study were from the sme fcility s pigs in tril compring CuSO 4 nd Bio-Mos (Dvis et l., 1999) in which response to Bio-Mos ws observed. As in the similr study presented in this report (Dvis et l., 2000), Bio-Mos x ZnO interction for ADG ws observed during Phse 2 of the experiment in which response to Bio-Mos supplementtion depended on the concentrtion of Zn in the diet. However, in the current study, response to Bio-Mos supplementtion ws improved t 2465 ppm Zn but not t 165 ppm, while in the previous experiment Bio- Mos response improved when supplemented to diets with 165 ppm Zn, but not those with 2465 ppm. Additionlly, pigs fed Bio-Mos in the current study tended to hve greter lymphocyte prolifertion response to PWM. This is consistent with non-significnt lymphocyte prolifertion responses to PWM in pigs fed supplementl Bio-Mos in two previous trils (Dvis et l., 1999; Dvis et l., 2000). 119

9 AAES Reserch Series 478 Implictions Bio-Mos supplementtion resulted in improved performnce t higher dietry Zn concentrtions in this study thn in the previous experiment. This discrepncy in response between the two studies suggests tht the response of nursery pigs to Bio-Mos my be dependent on severl fctors such s environmentl conditions, disese sttus, production fcilities, or genetic diversity. Under certin mngement conditions, Bio-Mos my provide n effective lterntive to the dditions of phrmcologicl concentrtions of Zn commonly dded to nursery pig diets. Literture Cited Blech, F., et l J. Anim. Sci. 56:396. Dvis, M.E., et l J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):63. Dvis, M.E., et l., Ark. Agri. Exp. St. Res. Series. 478:112. Engstd, R.F., et l Fish nd Shellfish Immunology. 2:287. Hhn, J.D., nd D.H. Bker J. Anim. Sci. 71:3020. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th edition). Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Smith, J.W., et l J. Anim. Sci. 75:

10 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 Tble 1. Composition of bsl diets. Item, % Phse 1 Phse 2 Phse 3 Yellow corn Stem rolled ots 5.00 Deproteinized whey Processed soy protein (Optipro) 6.75 Soyben mel, 48% CP AP AP Select menhden fish mel Soyben oil Ft 4.00 Ethoxyquin Lysine HCl 0.16 Threonine 0.05 Methionine Tyln Neo-terromycin 10/ Minerl premix (NB 8557B) b Vitmin premix (NB 6157B) b Diclcium phosphte Clcium crbonte Slt Clculted composition Lysine Threonine Tryptophn Methionine + cystine Clcium Phosphorus Metbolizble energy, kcl/lb Lctose Bsl diets were supplemented with 0.32% zinc oxide or with Bio Mos dded t 0.3% or 0.2% to provide six diets in ech phse with ech Bio Mos level (0, 0.2%, nd 0.3%) represented with nd without 2300 ppm zinc s zinc oxide. Zinc oxide nd Bio Mos were dded t the expense of corn. b Vitmins nd minerls met or exceeded NRC (1998) requirements. 121

11 AAES Reserch Series 478 Tble 2. Min effect mens showing Bio-Mos nd zinc oxide ddition to nursery pig diets. Bio-Mos (%) Zinc oxide (ppm) SEM SEM Phse 1 (dys 0 to 10) ADG, lb b 0.36 y,z 0.33 z 0.40 y ADFI, lb b F/G b 1.23 z 1.35 y 1.14 z Phse 2 (dys 10 to 17) ADG, lb b ADFI, lb b F/G b Phse 2 (dys 17 to 24) ADFI, lb b F/G Phse 2 (dys 10 to 24) ADFI, lb b F/G Phse 3 (dys 24 to 31) ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Phse 3 (dys 31 to 38) ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Phse 3 (dys 24 to 38) ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Overll tril (dys 0 to 38) ADG, lb b ADFI, lb b F/G b 1.35 z 1.40 y 1.33 z Lymphocyte prolifertion, c cpm Unstimulted PHA, 30 mg/ml Within row, mens without common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05). Dt re mens of six pens/tretment with six pigs/pen. Pigs were 15 to 21 d of ge nd verged 10.1 ± 0.01 lb BW t the initition of the study. b Zinc oxide effect; P < c Dt re mens of six pens/tretment with one pig/pen. One blood smple ws collected from ech pig on one of 4 d beginning on dy 24 nd ending on dy 29 of the tril. Dt re expressed s counts per minute (cpm). 122

