Organic and inorganic selenium in poultry: A review

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1 Indian J. Anim. Res., 52 (4) 2018 : Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Organic and inorganic selenium in poultry: A review Waseem Muhammad Zia 1 *, Anjum Khalique 1, Saima Naveed 1 and Jibran Hussain 2 Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Ravi Campus, Lahore-54000, Pakistan. Received: Accepted: DOI: /ijar.v0iOF.6837 ABSTRACT Selenium was believed to be toxic to animals, however, in 1957, selenium was reported as a dietary vital nutrient. Selenium is available in inorganic and organic forms. In 1974, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated the supplementation of selenium in poultry diets. In 1994, the National Research Council recognized selenium as a dietary essential nutrient for laying hens. The maximum allowed selenium addition level is 0.30 mg/kg. One of the most common supplements used is sodium selenite (SS), the inorganic selenium source. However, in 2000, the FDA approved the use of the organic source of selenium, Se-enriched yeast (SY) in poultry diets. Selenium has valuable effects on animal immune status, growth parameters, production and reproduction. Experimentally, it has been indicated that SY benefits more than that of SS due to its more bioavailability. Selenium inclusion in food-animal diets has an extra nutritional advantage to human consumers of Seenriched food-animal products. Key words: Se-enriched yeast, Sodium selenite, Nutrient utilization, Growth, Production performance, Egg quality, Functional foods, Hatching characteristics. Selenium (Se) was discovered in 1817 and primary interest in the element was shown by glassmaking, pottery, rubber, steel, and electronic industries. Selenium may be present in an organic or the inorganic form in the diet. Selenium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, its retention and metabolism in the body depend on the amount of Se intake and its chemical form. The maximum absorption rate has been stated in the duodenum (Wright and Bell, 1966). Efficacy of Se absorption is comparatively high, depending on its dietary form, the greater absorption being recognized for the organic forms (Robinson and Thomson, 1983). For example, Se-enriched yeast (SY) and selenomethionine (SM) in contrast to the inorganic form (sodium selenite or sodium selenate), is absorbed more rapidly in the small intestine. Selenium is excreted mainly through urine, droppings, and expired air. It is absorbed independently of its levels in the organism and excreted mainly via kidneys. The substance is not stored in the liver and in the case of inadequate intake, its serum level declines very quickly. The absorbed Se is transported by the bloodstream bound to plasmatic proteins and incorporated into all tissues (Cousins and Cairney, 1961). Intestinal resorption of Se is higher in monogastric animals. Selenium is a dietary essential trace mineral performing important biological functions in many organisms. Its sources and forms can be divided into several groups according to their efficiency; Elementary selenium: It is stable and exists in modifications which are virtually biologically inactive, especially for its poor resorption. Inorganic selenium compounds: The sodium selenite is not also biologically active, it accelerates oxidization processes in the organism and may cause health problems. Most inorganic Se is excreted from the body and its higher doses are toxic. Organic selenium compounds: These are the part of proteins include SM and selenocysteine (SC) and are more active than inorganic salts perform a key role in biological processes. The SC is the only Se compound making part of effective Se enzymes mainly found in food of animal origin and in plants (Hartikainen, 2005). Selenomethionine is rapidly absorbed with the consequence of higher blood levels in contrast to inorganic Se. Bioavailability of Se depends on the chemical compound it is part of. Organically bound selenium: This is mostly used in the form of SY or other preparations, SY contains Se in the form of SM, contained in most plants and cereals. Most of the Se in the inorganic form is excreted through urine while its organic form is excreted via feces (Hitchcock et al., 1978). Selenium in its organic form shows greater bioavailability (75.7%) than Se bound in the inorganic form (49.9%) (Mahan et al., 1999). Selenium fulfills a number of significant functions by means of specific Se enzymes, including antioxidant defense of the organism against free radicals, *Corresponding author s doctorwsi639@gmail.com 1Department of Animal Nutrition, 2 Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Ravi Campus, Lahore-54000, Pakistan.

