/ Extraction of Tannin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Transcription

1 Materials Science and Engineering M08 Abstract The purpose o this research is to investigate the eect o reaction between rust and rust deactivator obtained rom oil palm empty ruit bunch (EFB) powder. The extraction o tannin using 65% (v/v) 70% (v/v) and 75% (v/v) acetone gave 4.23% 4.54% and 4.46% o tannin respectively. From the result o FTR spectroscopy the typical absorption peaks o tannin have been observed. n the corrosion tests two methods were used to certiy the reaction between tannin and rust i.e. FTR method and plate observation technique. The spectrum o FTR showed that erric phosphate was ormed but erric tannate had not been ormed a week ater the mixture otannin and phosphoric acid was applied to the rusty plate while in the plate observation method a thin layer otannin was ound to deactivate the rusting process. The UV-VS spectroscopy showed that the tannin samples were not pure and contained some impurities due to dierent spectrum observed rom pure tannin sample. Keywords / Extraction o Tannin rom Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch tannin rust deactivator oilpalm emptyruit bunch ntroduction as a Rust Deactivator M. N. Mohamad brahim M. Y. Nor Nadiah 1 and A. A. Amirue JSchool o/chemical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Minden. Pulau Pinang. 2School o/biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Minden Pulau Pinang. Corresponding Author: M N Mohamad brahim Telephone: (604) ; Facsimile: (604) mmn(ajusm.mv Malaysia produces an abundant supply o palm-press ibres and oil palm empty ruit bunches (EFB) which are regarded as wastes and have not been utilized satisactorily [1]. About 7.3 million tones o EFB are generated annually [2]. Studies have shown that the EFB ibre could be used as raw material or papermaking [3]. n the recent study the optimum acetone concentration or extraction o tannins rom EFB was determined. Tannins are generally deined as naturally occurring polyphenolic compound o high enough molecular weight in the range between 500 to 3000 Dalton (Da) and compounds that dissolve in water [2]. Tannin ormed complex when reacted with protein alkaloid mercury chloride and other heavy metals [4 5]. Tannins with high molecular weight (eg Da) have ability to orm complex with certain polysaccharides [6]. This makes tannin compounds isolated rom other polyphenoilc groups. Characterization o the compound using FTR and UV-VS was also perormed. The tannins were then collected and tested on mild steel plate using two dierent methods. The study shows that tannins rom the oil palm EFB have a potential to be used as an alternative rust deactivator. Materials and Methods Materials The oil palm empty ruit bunch (EFB) in a powder orm was obtained rom the Sabutek Sdn. Bhd. Teluk lntan Malaysia. The EFB ibre was dried in a rotating oven with air circulation at 60 C beore it was ground to pass a <1.0 mm screen. Hanoi Honson Hotel Hanoi VETNAM *November 30 th - December 2n~

2 Materials Science und Engineering M08 Extraction otannin The oil palm empty ruit bunches (EFB) powder. Extracted with acetone 2. Let 24 hours in room mmersion oefb + acetone solution Acetone aqueous + particles Filtered with a nylon cloth Filtered with ilter paper Acetone solution + water + tannin Figure 1- Flow chart otannin extraction rom EFB The scheme or extraction otannin rom the EFB is shown in Figure 1. The tannins powder collected at the end othe extraction process was analyzed with FTR and UV-VS. Tannin as a rust deactivator As mentioned earlier tannin was tested as a rust deactivator by two dierent methods. The irst method is by using mild steel plates that have been rusted by 3% sodium chloride. A solution containing 5% phosphoric acid 10% tannin aqueous 0.25% isopropanol was applied on two rusted plates and let or 1 day at room temperature. Any changes that happened on these plates were observed ater 1 day and week by FTR analysis. The second method was done by applying the solution that containing 5% phosphoric acid 10% tannin aqueous and 0.25% isopropanol on two dierent plates. These plates were then let or 1 day to dry beore rusted it by 3% sodium chloride and let or 1 day. The changes were observed ater 1 day and 1 week. Hal o the plates were brushed using sandpaper to discover the aection o the solution on those plates. Results and Discussion The extraction using dierent acetone concentration i.e. 65% (v/v) 70% (v/v) and 75% (v/v) yields 4.23%4.54% and 4.46% o tannin respectively. Thereore the optimum acetone concentration is 70% (v/v). Fourier Transormation nrared (FTlR) spectrum analysis Hanoi Horison Hotel Hanoi VETNAM * November 30 th - December 2"d {)Q