12 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 Figure. 1. Averge dily gin response to Bio-Mos nd zinc oxide ddition in the diets of nursery pigs from dys 17 to 24 (week 3). Figure. 2. Averge dily gin response to Bio-Mos nd zinc oxide ddition in the diets of nursery pigs from dys 10 to 24 (Phse 2). Figure. 3. Lymphocyte prolifertion response to pokeweed mitogen in nursery pigs fed Bio-Mos nd zinc oxide. 123

13 Potentil for Profound (Multiple Protein Complex) s Protein Source for Phse 1 Nursery Diets C.V. Mxwell, 1 D. C. Brown, 1 Z.B. Johnson, 1 A. Hque, 3 R.W. Wlker, 2 E.A. Keith, 3 nd B.Z. derods 2 Story in Brief Protein sources for erly-wened pigs tht will optimize performnce re in limited supply nd expensive. Egg protein hs n excellent mino cid profile nd should be n excellent protein source for young pigs, but the cost of processing hs been prohibitive for eggs to be routinely utilized in swine Phse 1 nursery diets. Americn Dehydrted Foods, Inc., hs recently developed n extrusion process using combintion of dry protein sources nd liquid egg to produce finl multiple protein complex suitble for Phse 1 nursery diets. This new technology my provide n opportunity to produce high-qulity egg protein for use in diets for erly-wening pigs t costs lower thn those ssocited with the currently vilble spry dried egg products. With use of this new process, egg protein cn be incorported with protein sources lredy used in young pig diets. This study ws conducted to determine the potentil for Profound, s replcement for fish mel, in erly-wening pig diets. Results of this study indicte tht Profound is n effective replcement for select menhden fish mel in Phse 1 diets t either the 50 or 100% replcement level. Providing processed soyben mel product (Optipro; Lnd O Lkes, Inc) s the source of soyben mel in Profound did not improve performnce. Introduction Pigs produced in conventionl, intensively mnged swine production systems re routinely wened s erly s 19 to 21 d of ge nd s erly s 10 to 14 d of ge for off-site segregted erly wening systems. At these erly ges, pigs re very sensitive to the source of dietry protein. Mny dietry proteins produce llergic rections in which dirrhe, reduced growth, nd incresed mortlity cn occur (Bimbo nd Crowther, 1992). Select-grde menhden fish mel ppers to be one of the most widely utilized protein sources becuse of combintion of consistent qulity nd competitive price. Inclusion levels of 8% to 9.3% hve been shown to optimize gin nd (or) feed intke (Stoner et l., 1990). However, its supply is limited, nd therefore, this protein source is expensive. Egg protein hs n excellent mino cid profile (high in isoleucine) nd should be n excellent protein source for young pigs. Severl studies hve suggested tht het-treted, spry-dried egg protein my replce portion of the plsm protein without ffecting performnce (Owen et. l. 1993, Nessmith et. l. 1995). Americn Dehydrted Foods, Inc. (Springfield, MO) hs developed n extrusion process using combintion of dry protein sources nd liquid egg to produce finl multiple protein complex suitble for Phse 1 nursery diets. This my provide n opportunity to produce high-qulity, egg-contining protein source for use in diets for erly-wening pig t costs lower thn those ssocited with spry-dried egg products. Using this process, egg protein cn be co-produced with protein sources lredy used in young pig diets. Specific objectives of this study were to 1) determine the potentil for Profound produced with Optipro (Lnd O Lkes) s protein source for Phse 1 nursery diets; 2) compre Optipro nd soyben mel s the protein source in Profound; 3) determine the effect of level of Profound replcement of fish mel (50 nd 100%) on performnce; nd 4) determine the effect of the experimentl phse 1 diet on subsequent performnce in phse 2 nd 3. Experimentl Procedures Allotment of Pigs. A totl 216 wenling brrows (Line TT by line LL; 20 ± 2 d of ge) were obtined from The Pork Group s single source. Pigs were trnsported to University of Arknss off-site nursery fcilities, sorted by weight, nd divided into six weight groups (blocks) with 36 pigs in ech block. Pigs within ech block were llotted into equl subgroups (six pigs/pen) with strtifiction bsed on weight. Profound (multiple protein complex) ws developed by ADF s unique extruded product for use in swine nursery diets. This tril formul hs been modified to include Optipro s substitute for soyben mel. 1 Deprtment of Animl Science, Fyetteville. 2 Lnd O Lkes, Webster City, IA. 3 Americn Dehydrted Foods, Inc., Springfield, MO. 124