2 484 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH maintenance and strengthening of natural immunity of the organism, support for the correct function of the thyroid gland and reproductive organs. Review of organic and inorganic selenium sources History of selenium: The Swedish chemist, Jons Jakob Berzilius discovered Se in 1817 in the flue dust of iron pyrite burns (Sunde, 1997). In the 1930 s, several researchers identified Se toxicity to be a direct cause of alkali disease and blind staggers (Frank, 1934a), and then Nelson et al. (1943) categorized Se as carcinogens. However, in 1957, Schwarz and Foltz recognized Se to be one of the three compounds that prevented liver necrosis, thus founding Se as a nutritionally essential trace mineral. Rotruck et al. (1973) indicated that Se was essential for the proper function of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme, further establishing Se as nutritionally essential. Selenium can be found in all cells and tissues of the body but its highest concentration is in kidneys, followed by testes, liver, adrenals, erythrocytes, plasma, spleen, pancreas, lungs, heart, thymus, gastrointestinal tract, skeleton, brain and muscles (Behne and Wolters, 1983). Selenium is nutritionally an essential trace mineral (Schwarz and Foltz, 1957). Mills (1957) reported that Se is an important component of the cell enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX) which protects the cells from free radicals that are produced during normal metabolic activity of lipoperoxidase by destroying free radicals (Thomson and Scott, 1969). Historically, only sodium selenite the inorganic source of Se had been used as a feed supplement in animal diets. Selenium exists in inorganic and organic form (Foster and Sumar, 1997), and usually, it was supplemented in poultry feeds via inorganic sources, such as SS, sodium selenate and calcium selenide (Hess et al., 2000). However, the organic source of Se was also approved as a feed supplement in poultry rations (FDA, 2000). Organic sources of Se are in the form of organic Se compounds, such as SY, Se-enriched alga, and SM (Payne et al., 2005). Selenium and growth performance: While comparing the influence of Se sources, the attempts have been made to study the impact of Se in poultry birds and concluded that the Se supplementation positively affected the length of the body as well as the width of the chest (Jiang et al., 2009; Zia et al., 2016b). The Se status of progeny chicks was improved at hatching by supplementing breeder hen diet with Se-yeast (Macalintal et al., 2011). Similarly, Sel-Plex (organic Se) in turkey showed significantly higher body weight and length compared to the birds in the control group (Sartowska et al., 2011; Zia et al., 2016b). Selenium supplementation elevated the Se concentration in body tissues and breast muscles (Dong et al., 2011). In another study, it was demonstrated that Se supplementation in broiler diets significantly improved weight gain, final body weight and meat quality without increase of feeding cost (Ibrahim et al., 2011). Maternal supplementation of SY improved the meat quality characteristics of raw and processed breast fillets. Selenium content of breast meat from broilers fed with SY supplemented diet was higher (Zia et al., 2016b). The results of a study showed that organic Se treated birds presented better growth performance than the birds treated with SS (Anthony, 2012). Organic Se exhibited the most striking response in breast muscles and had significantly higher Se levels in heart, lungs and gizzard tissue (Leng et al., 2013). A number of research workers reported an optimistic correlation between organic Se and body weight in broilers (Salman et al., 2007; Upton et al., 2008). Payne and Southern (2005) in a study noticed that chick production was improved in organic Se treated birds. Yoon et al. (2007) conducted a research and reported that organic Se supplementation showed better growth than that of inorganic Se. Nutrient utilization (digestibility): Selenium supplementation has a positive influence on nutrient utilization, however, among different Se sources, organic Se represented better results as reported by the researchers. Ankur and Baghel (2011) reported the significant difference in nutrient utilization and stated that three diets were prepared with the supplementation of 0.125, 0.15 and mg Se/ kg of broiler feed for three different experimental groups and observed that supplementation of mg/kg diet of poultry enhances the growth rate as well as nutrient retention in the broiler birds. Effect of form of selenium in antioxidative status: The organic Se treatment increased tissue and plasma Se levels and glutathione peroxidase activity compared to inorganic Se treated birds (Robert et al., 2008). Anthony (2012) explained that Sel-Plex fed chicks from chicks from breeders fed with Sel-Plex showed improved antioxidant status