Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology Nig. J. Anim. Sci. Tech. Vol. 1 (2):86-93

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1 NJAST Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology Nig. J. Anim. Sci. Tech. Vol. 1 (2): Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri Effect of Quantitative Feed Restriction with Enzyme Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Organ Weight and Economic of Production of Mashall Broiler Chickens. Oyedeji, J. O. and * Imouokhome, J. I. Department of Animal Science and Animal Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Benson Idahosa University, Edo state, Nigeria. Abstract Ninety six (96) day old Mashall strain of broiler chicks were used to investigate the effect of quantitative feed restriction with exogenous enzyme (Maxigrain) supplementations. A week before the commencement of the experiment the chicks were all fed ad libitum with broiler starter diet containing 22.69% CP and Kcal/kgME. The same diet was used during the first phase of the experiment which lasted for 14 days. The birds were randomly distributed into four treatment groups replicated thrice consisting of eight chicks per replicate. The first group (control) was fed ad-libitum throughout the experiment without enzyme supplementation while others were restricted at 15%, 30% and 45% of ad-libitum feeding with enzyme supplementation in their feed. The second phase which lasted for another 14 days started immediately after one week of re-alimentation on ad-libitum feeding of all the birds. The birds were fed finisher diet containing 18.51% CP and Kcal/kgME. Feed intake (3227g) was highest and benefit cost ratio (1.99) was lowest among the ad-libitum fed chickens compared with those on restricted feeding with enzyme supplementation (P<0.05). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the overall body weight and body weight gain. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (P<0.05) among the chickens on restricted feeding. Cut up parts and organ weights were not significantly affected by feed restriction (P>0.05). It was concluded that, with enzyme supplementation in their feeds, coupled with period of re-alimentations, broiler chickens can be restrictively fed between 15 30% adlibitum feeding without any detrimental effect on their performance. Keywords: Broiler chickens, Enzyme, weight gain, feed intake, feed restriction and carcass characteristics. Introduction Quantitative feed restriction is fast becoming a practice by some small scale farmers who majorly ration their limited purchased feed to enable the feed serve for longer days and this is usually unscientifically done. Feed restriction, whether qualitative or quantitative is denying birds a full access to nutrients that are required for their normal growth and development (Khetani et al., 2009; Fanooci and Torki 2010). In broiler production, early feed restriction is practiced to induce compensatory growth or catch up growth which improve efficiency of feed utilization, reduce abdominal fat, improve carcass quality and lower maintenance requirement in the grower and finisher phases (Teimouri et al., 2005). This will ultimately lead to reduction in feed and production cost, thereby producing a lean meat at cheaper prices (Zubair and Leeson 1996; Navidshad et al., 2006; Mahmud et al., 2008). The quest for optimizing animal performance, improve profitability as well as reducing dietary cost which has been a challenge accounting for 55-75% cost of production resulted in the development of various feed ingredients, exogenous enzymes, growth promoters, genetic selection, feeding programme/formulation jimouokhome@biu.edu.ng 86

2 and phase feeding (starter/grower/finisher) (Plavnik and Hurwitz, 1985). Birds are known to lack microorganisms in their stomach that could meaningfully aid digestion as in the case with ruminant animals therefore the animal digestive system is not 100% efficient % of their consumed feed are passed out in a form that are not completely digested, this is because the feed ingredients contains indigestible anti-nutritional factors that interfere with the normal digestive process resulting in reduced meat or egg production and lower feed efficiency and can trigger digestive upset (Sheppy, 2001) Exogenous feed enzymes are used to increase the availability of starch, protein, amino acids, minerals such as calcium and phosphorus from feed ingredients. Supplementing feeds with specific enzyme help to improve the nutritional value of feed ingredients thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and improve the accuracy of feed formulations. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of varying levels of quantitative feed restriction with exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, organ weights and economics of production of broiler chickens Materials and Methods Study Area The experiment was carried out at the poultry unit of Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria. The area lies within the geographical coordinate of longitude East and East and latitude North and North. It has a prevailing tropical climate with a mean annual rainfall of 2162mm, average annual temperature of C and a mean relative humidity of 72%. (NAA, 2014). Oyedeji and Imouokhome 2018 Feeding and Management of birds A total of 96 mashall day old broiler chicks purchased from a reputable hatchery were brooded together at the first week and fed adlibitum. At the second week the birds were randomly distributed into four (4) treatments with three (3) replicates of eight (8) birds each. Experimental treatment was made up four levels of quantitative feed restriction; 0, 15, 30 and 45% respectively. The zero level represented the ad-libitum feeding while others were restricted at 15%, 30% and 45% of ad-libitum feeding had their diets supplemented with Maxigrain enzyme at 0.5g/kg of feed. Daily routine management practices such as supply of clean water, feeding, observing for sick birds, checking for mortalities and appropriate record keeping were carried out. Administration of vaccines, antibiotics and multivitamin supplements were also given when necessary. At the starter phase, the restriction lasted for two (2) weeks (14days) followed by one(1) week of re-alimentation while at the finisher, the birds were continued on their respective feeding restriction regime for another two (2) weeks followed by another one (1) week of feed re-alimentation, all covering seven (7) weeks of the experiment. The diets composition for both the starter and the finisher is shown in Table 1. Clean water was supplied to satisfaction of the birds throughout the period of the experiment. The quantity of feed given per week for the control (ad-libitum) was determined using the guide given by Aduku (2004) that a broiler chick requires 15g feed per day in the first week, 33g in the second week, 56g in the third week, 76g in the fourth week, 93g in the fifth week, 114g in the sixth week, 133g in the seventh week and 151g in the eight week. The data collected include feed intake, body weight gain, mortality, and organ and cut up part weight. Feed conversion ratio and cost benefit ratio were calculated. Feed intake was determined as the difference in the quantity of the feed offered to the birds in each week and the left over at the end of the week. Body weight was calculated weekly by subtracting the initial weight at the beginning of each week from the final weight at the end of each week whilst feed conversion ratio was calculated as 87

3 Oyedeji and Imouokhome 2018 Table I: Composition (%) of Mashall Broiler Diet with Maxigrain Enzyme Supplementation Broiler Starter Broiler Finisher Composition (%) With Enzyme (+) Composition (%) Without Enzyme (-) Composition (%) With Enzyme (+) Composition (%) Without Enzyme (-) Ingredients Maize Soybean meal Brewer Dried Grain (BDG) Fish meal (63%CP) Palm oil Bone meal Oyster shell *Vitamin and Mineral premix Methionine Salt Enzyme in (PPM) + Nil + Nil TOTAL Calculated Analysis Crude protein (%) Crude fibre (%) Ether extract (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) ME (Kcal/kg) *Premix composition per kg diet: Vit.A; IU, Vit D;80000IU, Vit K3; 800mg, Vit B1; 10000MG, Vit B2:6000mg, Vit B6 : 500mg, Vit B12:12.25mg, Niacin: 600mg, Panthothenic acid: 2000mg, Folic acid: 200mg, Biotin: 8mg, Manganese: mg, Iron: 8000mg, Zinc: 20000mg *Enzyme 1000ppm Carcass characteristics At the end of the experiment, two birds from each replicate that had the closest weight to the mean weight were selected for determination of carcass traits. The birds were fasted by withdrawing from them feed and water overnight before they were slaughtered using shape knife to sever the jugular vein in their throat. The birds were also allowed to bleed completely and feathers were plucked by dry plucking method. The broilers were eviscerated; the head, shank and visceral parts were removed to determine the dressing percentage which was expressed as the percentage dressed weight over the carcass weight. The carcass was thereafter cut into different major cut-up parts such as thigh, wings, breast, drumstick, shank and back. The organs such as kidney, liver, heart, gizzard and intestine were collected using a dissecting knife and a pair of forceps. After collection, the weight of the cut-up parts and the weight of the various organs obtained using a sensitive weighing scale were recorded. Cost benefit determination The prevailing market prices of feed ingredients at the time of the experiment were used to estimate the unit cost of the experimental diets. Feed cost per kilogram and cost per kilogram weight gain were calculated. The percentage feed cost saving 88