14 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 Tretments were then rndomly ssigned to pens (subgroups) within ech of the weight groups. Dietry Tretments. This study ws conducted to determine the utility of Optipro or soyben mel in combintion with poultry mel nd egg protein s replcement for fish mel in Phse 1 diets for pigs wened t 20 ± 2 d of ge nd rered in n off-site nursery. Diets during the first 10 d postwening (Phse 1) consisted of the following, nd re detiled in Tble 1: 1. A negtive control diet devoid of fish mel. 2. A positive control diet contining 8.00% fish mel with fish mel dded t the expense of 48% soyben mel on n equl lysine bsis (fish mel replces 13.50% soyben mel). 3. The positive control diet with Profound w/optipro replcing 50% of the fish mel on n equl lysine bsis (Profound w/optipro replces 4.0% fish mel). 4. The positive control diet with Profound w/optipro replcing 100% of the fish mel on n equl lysine bsis (Profound w/optipro replces 8.0% fish mel). 5. The positive control diet with Profound w/soyben mel replcing 50% of the fish mel on n equl lysine bsis (Profound w/soyben mel replces 4.0% fish mel). 6. The positive control diet with Profound w/soyben mel replcing 100% of the fish mel on n equl lysine bsis (Profound w/soyben mel replces 8.0% fish mel). Substitutions in ll diets were mde t the expense of corn. Dietry metbolizble energy ws mintined constnt by dding soyben oil. Diets were formulted to contin 1.60% lysine, 0.92% methionine plus cystine, 0.90% clcium, 0.80% phosphorus, nd 14.70% lctose. Upon completion of the phse 1 diet, common Phse 2 diet (Tble 2, 1.35% lysine) ws fed from dy 10 to 24 postwening. Upon completion of Phse 2, common phse 3 diet (Tble 2; 1.20% lysine) ws fed from dy 24 to 38 postwening. Housing. Pigs were housed in n off-site nursery fcility in pens (20 ft 2 ) with two nipple wterers, four-hole feeder, nd Mxim nursery flooring (Double L Group, LTD.). Pigs hd d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. For the first week of the tril, the nursery ws mintined t 84ºF nd decresed 2ºF/wk. Dt Collection. Pig BW nd feed intke ws determined t initition, t the end of phse 1, nd weekly therefter to evlute ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. Sttisticl Anlysis. Dt were nlyzed s rndomized complete-block design with pen s the experimentl unit nd blocks bsed on initil BW. Anlysis of vrince ws performed using the GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cry, NC). The effects of source of soyben protein, level of fish mel replcement, nd the source x level of replcement interction were evluted. In ddition, contrst sttements were included to compre the negtive control (tretment 1, 0% fish mel) vs. the positive control (tretment 2, 8.0% fish mel) nd tretment 1 vs. the verge of ll Profound tretments (tretments 3, 4, 5, nd 6). Results nd Discussion Mens of ech dietry phse re presented in Tble 3. During Phse 1, pigs fed fish mel tended to grow fster (20%, P < 0.18) nd were more efficient (P < 0.03) thn pigs receiving the negtive control diet (tretment 1 vs. tretment 2). Averge dily feed intke ws similr between the two tretments (P < 0.69). During Phse 2, when pigs were fed common diet, pigs previously fed the negtive control diet (tretment 1) or the positive control fish mel diet hd similr gin nd feed intke, but pigs previously fed the negtive control diet tended to hve improved F/G (P < 0.11). Although differences were not significnt, pigs fed the fish mel diets were consistently hevier thn those fed the negtive control diet nd weighed 2.1 lb more t the completion of the study. Performnce, mesured by ADG, ADFI, or F/G during Phse 1, 2, or 3 or for the overll experiment, ws similr mong pigs fed the Profound diets formulted with either Optipro or soyben mel (tretments 3 nd 4 vs. tretments 5 nd 6). Similrly, pigs fed either the 50% or 100% replcement of fish mel with either Profound formulted with Optipro or Profound formulted with soyben mel hd similr performnce (tretments 3 nd 5 vs. tretments 4 nd 6). This study suggests tht performnce mong pigs fed the Profound diets with either formul or t the 50 or 100% replcement of fish mel produced similr performnce throughout the nursery study. A direct comprison of pigs fed the Profound diets (tretments 3, 4, 5, nd 6) with those fed the positive control fish mel diet (tretment 2) indictes tht ADG, ADFI, nd F/G were similr during Phse 1 when the specific tretments were fed. During Phse 2, when common diet ws fed to ll tretment groups, pigs previously fed the positive control fish mel diet (tretment 2) hd lower F/G thn those fed the four Profound diets (tretments 3, 4, 5,or 6). Neither ADG nor ADFI during Phse 2 ws significntly ffected by the previous feeding of the fish mel or Profound diets during Phse 1. Similrly, for Phse 3 nd for the overll study, performnce ws similr mong pigs fed the positive control fish mel diet (tretment 2) or those fed the four Profound tretments (tretments 3, 4, 5, nd 6). This study confirms the superior performnce of pigs fed select-grde menhden fish mel during Phse 1 when compred to those fed soyben mel (Stoner et l., 1990). In ddition, results of this study indicte tht Profound is n effective replcement for select-grde menhden fish mel in Phse 1 diets t either 50% or 100% replcement. This study suggests tht the trnsition to Phse 2 diet my be improved in pigs fed the Profound diets when compred to those fed fish mel during Phse 1, s evidenced by the improved feed efficiency. Providing processed (Optipro) soyben mel product s the source of soyben mel in Profound did not improve performnce. 125