and exhibited improved early performance. Breast weight increased with the replacement of Se from sodium selenite to SY in diets, replacing with SY in the diet also reduced malondialdehyde values in breast muscles samples after storage at 4 to 6 C temperature (Navid, 2011). Improved body oxidation resistance was reported in organic Se fed birds than that of the birds fed with inorganic Se (Yang et al., 2012; Zia et al., 2016c). Slaughter traits and tissue selenium deposition: Sevikova et al. (2006) conducted an experiment to estimate the Se effects on the broiler birds and reported that organic Se increased the tissue Se levels of broiler birds more than birds offered inorganic Se supplemented diet, the higher live weight of broiler chickens was recorded in the treated groups. Selenium contents in breast and thigh muscles were more in Se treated birds as compared to the birds in the control group (Zia et al., 2016d). Zhao and Xu (2009) at the end of his research project demonstrated that the supplementation of SM in maternal diet can increase Se deposition in muscles of the progeny and lead to more effective protection against

3 lipid oxidation in progeny s thighs. The organic Se significantly increased the meat red coloration and drip loss was noticed comparatively low. The growth performance, meat quality and antioxidant status of meat were also found better (Jiang et al., 2009). Yang et al. (2012) reported that organic Se supplementation significantly increased the meat red color, and decreased the cooking loss. In contrast, no significant (P>0.05) impact of Se was found on final body weight of broilers (Vara et al., 2007; Yoon et al., 2007) Production performance and selenium sources: In a study, it was demonstrated that reproductive traits were improved with the inclusion of Se, while Sel-Plex supplementation improved sperm survival in the oviduct, as well as the production of more settable eggs (Robert et al., 2008). Eggs from breeder hens fed organic Se source had greater Se content than those treated with an inorganic source (Leeson et al., 2008; Zia et al., 2016a). A significant difference was observed in eggs, tissues and hatchability in the Se treated birds than the birds maintained on control diet (Brennan et al., 2011). The study on dual purpose breeding hens (Attia et al., 2010) and on quail breeders (Cruz and Fernandez, 2011) revealed an increase in feed intake due to supplementation of SY. Most of the researchers, on the contrary, have the different view point and reported no significant impact of organic Se on feed intake (Hanafy et al., 2009). Similarly, feed intake remained same in the broiler chickens (Niu et al., 2009) or laying hens (Pavlovic et al., 2009) where Se could not establish its influence on average daily feed intake (Invernizzi et al., 2013). In literature, feed intake was also observed to be negatively affected due to the inorganic source of Se (Todorovic et al., 1999). A number of researchers reported an optimistic correlation between organic Se and body weight in layers (Kanchana and Jeyanthi, 2010). Selenium supplemented diets, likewise, increased the body weight of laying hens (Arpasova et al., 2009; Hanafy et al., 2009) and of quail breeders (Sahin et al., 2008). In contrast, no significant (P>0.05) impact of Se on final body weight of layers (Scheideler et al., 2010; Aljamal, 2011) was reported. Many researchers have stated positive, negative or no influence of different sources of Se on egg production, like, the inclusion of organic Se in diet of laying hen can improve egg production (Sara et al., 2008; Hanafy et al., 2009) representing that organic Se is more effective than inorganic and increases egg production (Cantor, 1997; Paton et al., 2000b). Enhanced egg production, similarly, was also noticed in layers due to the addition of SY against mineral Se (Pavlovi et al., 2009; Gjorgovska et al., 2012). The alike response of organic Se has already been reported in the quail breeders too (Cruz and Fernandez, 2011). Whereas, in some other studies different Se forms could not increase (Payne and Southern, 2005; Utterback et al., 2005) or improve egg production (Leeson et al., 2008; Invernizzi et al., 2013). As for as the influence of Se sources on egg weight is concerned, there Volume 52 Issue 4 (April 2018) 485 are many pieces of evidences in literature that lead towards the conclusion that egg weight enhances or remain same with the supplementation of Se in the diet. Organic Se was added in the diet of laying hens (Sara et al., 2008) where it improved egg weight (Skrivan et al., 2006). Another study, likewise, also exhibited the similar response of organic Se on egg weight (Renema, 2006). It was reported that dietary Seenriched probiotic (Pan et al., 2011) or SY (Payne, 2005) improves egg weight in layers. Egg weight was increased significantly by the supplementation of Se either in the form of SY or SS (Invernizzi et al., 