Effect of linear and random non-linear programming on environmental pollution caused by broiler production
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1 Journl of Novel Applied Sciences Aville online t 24 JNAS Journl-24-3-/ ISSN JNAS Effect of liner nd rndom non-liner progrmming on environmentl pollution cused y roiler production Shrifeh Ghvidel Heydri Dept. of Animl Science, University of Zol Corresponding uthor: Shrifeh Ghvidel Heydri ABSTRACT: Environmentl pollution tkes plce from vrious sources, which domestic niml is one of them. Current min environmentl concern out niml mnure is phosphorus nd nitrogen. Extensive poultry production system produces huge mount of mnure tht contins lrge quntities of phosphorus nd nitrogen. With simple diet formulting sed on minimizing the cost, irreversile dmge to the environment will e entered. Although tody s diet formulting is sed on economicl nd nutritionl gols, environmentl gols must e concerned s well. The im of this study ws to provide novel method of diet formulting tht supply poultry needs swell s creting the lest environmentl pollution. Thus, 3 Ross 38 roilers were divided into five tretments with four replictes nd 5 irds in ech replicte. Experiment ws crried out during strter, grower nd finisher periods. Experimentl dietry tretments in ech period were including liner progrmming (LP5, LP69) nd rndom non-liner progrmming diets (SP69, SP95, SP99 percent). Experimentl dt were sujected to nlysis of vrince sed on completely rndomized design nd mens were compred y Duncn s multiple rnge test. The results of this Experiment reveled tht diets formulted with rndom non-liner progrmming method hd significnt effect on phosphorus nd nitrogen excretion y roiler. method of determining livestock nutrient requirement is very prcticl nd comprehensile. Keywords: Diet, Broiler, Environmentl pollution, Phosphorus, Nitrogen. INTRODUCTION With the technologicl dvncement, the progress of humn civiliztion nd incresed popultion, the world is fced with the environmentl pollution tht thretens the living cretures on the erth, so the Environmentl Protection in the center of ttention of the uthorities in different countries. Since the poultries wekly sor the orgnic phosphorus, significnt mounts of it exists in their excret (2). Huge mounts of phosphorus enter into the environment y the poultries. Moreover phosphorus is the third costly nutrient in poultries diet formultion fter the energy nd protein (4). Therefore, ny pproch tht reduces phosphorus excretion hs significnt impct on the reduction of environmentl pollution y phosphorus excretion nd reduces production costs. On the other hnd, much of the protein consumed y irds is excreted in from of uric cid in their fecl nd enter the tmosphere nd nother prt of it enter into surfce nd groundwter nd in ny cse it is cple of endngering the humn helth nd environment. Aout 7-75% of the totl nitrogen is lost or excreted (6). One of the strtegies to reduce nutrients in excretion is the pproprite diet formultion for poultries tht in ddition to reduction in environmentl pollution, leds to the reduction of cost nd mximum profit. One of the wys is to reduce nutrients in excretion tht esides the reduction of environmentl pollution, leds to reduced feed costs nd gining mximum profit.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 dy old chicks Ross 38 chicks were purchsed. For ech test phse, which includes the Strter, grower nd finisher phses, 5 differentdiets ( LP5, LP69, SP69,SP95 And SP99 ) were prepred. The experimentl diets were formulized using two methods of liner nd nonliner progrmming. Liner Progrmming (LP) Due to the fct in prticulr viculture system the cost of livestock feed re the mjor prt of the costs, thus the liner progrmming method cn e used to minimize the cost of livestock feed (3). Stisfying the nutritionl needs of nimls re the min constrints of liner progrmming (). Typiclly this method is used to mximize the profit or return or in order to minimize the cost of unit of production. Mthemticl model of liner progrmming The model used for liner progrmming is s follows: () The ojective function Limittions Where: Cj: indictes the ojective function coefficients (cost of food); ij:coefficients technique of liner progrmming model(different comintions of food); i: The limittion tht includes essentil requirements of poultries. X j : Represents the numer of food in the ojective function. In the Stochstic progrmming if the user wnts to chnge the jth nutrient to higher or lower level thn i P>Ø. thus the following limit is set. In liner progrmming