15 AAES Reserch Series 478 Implictions Results of this study indicte tht Profound, product developed utilizing extrusion to process combintion of dry protein sources nd liquid egg, is n effective replcement for select-grde menhden fish mel in Phse 1 diets t either the 50 or 100% replcement. Providing processed (Optipro) soyben mel product s the source of soyben mel in Profound did not improve performnce. Literture Cited Bimbo, A.P., nd J.B. Crowther J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69:221. Nessmith, et l J Anim. Sci. 73(Suppl. 1): 171. Owen, K. Q., et l Proceedings Knss Stte University Swine Dy. P 50. Stoner, G.R., et l J. Anim. Sci. 68:

16 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 Tble 1. Composition of experimentl phse 1 diets. Phse 1 diets % Fish 100% Fish Positive 50% Fish 100% Fish mel rep. mel rep. fish mel rep. mel rep. Profound Profound Negtive mel Prfound Profound w/soyben w/soyben Item, % control control w/optipro w/optipro mel mel Yellow corn Stem rolled ots Lctose AP AP 920 (plsm protein) Soyben mel, 48% CP Select menhden fish mel Profound w/optipro Profound w/soyben mel Soyben oil Ethoxyquin Neoterromycin 10/ Zinc oxide CuSO Minerl premix (NB-8557B) Vitmin premix (NB-6157B) Diclcium phosphte Clcium crbonte Lysine Methionine Threonine Tryptophn Isoleucine, 85% Slt Clculted composition Lysine Threonine Tryptophn Met + Cys Isoleucine Clcium Phosphorus Metbolizble energy Lctose

17 AAES Reserch Series 478 Tble 2. Composition of experimentl Phse 2 nd Phse 3 diets. Item, % Phse 2 Phse 3 Yellow corn Soy mel, 48% AP Select menhden fishmel Ethoxiquin Lysine Zinc oxide Neoterrmycin Lctose Methionine CuSO Minerl premix (NB-8557B) Vitmin premix (NB-6157B) Diclcium phosphte Ft Soy oil Clcium crbonte Tyln Slt Clculted composition Lysine Threonine Tryptophn Met + Cys Clcium Phosphorus Metbolizble energy Lctose

18 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 Tble 3. Effect of Profound with Optipro or soyben mel t two levels of fish mel replcement on performnce of nursery pigs (phse mens). Tretment % Fish 100% Fish Positive 50% Fish 100% Fish mel rep. mel rep. fish mel rep. mel rep. Profound Profound Negtive mel Prfound Profound w/soyben w/soyben Trit control control w/optipro w/optipro mel mel SE ADG, lb Phse 1 b Phse Phse Overll (1 3) ADFI, lb Phse Phse Phse Overll (1 3) F/G Phse 1 c Phse 2 d Phse Overll (1 3) Wt, lb Initil wt Phse Phse Phse Six pigs per pen, six pens per tretment. b Negtive control vs. fish mel, P < c Negtive control vs. fish mel, P < d Negtive control vs. fish mel, P < 0.15, Positive control vs. tretments 3, 4, 5, nd 6, P <