2013). However, some researchers presented a different point of view and reported no correlation between Se and egg weight (Pavlovic et al., 2009). Variation in egg mass is linked with the supplementation of Se forms in the diet as it is evident from certain reports that the inclusion of SY supplementation had significantly improved the egg mass in laying hens (Gjorgovska et al., 2012; Zia et al., 2016a). Many other studies, likewise, showed positive or no effect of different Se forms on FCR/ dozen or FCR/kg egg mass in poultry. Literature demonstrated that SY supplementation in laying hens improved FCR/dozen (Arpasova et al., 2009; Zia et al., 2016a) and also FCR/kg egg mass (Zia et al., 2016a) compared to the hens fed control diet. Improved FCR/dozen has also been reported due to the inclusion of Se regardless of the source (Pan et al., 2011). In some studies, in contrast, no significant impact of Se on FCR/dozen (Pavlovic et al., 2009) as well as on FCR/kg egg mass (Invernizzi et al., 2013) was demonstrated. Egg quality parameters: Many research workers demonstrated significantly positive results due to the inclusion of organic sources of Se (Zia et al., 2016a), while the other reported negative or no influences of Se addition, like, Utterback et al. (2005) in a study reported that organic Se fed laying hens produced more eggs. Similarly, it was also reported that the Haugh Units (HU) in the hens received Se supplemented diets were improved (Hanafy et al., 2009). It was also demonstrated that due to Se treated diets, the egg mass, egg weight and feed conversion ratio was significantly improved. The Se concentration in yolk was also significantly increased (Attia et al., 2010; Zia et al., 2016a). Pan et al. (2011) stated that diets supplemented with Sel-Plex slowed down the reduction of HU of eggs stored at room temperature. Likewise, Skrivan et al. (2006) reported better effect with organic Se fed diets on yolk and albumin height of the egg of treated birds. Moreover, the significant results were found regarding antioxidant status and performance of egg and embryo (Suari et al., 2012). Additions of organic Se (Sel-Plex ) in laying hen diets increased the egg shell thickness (Renema, 2006; Hanafy et al., 2009) and overall mean, likewise, was also improved in Sel-Plex (SP) treated groups than the control group (Hanafy et al., 2009) presented the enhancement in egg shell thickness due to the addition of organic Se (Renema, 2006). Egg shell thickness may be

4 486 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH improved with the supplementation of organic Se in the diets of hens (Sara et al., 2008). Whereas, some other studies revealed no response of Se forms on egg shell thickness in hens (Pavlovic et al., 2010) or in quails (Cruz and Fernandez, 2011) indicating no influence of SS and SY on egg shell thickness (Invernizzi et al., 2013). No any positive response of organic Se (Correia et al., 2000) or Sel-Plex (Paton et al., 2000a) on egg shell thickness has already been stated in laying hens. Organic Se supplementation in the diet of hens improved HU (Pappas et al., 2005). In certain reports, organic Se revealed improved HU in hens (Payne et al., 2005; Skrivan et al., 2006) or in local strains of chickens (Hanafy et al., 2009). Diets supplemented with SP slow down the lessening of HU of eggs stored at room temperature (Pan et al., 2011), but on the other hand, some researchers indicated no influence of Se on HU score as supplementation of organic Se (Correia et al., 2000) or different forms of Se (Patton, 2000) in laying hens reported no difference in HU. A study on quails, in the similar way, depicted no significant effect of different Se forms on HU (Cruz and Fernandez, 2011) highlighting inline response of individual or in combined organic trace minerals on HU (Scatolini, 2007). Moreover, it was also indicated that the rate of deterioration of HU was not affected with the Se addition (Mohiti-Asli et al., 2008). Likewise, Yolk index also has positive or no correlation with different Se forms. Supplementation of organic Se in the diet of laying hens improves yolk index (Hanafy et al., 2009) or egg yolk and also the albumen height (Skrivan et al., 2006). Whereas, the literature also highlighted that yolk index was remained unaffected regardless of the Se form (Attia et al., 2010; Cruz and Fernandez, 2011) or despite the addition of organic Se in the diets of layers (Correia et al., 2000). Furthermore, it was also claimed that egg yolk index had no correlation with any form of Se (Mohiti-Asli et al., 2008) or SS and SY had no influence on yolk index (Chinrasri et al., 2009; Arpasova et al., 2012; Invernizzi et al., 2013). Selenium sources and egg geometry: Significantly greater egg width was recorded in the experimental groups supplemented with SY (Zia et al., 2016a) or SS whereas the egg length was found significantly lower in the group with SS (Arpasova et