3 Materials Science and Engineering Mca n general FTR spectrum or all tannin samples that extracted with 65% 70% and 75% acetone concentration showed similar absorption bands. Some characteristic bands indicate the stretching vibration o certain unctional groups in tannin molecule. According to FTR analysis o standard tannin sample the main peaks that recognized are 768 em- 782 em em- 822 em em em em em em em em em cm-\ and 3423 cm- [7]. Although the absorption percentage o the spectrums are dierent rom the standard one most o the main absorption peaks were detected. The collected tannin is not pure since there exist some unamiliar peaks which could be due to the absorption o oreign particles. Result oftr analysisor tannin and rust reaction ' J~ -l 11'l %ot \ ( 1!!\ l \i \ '1'\ 1'\/ ~ i \! \ Rusted plate 1020 /'Y 1/ 482 \ r "'-' {V -". _; _... \ 686 \ ~ L _._ /"\...!... _... lyi Reaction otanmn With rost ater one VV'eek \A ~ ~ _~/~V :s : " _ c:m.-l Figure 2- Comparison oftr spectrum ater one week Figure 2 showed the comparison o R spectra o the rust rom the rusted plate and o product o tannin with rust ater 1 week reaction. The rusted plate spectrum showed the presence opeaks at 1020 em') (weak) 889 cm 1 (medium) 798 cml (medium) and 686 em'] (broad). Ferric phosphate peaks appeared on the rusted steel spectrum at 1481 em' (medium) 1020 cm l (strong) 686 cml (broad) and 482 em') (medium) [7]. On the other spectrum however the peaks represent rust (1481 cm l 1336 em'] 889 em') and 686 cml) were removed and tremendous reduction o 1020 cml peak shows that tannin reacts very well as a rust deactivator. Anti-corrosion test by plate observation +i Figure 3- Plate applied with tannin onnulation ater one day Figure 4- Plate applied with tannin onnulation ater one week. Hanoi Horison Hotel Hanoi VETNAM * November 30 th - December 2 nd '.-

4 Materials Science and Engineering -- M08 t can be seen rom igures 3 and 4 that the plate covered with tannin ormulation showed less black spots ater one week compared to the plate surace ater one day treated. The rust was cleared without indelible marks when it was cleaned with sandpaper. Again this indicates that rusting process has been deactivated due to the presence o tannin onnulation where it acts as a shield to the plate. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum analysis ' ;... ; ~ 1.. / \ o-l r r r r---r--"---r-=:;:~~"""'...j commercial tannin.... tannin rom EFB Figure 5- Comparison between UV-VS spectrums or commercial tannin with tannin that extracted romefb The UV spectra o commercial tannin and tannin extracted rom EFB are shown in igure 5. The degree o purity o tannin increases as the absorption percentage is higher. Low percentage o absorption may due to the presence o ine raw materials dirt etc. From the spectrum in Figure 5 there is an extra peak represents oreign particles that exist in the tannin sample. Although the collected tannin was not pure it however shows a convincing potential as a rust deactivator. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their appreciations to Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Malaysian Ministry o Science Technology and nnovation or inancial support and Sabutek (M) Sdn. Bhd. or supplying the EFB long iber. Reerences 1. Umikalsom M.S. AriA.B: Zulkili B.S. Tong C.c. Hassan M.A. and Karim M..A. Bioresour ce Technol. 1997; 62: Chua N.S. Optimal Utilization oenergy sources in a pajm oil processing complex. Proceedings oseminar on Developments in Palm Oil Milling Technology and Environmental Management 16 17May 1991 Genting Highlands Malaysia. 3. Sun R.C. Fang J.M. Matt 1. Bolton J Holzorschung : Hanoi Horison Hotel Hanoi V1ETNAM;< November 30 th - December 2 nd 2005 t.-:-; i 200

5 als Science and Engineering Mater " ~ M08 4. Bate-Smith E.C. and Swain ~. Flavonoid Compounds. n Comparative Biochemistry Mason HS. and Forkin M (eds) Academzc Press New York. 1962; Vol. 3: Haaennan AE. Chemistry o tannin-protein complexation. n Chemistry and signiicance o co~densed tannins Hemingway R.W. and Karchesy J.J. (eds.) Plenum Press New York. 1989; Haslam E. Hydroxybenzoic acids and the enigma o gallic acid. n: The Shikimic Acid Pathways Recent Advances in Phytochemistry Conn E.E. (ed.) Plenum Press London. 1986; GustJ. Corrosion (NACE). 1991; 47(6): ~ 1J J 1 l ~.:? J Hanoi Hanson Hotel Hanoi VETNAM * November 30'" - December 2 nd