19 Efficcy of Fether Mel for Improving Gin, Feed Efficiency nd Crcss Composition in Growing Finishing Pigs D.C. Brown, 1 J.K. Apple, 1 C.V. Mxwell, 1 K.G. Friesen, 2 B.Z. derods, 1 nd Z.B. Johnson 1 Story in Brief Crossbred brrows nd gilts (n = 132; BW = ± 0.18 lb) were used to ssess the efficcy of hydrolyzed fether mel plus blood (FM) to improve performnce nd crcss composition in growing-finishing swine. Pigs were blocked by weight, segregted within blocks into subgroups bsed on sex nd litter, nd ssigned rndomly to 24 pens (five to six pigs/pen). Tretments were ssigned rndomly to pens nd included 1) control corn-soyben mel (SBM) strter, grower, nd finisher diets devoid of FM; 2) corn-sbm diet supplemented with 3% FM; nd 3) corn-sbm diet supplemented with 6% FM. Fether mel plus blood ws substituted for SBM on n equl lysine bsis t the expense of corn. During the strter phse, there ws qudrtic decrese in ADG (P < 0.06) nd qudrtic increse in F/G (P < 0.01). However, during the grower phse, F/G decresed linerly (P < 0.08) s FM incresed in the diet. Inclusion of FM hd no effects (P > 0.10) on performnce during the finisher phse, or the overll tril. Although crcsses from pigs fed 3% FM hd greter verge bckft (qudrtic; P < 0.02) thn crcsses from pigs fed control diets or diets contining 6% FM, dietry FM hd no effect (P > 0.10) on len crcss yield, len hm yield, or hm ft yield. Substitution of FM for SBM in the diets of growing-finishing swine my improve feed efficiency during the grower phse with potentil to reduce diet cost, without drmticlly ffecting crcss composition. Introduction Fether mel plus blood (FM), mjor byproduct of poultry processing, hs been of interest to the swine nd poultry industries becuse of its high protein content (80 to 85%). Fether mel is reltively inexpensive protein source tht hs higher concentrtion of vline, cystine, nd threonine thn soyben mel (SBM), nd previous reserch hs shown it to be good source of extr dietry nitrogen (Chib et l., 1995; Cbel et l., 1988). Fether mel hs not been extensively used s protein source in growingfinishing diets becuse of concerns bout vribility in qulity nd its low content of lysine. As result of these concerns, FM is limited to bout 5% of the diet for optimum performnce (Chib et l., 1996). Nevertheless, replcing SBM with up to 9% dietry FM enhnced lenness in finishing pigs (Chib et l., 1995). However, Chib nd coworkers (1996) observed tht feeding FM s the only source of protein in the diet, with lysine supplementtion, reduced weight gin but hd no effect on crcss cutbility. This study ws conducted to further ssess the efficcy of hydrolyzed FM s mens of improving performnce nd crcss composition in growing-finishing pigs t reduced diet cost. Experimentl Procedures Mterils. Hydrolyzed FM contining 8% blood ws obtined from Tyson s Foods, Inc. Protein Plnt in Noel, MO, which ws contributed by Tyson Specilty Products. Fresh poultry fethers were spred evenly on conveyer, pssed through metl detector (to remove hrmful metls), nd hydrolyzed in btch hydrolyser for 30 min t pressure of 30 to 40 psi nd temperture of 170ºF. Fethers were hydrolyzed in btch hydrolyzer to brek kertin (long-chin proteins) into more digestible, smller-chin proteins nd to reduce microorgnisms on the fethers. Blood ws cogulted nd dded to the hydrolyzed fethers in the btch hydrolyser to increse the protein level of the product. This product ws then dried in direct contct dryer (nturl gs fire dryer), milled through mesh screen nd shipped to the producer. Allotment of Pigs. A totl of 132 crossbred gilts nd brrows (offspring of Yorkshire x Lndrce femles mted with Duroc x Hmpshire sires) were moved from nursery fcilities, sorted by weight, nd divided into four weight groups (blocks) with 36 pigs in blocks 1 nd 2 nd 30 pigs in blocks 3 nd 4. Pigs within ech weight group were llotted into pens with six pigs per pen in blocks 1 nd 2 nd five 1 Deprtment of Animl Science, Fyetteville. 2 Hill s Pet Nutrition, Topek, KS. 130