al., 2009). Significantly higher egg surface area was detected regardless of SS or SY addition (Invernizzi et al., 2013). Supplementation of organic Se in the diet, likewise, enhanced egg shape index in laying hens (Renema and Sefton, 2004; Hanafy et al., 2009). Whereas, in some reports, it could not prove any influence of Se forms on shape index (Pavlovic et al., 2010) where SS or SY supplementation did not influence shape index (Invernizzi et al., 2013). Hatching traits and selenium: Dietary Se supplementation also shows its influences on hatching traits including improvement in settable eggs were observed when diet was added with organic Se as Sel-Plex (Sefton and Edens, 2004). Many researchers indicated effects of dietary Se supplementation on fertility like, diet supplemented with organic Se as Sel-Plex showed enhanced fertility (Davtyan et al., 2006; Petrosyan et al., 2006) revealing that organic Se increases fertility in layers (Hanafy et al., 2009; Osman et al., 2010). An enhancement in the fertility, similarly, it has already been indicated in broiler breeders due to organic Se (Sefton and Edens, 2004; Sluis, 2007) or SY (Papazyan et al., 2006; Surai, 2006) than those fed with SS. Dvorska et al. (2001) demonstrated that Se plays an important role in saving from early embryonic death but Pappas et al. (2005) found no significant effect of Se addition on embryonic mortality. In a study, it was noticed that Se addition maintains fertility in aged hens due to Se dependent glutathione peroxidase, improved the environment of the sperm storage tubules in hen s oviduct (Suari, 2000). Similarly, Payne et al. (2005) in his experiment observed that organic Se enhanced hatchability (Zia et al., 2016a), improved the embryo vitality and chick production. Selenium incorporation in breeder hen diet increased the hatchability and number of hatched eggs (Davtyan et al., 2006). In addition, it has also been proved that the replacement of SS by organic Se in the form of SY is linked with increased fertility in breeders (Surai, 2006). Whereas, significantly (P<0.05) higher non-fertile eggs were also noted in groups offered Se compared to the control (Stanley et al., 2012). Several researchers indicated significant effects of Se on the hatch of fertile eggs as organic Se (Davtyan et al., 2006; Petrosyan et al., 2006), or SY (Sluis, 2007) on organic Se addition in broiler breeders and layers exhibited improvement in the hatch of fertile eggs. Another study also presented improved hatchability of fertile eggs from turkey hens as a result of Se supplementation in their diet (Cantor et al., 1978) where it improved hatchability of fertile eggs and number of hatched chicks (Latshaw and Osman, 1974). Whereas some studies, on the other hand, revealed no effect of dietary Se source on hatchability of fertile eggs (Pappas et al., 2006; Leeson et al., 2008). In various reports hatchability was noticed to be differed significantly due to the inclusion of hen s diet with different forms of the Se. Supplementation of organic Se i.e. Sel-Plex (Davtyan et al., 2006; Petrosyan et al., 2006) in the diets improved the hatchability of laying hens concluding that Sel-Plex has the positive impact on hatchability in layers (Hanafy et al., 2009; Osman et al., 2010). Organic Se (SY) in the diets, similarly, increased the hatchability in broiler breeders and layers (Papazyan et al., 2006; Sluis, 2007). In addition, some other researchers revealed positive effects of organic Se on hatchability presenting positive correlation between organic Se and hatchability (Sefton and Edens, 2004a; Zia et al., 2016a). Enhancement in hatchability, likewise, has already been stated in laying hens due to organic Se (Payne et al., 2005) or due to replacement of SS by organic Se in breeders (Surai, 2006). In different studies, Se added diets also showed influences on mortality; During late period of incubation

5 (17-21 day) significantly lower embryonic mortality was observed in organic Se treatment (SM) than inorganic (SS) (Yuan et al., 2014). Same response of organic Se was observed in another study (Stanley et al., 2012) where it in the form of SY (Sel-Plex) brought improvement in the viability of breeder chicks in early postnatal development (Papazyan et al., 2006) concluding that organic Se treatment improves embryo viability (Payne et al., 2005). Whereas, in Volume 52 Issue 4 (April 2018) 487 another study, it was also reported that embryonic mortality in broiler breeder remained unaffected despite the addition of Se in the diet (Pappas et al., 2005). Sluis (2007) conducted a study and pointed out that hatchability was improved due to SY supplementation in the diets of broiler breeders and layer breeders. Hanafy et al. (2009) found significant improvement in fertility and hatchability due to Se added rations fed to the laying hens. REFERENCES Aljamal, A. (2011). 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