4 of broilers fed ad-libitum compared with the others on restricted feeding with enzyme supplementation were also determined. Statistical Analysis: All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a Completely Randomized Design. Significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments were separated using Duncan s Multiple test (SAS, 1999) Results and Discussion Performance The effect of quantitative feed restriction with enzyme supplementation on the performance of Mashall broiler chicks at the starter phase is presented in Table 2. The study shows similarity at the initial and final weight of the chicks (P>0.05). There was significant improvement (P<0.05) in terms of weight gain of the broiler chicks on feed restriction with enzyme supplementation. The broiler chicks on 15% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation had the highest weight gain (406.40g). As expected, the broiler chicks on ad-libitum feeding without enzyme supplementation had the highest feed intake (P<0.05) and it continued to decrease across treatments as the feed restriction levels increases. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (P<0.05) among feed restricted chicks with enzyme supplementation with 45% ad-libitum feeding recording 1.67 as the best. Following re-alimentation on ad-libitum feeding for one week where voracious consumption of feed was observed by the birds especially those on restricted feeding, the birds were placed on the second phase of feed restriction with enzyme supplementation for another two weeks. It was observed that the re-alimentation on adlibitum feeding improved the final weight of broilers at the 7 th week especially those on 15% and 30% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation recording g and g compared to the control value of g. Although there was no significant Oyedeji and Imouokhome 2018 difference (P>0.05) in weight gain at the 7 th week but 15% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation still maintained the best weight gain (532.70g). Marginal weight gain difference of 1.4g was observed between the control and the birds placed on 30% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation The cumulative growth performance of the birds shows that though there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the final weight and weight gain across the treatment levels, 15% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation recorded outstanding values while 45% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation was the poorest. As usual, feed intake decreased significantly (P<0.05) from the control to 45% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between chickens with 15% and 30% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation but differs significantly from the control. FCR of the ad-libitum fed chickens was the poorest (4.17) while chickens on 45% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation recorded the most improved efficiency (2.53). The results showed that there was positive influence of enzyme supplementation on the growth performance of chickens despite feed restriction. Enzyme activity increased without delay after feed restriction in broilers. This is in agreement with the work of Pinheiro et al. (2004). Simbaye et al. (1996) reported that inclusion of exogenous enzyme to diet with high viscosity help to increase nutrient digestibility by hydrolyzing protein resistant to endogenous enzyme. Also in tandem was the report of Deaton (1995) and Tion et al. (2007) stating that feed to gain ratio of feed restricted broiler continue to improve as the level of feed restriction become stricter. The insignificant mortality is an indication that once water is supplied to satisfaction, feed restriction as applied in this study is not detrimental to the livability of broiler chickens. 89