20 Arknss Animl Science Deprtment Report 2000 pigs per pen in blocks 3 nd 4. Strtifiction cross pens ws bsed on sex nd litter. Tretments were then rndomly ssigned to pens (subgroups) within ech of the four weight groups. A totl of eight pens were rndomly llotted to ech of the three tretments during the strter, grower nd finisher periods. Experimentl Tretments. Three dietry tretments consisted of three levels of FM (0, 3, or 6 %) in the strter, grower, nd finisher diets (Tble 1). The specific diets consisted of the following: 1. Control corn-soyben mel (SBM) strter, grower nd finisher diets devoid of FM. 2. Corn-SBM diet supplemented with 3% FM (FM ws substituted for SBM on n equl lysine bsis t the expense of corn). 3. Corn-SBM diet supplemented with 6% FM (FM ws substituted for SBM on n equl lysine bsis t the expense of corn). Pigs were fed three-phse dietry progrm with trnsition from strter to grower nd from grower to finisher occurring when the men weight of ech block reched 80 nd 200 lb, respectively. The control diets met, or exceeded, NRC (1998) requirements for ll nutrients. Diets were formulted to contin 1.16% lysine during the strter phse, 0.90% lysine during the grower phse, nd 0.53% lysine during the finisher phse. Performnce Dt. The study ws terminted when the lightest block reched n verge weight of 240 lb. Dt collected were ADG, feed intke, nd F/G during ech of the three phses. Crcss Dt. Pigs were trnsported to Brown Pcking Co. (Little Rock, AR), nd hrvested following industryccepted procedures. Crcss weight nd ft depth opposite the first rib, lst rib, nd lst lumbr vertebr were recorded t 24 h postmortem. Hms from the left sides were weighed, boxed, shipped to Louisin Stte University, nd nlyzed for len nd ft composition using TOBEC unit. Prediction equtions were utilized to estimte crcss len yield nd ft content (Knowles et l., 1998). Sttisticl Anlysis. Performnce dt for ech phse nd crcss dt were nlyzed s rndomized completeblock design with pen s the experimentl unit nd blocks bsed on initil body weight. Anlysis of vrince ws performed using the GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cry, NC.). Liner nd qudrtic polynomils were used to detect the response of replcing SBM with FM in the diet on performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. Results nd Discussion Performnce. During the strter phse, there ws qudrtic decrese in ADG (P < 0.06), nd n qudrtic increse in F/G (P < 0.01; Tble 2) becuse of inclusion of FM. However, during the grower phse, F/G decresed linerly (P < 0.08) s FM incresed in the diet. Inclusion of FM hd no effects (P > 0.10) on performnce during the finisher phse or for the overll tril. As observed in the current study, previous reserch hs shown tht supplementtion of FM to swine diets up to 6% hd no dverse effect on ADG, ADFI, or finl BW (Chib et l., 1995; 1996). This ws lso observed in turkey (Eissler nd Firmn, 1996) nd broiler (Cbel et l., 1987; 1988) diets using FM s n lterntive protein source. However, the results of the current study contrdict previous reserch by showing improved feed efficiency when portion of SBM ws substituted with dietry FM. Crcss. Crcsses from pigs fed 3% FM hd greter verge bckft (qudrtic; P < 0.02) nd crcss ft mesurements (qudrtic; P < 0.05) thn those fed the control diets or the diets supplemented with 6% FM (Tble 3). However, dietry FM hd no effect on len hm yield, hm ft yield, hm nd crcss weight or len crcss yield. These results contrdict other studies tht reported tht supplementtion of fether mel enhnced lenness in finishing pigs (Chib et l., 1995) nd reduced bdominl ft in broilers (Cbel et l., 1988). Len crcss trits found in previous studies could be ttributed to excess supplementtion of lysine nd protein in the diet. Implictions The results from this study indicte tht substitution of FM for SBM in the diets of growing-finishing swine my improve feed efficiency with potentil to reduce cost, especilly during the grower phse. In ddition, inclusion of FM to the diets hd no drmtic effects on weight gin or crcss composition. Literture Cited Cbel, M.C., et l Poult. Sci. 66: Cbel, M.C., et l Poult. Sci. 67: Chib, L.I., et l Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 53:1-16. Chib, L.I., et l Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 57: Eissler, C.R., nd J.D. Firmn Appl. Poult. Sci. 5: Knowles, T.A., et l J. Anim. Sci. 76: NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th edition). Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. 131