it is ssumed tht the input vriles (levels of nutrients, niml needs nd price elements) hve liner trend nd re well known. But since the vrince of the dietry nutrients re the squre of the stndrd devition [vrince = (SD) 2 ], dietry progrmming ecomes non-liner prolem. Thus, since the vriility of the nutrients is n non liner input, the liner progrm is violted (2). Since the violtion of certin ssumptions in LP cuse some prolems in diet formultion, it is etter to use non-liner model (). Nowdys the nonliner progrm STCH " is considered more pproprite tool in the vriility in nutrients in diet formultion (8). It sets the mrgin of sfety for diet formultion nd considering the diversity of dietry nutrients t different stges of diet formultion provides the niml's requirements with certinity out the mount supplied (). Sttisticl Anlysis This experiment ws performed s completely stochstic design with 5 experimentl groups with 4 replictions. Thus chicks were distriuted in 2 cges nd ech cge contined 5 roilers. Phosphorus nd nitro smples were mesure t the end of ech phse of the reeding nd nlyzed y SAS softwre y GLM method. 43
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results showed tht the pttern of providing nutrient requirements using stochstic formultion ws ssocited with the irds needs nd imposed little metolic urden for the disposl of excess phosphorus on irds (Figure.). grower Tretment finisher c c Tretment strter Tretment Figure. Men phosphorous excretion in different periods of the reeding The nlysis results of vrince in phosphorus excretion of roilers during the strter period hd significnt difference mong the tretments (P <.5). The highest phosphorus excretion ws relted to LP69 tretment nd the lowest ws ssocited with SP69. Mgvier et l (25) reported tht phosphorus nutrition close to the needs of the poultries cn reduce the phosphorous in the mnure y more thn 33 percent. Cstrodez et l (25) stted tht the simple coding diet formultion sed on the lest cost cn hve irreprle dmge to the the environment. 432
4 grower Tretment finisher 8 c d Tretment strter Tretment Figure 2. Men fecl nitrogen in tretments studied in different periods of the reeding In this fctor the reducing trend of nitrogen excretion ws oserved s well s phosphorus which is due to chnging the diet formultion from liner to stochstic method. This indictes more ccurte providing of the irds needs y the stochstic method. The highest nitrogen excretion ws ssocited with SP5 nd the lowest one ws ssocited with LP99 tretment however the differences etween tretments were sttisticlly insignificnt. Conclusion Stochstic nonliner progrmming significntly reduces phosphorous nd nitrogen excretion nd it is considered s nd ffordle wy to reduce potentil environmentl pollution resulted cused y the poultry industry. Therefore there is requirement for poultry feeding specilists ttention towrd pplictions of the most optimldiet formultion progrms to reduce the excretion of nutrients. 433
5 REFERENCES Cstrode C, Ir P nd Pen T. 25. Multi criteri frctionl model for feed formultion economic, nutritionl nd environmentl Criteri. Journl of Agriculturl Systems, 86: Duncn MS Prolems of deling with rw ingredient vriility. In: Recent Advncements in Animl Nutrition, edited y W. Hresign nd D. J. A. Cole. Boston: Butterworths Gingerich J. 2. A comprison etween prcticl nd lower phosphorus regen with phytse on performnce of lying hens in field tril. Journl of Applied Sciences Reserch, 5( 4): Mguire RO, Dou Z, Sims JT, Brke J nd Joern BC. 25. Dietry strtegies for reduced phosphorus excretion nd improved wter qulity. J. Environ. Qul. 34: Mguire RO, Dou Z, Sims JT, Brke J nd Joern BC. 25. Dietry strtegies for reduced phosphorus excretion nd improved wter qulity. J. Environ. Qul. 34: Prsons TR nd Chen YL Comprtive ecology of surctic nd tropicl esturines ecosystem s mesured with cron nd nitrogen isotopes. Est Cost Shelf Science,4: Roush WB, Stock RH, Crvener TL nd IYAUonso TH Using chnce-constrined.progrmming for niml feed formultion t Agwy. (Opertions Reserch Society of Amencme.Institute of Mngement Sciences) Interfces 24: Roush WB nd Crvener TL Soyens in formulted poultry rtions. Pges 4449 in: Pennsylvni Crops Conf., Crlisle, PA. Tlt NP. 24. Lest-Cost Formultion for Poultry in Winfeed. Frist Edition, London: Winfeed Cmridge. Vn De Pnne C nd Popp W Minimum cost cttle feed under roilistic protein constrints. Journl of Mngement Science. 93: Zhng F Stochstic models nd softwre design for feed formultion. Ph.D. Thesis, Penn Stte University. 434
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