5 Oyedeji and Imouokhome 2018 Table 2: Effect of quantitative feed restriction on the Performance of Mashall broiler chickens with enzyme supplementation Level of Feed Restriction (%) Enzyme Supplementation First Phase (1-4weeks) Second Phase (5-7weeks) Initial Wt./chick (g) 127.3± ± ± ±27.7 Final Wt./chick (g) 450.0±38.9 b 533.3±43.4 a 477.8±11.1 ab 494.4±41.5 ab Wt. Gain/chick (g) 322.7±35.7 b 406.4±47.8 a 351.8±14.1 ab 366.8±01.9 ab F.I. /chick (g) ±201.7 a 916.8±96.2 b 732.3±88.3 c 611.0±209.6 d FCR 3.2±0.8 a 2.3±0.0 b 2.1±0.2 b 1.7±0.6 c % Mortality Initial Wt./bird (g) 450.0± ± ± ±41.53 Final Wt./bird (g) 900.3±109.2 b ±115.1 a 926.7±112.1 b 873.3±120.1 c Wt. Gain/bird (g) 450.3±115.0 b 532.7±118.0 a 448.9±121.0 b 378.9±112.0 c F. I. /bird(g) ±37.9 a ±36.8 b ±32.6 c ±29.8 d FCR 5.0±0.9 a 3.7±0.9 b 3.6±1.0 b 3.4±0.9 b % Mortality a, b, c. means within row bearing different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). Wt. Weight, F.I : Feed Intake FCR: Feed Conversion Ratio - : Without enzyme +: With enzyme Carcass Table 3 shows the effect of feed restriction with enzyme supplementation on carcass characteristics and organ weight of marshal broiler chicken at the 7 7h week. The results of this experiment revealed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) observed in carcass yield, considered as percentage of live weight between the birds fed ad-libitum and the others that were on restricted feeding with enzyme supplementation. The higher values observed in birds on restricted feeding with enzyme supplementation in terms of breast meat and drumstick cut-up parts. This result is in agreement Saleh et al. (2005), Oyedeji and Atteh (2005) and Onbasilar et al. (2009) who did not establish any effect of quantitative feed restriction on carcass traits. Novel et al. (2009) and Jahanpour et al. (2015) also did not observed significant effect of feed restriction level or duration on the relative weights of carcass parts. A contrary report by Azlina-Azma and Engku-Azahan (2011) established that feed restriction at both 50 and 80% ad-libitum intake for three weeks, negatively affected the dressing percentage and the relative weight of the edible carcass parts. The results from this experiment indicated that feed restriction and enzyme supplementation has no significant effect on heart, liver, gizzard, kidney and intestine weights. These results are in agreement with Saffar and Khajali (2010) and Fanooci and Torki (2010). Economics of Production In Table 4 the effect of quantitative feed restriction with enzyme supplementation on the economics of production of broilers. The results revealed that there were significant difference (P<0.05) on feed intake, cost of feed consumed ( /per bird) and benefit cost 90

6 ratio across the levels of feed restriction. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) on benefit cost ratio at 30% and 45% feed restriction with enzyme supplementation, However, benefit cost ratio increases from 0% to 45% level of feed restriction with enzyme supplementation. As expected total Oyedeji and Imouokhome 2018 feed cost per bird was reduced by the increase in feed restriction level is in agreement with the work of Omosebi et al. (2014). Quantitative feed restriction with enzyme supplementation reduced feed cost which was reflected in benefit cost ratio but /kg meat produced values were consistent. Table 3: Effect of feed restriction with enzyme supplementation on carcass characteristics and organ weight of marshal broiler chicken at the 7 th week Level of Feed Restriction (%) SEM Enzyme Supplementation Carcass Characteristics Dressing Percent (%) Cut-up Parts* (% Live weight) Breast Thigh Drumstick Wing Back Neck Shank Head Organs. (% Live weight) Liver Kidney Heart Gizzard Intestine a, b, c: means in the same row not sharing common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05). SEM: Standard Error of Mean *Expressed as percentages of live weight - : Without enzyme + : With enzyme Conclusion and Recommendations It was concluded from the study that with the use of exogenous enzyme (Maxigrain) at 0.5g/kg of feed, broiler chickens feeding can be restricted for up to 30% of ad-libitum feeding with higher benefit cost ratio without any detrimental effect on performance, carcass characteristics and organ weight. However for the best body weight gain of 15% ad-libitum feeding is recommended. 91

7 Oyedeji and Imouokhome 2018 Table 4: Effect of quantitative feed restriction with enzyme supplementation on the Economics of Production of Mashall broiler chicken at the 7 th week Level of Feed Restriction (%) Enzyme Supplementation Feed consumed (kg) 3.23±0.05 a 2.87±0.07 b 2.35±0.03 c 1.89±0.06 d Cost of feed consumed ( ) ±2.90 a ±2.78 b ±2.82 c ±2.76 d Weight at 7weeks (kg) /bird 0.90± ± ± ±0.19 Revenue ( ) ± ± ± ± Benefit ( ) ± ± ± ±90.86 Benefit Cost Ratio ( ) 1.99±0.58 c 3.00±0.55 b 3.25±0.52 b 3.94±0.50 a Cost of producing 1kg feed without enzyme supplementation = Cost of producing 1kg feed with enzyme supplementation = Revenue /Sale of bird of 1kg = : Without enzyme + : With enzyme References Aduku, A. O. (2004) Animal nutrition in the tropics. Davbcon Computers, Zaria, Kaduna State. p Azlina Azma, I.A., Engku Azahan, E.A., (2011) Dressed yield and edible parts of crossbred village (kampung) chickens as affected by restrictions in feed. Mal. J. Anim. Sci. 14: Deaton, J. W. (1995) Effect of early feed restriction on broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 74: Fanooci, M and Torki, M. (2010) Effect of qualitative dietary restriction on performance, Carcass Characteristic, white blood cell count and humoral immune response of broiler chicks. Global Veterinaria. 4(3) Jahanpour, H., Seidavi, A., Qotbi, A.A.A., Van Den Hoven, R., Silva, S.R., Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. (2015). Effects of the level and duration of feeding restriction on carcass components of broilers. Arch. Anim. Breed. 58: Khetani, T. L., Nkukwana, T. T., Chimonyo, M. and Muchenje, V. (2009) Effect of feed restriction on broiler performance. Tropical Animal Health production 41: Mahmud, A., Khattak, F. M.,Ali, Z. and Pasha, T. (2008) Effect of early feed restriction on broiler performance, meal feeding on performance, carcass character and blood constituents of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 8: NAA (Nigeria Airport Authority) (2014). Meterological Department, Nigeria Airport Authority (NAA), Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Navidshad, B., Shivzad, M., Zare, A., and Rahim, G. (2006) Effect of feed restriction and dietary fat saturation on performance and serum thyroid hormones in broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: Novel, D.J., Ng Ambi, J.W., Norris, D., Mbajiorgu, C.A., (2009) Effect of different feed restriction regimes during the starter stage on productivity and carcass characteristics of male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 8:

8 Olomu J. M. (2011) Monogastric Animal Nutrition principles and practice, 2 nd Ed, St Jackson publishing, Benin City, Nigeria. Omosebi, D.J., Adeyemi, O. A., Sogunle, M. O., Idowu, O. M. O. and Njoku, C. P. (2014) Effect of duration and level of feed restriction on performanceand meat quality of broiler chickens. Archivos de.zootecnia. 63(244): Onbasılar, E.E., Yalçın, S., Torlak, E. and Özdemir, P. (2009) Effects of early feed restriction on live performance, carcass characteristics, meat and liver composition, some blood parameters, heterophil-lymphocyte ratio, antibody production and tonic immobility duration. Trop. Anim. Health Pro. 41: Oyedeji J. O. and Atteh J. O. (2005) Response of broilers to feeding manipulations, Inter. J. of Poult. Sci. 4(2): Pinheiro, D. F., Cruz, V. C., Sartori, J. R. and Vicentini Paulina, M. L. M. (2004) Effect of early feed restriction and enzyme supplementation on digestive enzyme activities in Broilers. Poultry Science 83: Plavnik, I. and Hurwitz, S. (1985) The performance of broiler chicks during and following a severe feed restriction at early age. Poultry Science, 64: SAS Package, Statistical analysis system, User guide statistics SAS. Institute inc Cary, USA Saffar A. and Khajali F. (2010) Application of Meal Feeding and Skip-A-Day Feeding With or Without Probiotics for Broiler Chickens Grown at High- Altitude to Prevent Ascites Mortality. Ani and vet Sci., 5(1), Oyedeji and Imouokhome 2018 Saleh, E. A., Watkins, S. E., Waldroup, A. L., Waldroup, P. W. (2005) Effects of early quantitative feed restriction on live performance and carcass composition of male broilers grown for further processing. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 14: Sheppy, C. (2001) The current feed enzymes market and likely trends: In M..R. Bedford and G.G Patridge. CAB publishing 2001, Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition, First Edition, Pp Simbaya, J., B. A. Slominski, W. Guenter, A. Morgan, and L. D.Campbell. (1996) The effects of protease and carbohydrase supplementation on the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry: In vitro and in vivo studies. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 61: Teimouri, A., Razaei, M., Pourreza, J. Sayyahzadeh, H. and Waldroup, P. W. (2005) Effect of diet dilution in the starter period on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: Tion, M. A., Orga, M. T., and Adeka, I. A. (2007) Effect of feed restriction at the starter phase on performance of broiler chickens, Nigeria Journal of Animal Production, 34 (1): Zanella, I., N. K. Sakomura, F. G. Silversides, F. G. A. Figueiredo, and M. Pack. (1999). Effect of enzyme supplementation on broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poult. Sci. 78: Zubair, A. K., and Leeson, S. (1996) Compensatory growth in the broiler chicken: a review. World Poult. Sci. 52: