BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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1 BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.

2 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE SALIVARY GLANDS PANCREAS LIVER GALLBALDDER FUNCTION TO BREAKDOWN FOOD INTO SIMPLE NUTRIENTS WHICH CAN BE ABSORBED (PRIMARILY FOR ENERGY) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

3 Let s Review Organic Molecules from Chapter 2 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

4 Macromolecule ORGANIC MOLECULES Atoms Monomers Specific Monomer(s) With function Specific Polymer (s) With Function Other info Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

5 ORGANIC MOLECULES Macromolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Atoms C, H, O C, H, O (much less O) Monomers Monosaccharides Triglycerides = glycerol and 3 fatty acids Specific Monomer(s) With function Specific Polymer (s) With Function Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Energy 1. Disaccharides: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose: Energy 2. Polysaccharides: Glycogen (animals) Starch (plants): Energy 1.TG = energy. 2. Phospholipid = cell membrane component. 3. Steroids = cell membranes and chemical messengers. N/A C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, N, P Amino acids Nucleic acids = pentose sugar, phosphate, & base 20 different with same basic structure; differ in R groups or sidechains Proteins with many functions: ENZYMES, antibodies, structural, transport, chemical messengers, storage N/A 1. DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid directs protein synthesis. 2. RNA, Ribonucleic Acids assists DNA in protein synthesis Other info Saturated (all single bonds) vs. unsaturated fats (1 or more double bond) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

6 DIGESTIVE ORGANS ALIMENTARY CANAL MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath ACCESSORY ORGANS SALIVARY GLANDS PANCREAS LIVER GALLBLADDER

7 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

8 DIGESTIVE PROCESSES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

9 ALIMENTARY CANAL FROM MOUTH TO ANUS CHARACTERISTIC WALL STRUCTURE SPHINCTER MUSCLES BETWEEN ORGANS MOVEMENT OF FOOD BY PERISTALSIS

10 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

11 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

12 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

13 SPHINCTER MUSCLES PREVENT REGURGITATION OF FOOD GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER PYLORIC SPHINCTER ILEOCECAL VALVE ANAL SPHINCTERS INTERNAL EXTERNAL Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

14 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

15 MOVEMENTS THROUGH THE ALIMENTARY CANAL MIXING PERISTALSIS

16 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

17 INNERVATION OF THE TUBE Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic activates digestion Sympathetic slows digestion Postganlionic Networks Submucosal plexus controls secretions Myenteric plexus controls peristalsis Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

18 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath submucosal myenteric

19 ORGANS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

20 THE MOUTH SITE OF MECHANICAL DIGESTION; THE FIRST SITE OF CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTON: SALIVARY AMYLASE

21 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

22 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

23 Taste Sensations Four Primary Taste Sensations sweet stimulated by carbohydrates Tip of tongue sour stimulated by acids Lateral tongue salty stimulated by salts Perimeter of tongue bitter stimulated by many organic compounds Posterior tongue Spicy foods activate pain receptors Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath 12-22

24 BITTER S A L T Y sour sour S A L T Y A L O N sweet A L O N Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

25 SALIVARY GLANDS SECRETE SALIVA, A WATERY FLUID CONTAINING SALIVARY AMYLASE INTO FOOD IN MOUTH; SALIVARY AMYLASE CHEMICALLY BREAKS POLYSACCHARIDES (GLYCOGEN AND STARCH) INTO DISACCHARIDES

26 Mostly serous Mostly mucous Serous + mucous Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

27 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

28 THE TEETH BEGIN THE MECHANICAL BEAKDOWN OF FOOD

29 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

30 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

31 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

32 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

33 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

34 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

35 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

36 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

37 THE PHARYNX The throat: Common passageway for food (digestive system) and air (respiratory system)

38 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

39 DEGLUTITION SWALLOWING

40 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

41 THE ESOPHAGUS CARRIES THE SWALLOWED BOLUS OF FOOD TO THE STOMACH THROUGH PERISTALSIS

42 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

43 THE STOMACH THE FIRST SITE OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF PROTEINS THROUGH THE ENZYME PEPSIN, WHICH BREAKS PROTEINS INTO PEPTIDES.

44 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

45 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

46 GASTRIC MUCOSA GASTRIC PITS ARE LINED BY GASTRIC GLANDS GASTRIC GLANDS SECRETE GASTRIC JUICE GASTRIN GLANDS ARE COMPOSED OF FOUR TYPES OF CELLS CHIEF CELLS SECRETE THE ENZYME PEPSIN PARIETAL CELLS SECRETE HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND INTRINSIC FACTOR MUCOUS/GOBLET CELLS SECRETE MUCUS G-CELLS SECRETE THE HORMONE Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath GASTRIN

47 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

48 G-cell Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

49 SEM of Gastric Pit with gastric glands secreting pepsin and HCl Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

50 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

51 REGULATION OF RELEASE OF GASTRIC JUICE WHEN STOMACH FILLS (STRETCHES) THE HORMONE GASTRIN IS SECRETED BY G- CELLS GASTRIN TARGETS THE GASTRIC GLANDS AND INCREASES THE RELEASE OF GASTRIC JUICE GASTRIN ALSO CAUSES INCREASED MIXING AND OVER TIME CONTRACTS THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER AND RELAXES THE PYLORIC SPHINCTER Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

52 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

53 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

54 MINIMAL ABSORPTION OCCURS IN STOMACH (5%) ETHANOL, DRUGS, AND SOME VITAMINS ARE ABSORBED

55 MOVEMENT OF CHYME INTO SMALL INTESTINE AS PERISTALTIC WAVES PUSH GASTRIC CHYME TOWARD PYLORIC SPHINCTER IT RELAXES AND CHYME ENTERS DUODENUM OF SMALL INTESTINE A LITTLE BIT AT A TIME Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

56 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

57 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

58 THE PANCREAS SECRETES PANCREATIC JUICE CONTAINING AMYLASE, PROTEINASES, LIPASES, AND NUCLEASES INTO DUODENUM; THESE ENZYMES BREAK DOWN EACH OF THE MACROMOLECULES WE INGEST & Bicarbonate neutralizes acid

59 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

60 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath (of Vater) (of Oddi)

61 PANCREATIC ENZYMES AMYLASE POLYSACCHARIDES TO DISACCHARIDES LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS PROTEINASES PROTEINS TO PEPTIDES NUCLEASES NUCLEIC ACIDS TO NUCLEOTIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

62 REGULATION OF PANCREATIC SECRETIONS WHEN ACIDIC CHYME ENTERS DUODENUM INTESTINAL MUCOSA SECRETES THE HORMONE SECRETIN INTO BLOODSTREAM SECRETIN TARGETS THE PANCREAS AND STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF PANCRETIC JUICE INTO THE DUODENUM Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

63 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

64 Let s review objectives 1-36

65 THE LIVER PRODUCES BILE WHICH EMULSIFIES FATS IN THE DUODENUM

66 BILE EMULSIFIES FAT INCREASES ITS SURFACE AREA FOR MORE EFFECTIVE DIGESTION BY LIPASES

67 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

68 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

69 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

70 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

71 A PORTAL TRIAD BRANCH FROM HEPATIC ARTERY BRANCH FROM HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN BILE DUCT Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

72 ****( phagocytosis Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

73 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

74 THE GALLBLADDER STORES BILE (PRODUCED IN LIVER) BETWEEN MEALS; BILE IS DEPOSITED BILE INTO THE DUODENUM

75 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

76 Bile Secretion, Storage, and Flow From Liver Common Hepatic Duct Common Bile Duct Sphincter of Oddi Duodenum From Gallbladder Cystic Duct Common Bile Duct Sphincter of Oddi Duodenum Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

77 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

78 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

79 REGULATION OF BILE RELEASE WHEN FATTY CHYME ENTERS THE DUODENUM, THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA RELEASE THE HORMONE CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) INTO THE BLOODSTREAM CCK TARGETS THE GALLBLADDER AND CAUSES IT TO CONTRACT AND RELAXES COMMON BILE DUCT BILE IS DEPOSITED INTO DUODENUM Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

80 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

81 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

82 Let s review objectives 37-48

83 THE SMALL INTESTINE SITE OF COMPLETION OF DIGESTION (DUODENUM) SUCRASE, MALTASE, LACTASE, PEPTIDASES, LIPASE SITE OF ABSORPTION OF SIMPLE NUTRIENTS (JEJUNUM & ILEUM)

84 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

85 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

86 THE SMALL INTESTINE IS SUSPENDED IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY BY MESENTERY

87 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

88 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

89 INTESTINAL MUCOSA LINING IS SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS AND MICROVILLI INTESTINAL VILLI ARE LINED BY INTESTINAL GLANDS INTESTINAL VILLI HAVE A LACTEAL IN THEIR CORE Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

90 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

91 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

92 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

93 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

94 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

95 SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM~LOW POWER~ INTESTINAL VILLI Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

96 SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM~HIGH POWER~ SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

97 SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM ~OIL IMMERSION~ GOBLET CELLS IN SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

98 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL GLANDS IN PEPTIDASES DUODENUM PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS SUCRASE, MALTASE, AND LACTASE DISACCHAARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

99 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

100 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL GLANDS IN PEPTIDASES DUODENUM PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS SUCRASE, MALTASE, AND LACTASE DISACCHAARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

101 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

102 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL GLANDS IN PEPTIDASES DUODENUM PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS SUCRASE, MALTASE, AND LACTASE DISACCHAARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

103 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

104 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

105 ABSORPTION OF SIMPLE NUTRIENTS DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

106 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

107 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

108 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

109 THE LARGE INTESTINE SITE OF REABSORPTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES FROM CHYME STORAGE (OF FECES) INTESTINAL FLORA (BACTERIA) DIGEST SUBSTANCES WE CANNOT = GAS

110 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

111 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

112 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

113 FECES UNDIGESTED AND UNABSORBED MATERIAL COLOR DUE TO BILE PIGMENTS ODOR DUE TO INTESTINAL BACTERIA 75% WATER Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

114 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

115 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

116 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

117 DIGESTIVE PROCESSES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

118 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM List the four major organic macromolecules that we ingest, and explain how each is broken down by various enzymes within the alimentary canal. Be sure to include enzyme names, the location of enzyme action, the breakdown products that result from the enzymatic action, and explain any hormonal control of the breakdown. Finally, explain how and where these simplest food forms are absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

119 FOUR MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

120 MOUTH DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES SALIVARY AMYLASE POLYSACCHARIDES TO DISACCHARIDES DUODENUM PANCREATIC AMYLASE POLYSACCHARIDES TO DISACCHARIDES (SECRETIN) DUODENUM LACTASE, SUCRASE, MALTASE DISACCHARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

121 ABSORPTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE FACILITATED DIFFUSION AND ACTIVE TRANSORT BLOOD STREAM TO LIVER (VIA HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

122 DIGESTION OF LIPIDS DUODENUM (TRIGLYCERIDES) PANCREATIC LIPASE BILE TO EMULSIFY (CCK) TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS (SECRETIN) DUODENUM DUODENAL LIPASE TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

123 ABSORPTION OF FATS DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE SIMPLE DIFFUSION RECOMBINED INTO CYHLOMICRONS ABSORBED INTO LACTEAL INTO LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

124 DIGESTION OF PROTEINS STOMACH PEPSIN (HCl; GASTRIN) PROTEINS TO PEPTIDES DUODENUM PANCREATIC PROTEASES PROTEINS TO PEPTIDES (SECRETIN) DUODENUM DUODENAL PEPTIDASES PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

125 ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE ACTIVE TRANSPORT BLOOD STREAM TO LIVER (VIA HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

126 DIGESTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DUODENUM PANCREATIC NUCLEASES NUCLEIC ACIDS TO NUCLEOTIDES (SECRETIN) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

127 Short Answer Question for Digestion List the four major organic macromolecules that we ingest, and explain how each is broken down by various enzymes within the alimentary canal. Be sure to include enzyme names, the location of enzyme action, the breakdown products that result from the enzymatic action, and explain any hormonal control of the breakdown. Finally, explain how and where these simplest food forms are absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

128 Site of digestion Digestive Enzymes Macromolecule Start/Endproduct(s) of digestion Mode of Absorption body fluid Hormonal Control

129 Macromolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Site of digestion 1. Mouth 2. Duodenum 3. Duodenum 1. Duodenum 2. Duodenum 1. Stomach 2. Duodenum 3. Duodenum 1. Duodenum Digestive Enzymes 1. Salivary Amylase 2. Pancreatic Amylase 3. Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase 1. Pancreatic Lipases (bile require) 2. Duodenal Lipases (bile required) 1. Pepsin (HCl required) 2. Pancreatic Proteases 3. Peptidases 1. Pancreatic Nucleases Start/Endproduct(s) of digestion 1. Polysaccharides (PS) to Disaccharides (DS). 2. PS to DS 3. DS to Monosaccharides 1. Triglycerides to Monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids 2. Triglycerides to Monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids 1. Proteins to Peptides 2. Proteins to Peptides 3. Peptides to Amino Acids 1. Nucleic Acids to Nucleotides Mode of Absorption body fluid Facilitated Diffusion (and active transport) into blood in mesenteric vein to Hepatic Portal Vein Simple Diffusion, then recombined into chylomicrons absorbed into lymph in lacteal Active Transport into blood in gastric vein to Hepatic Portal Vein NA Hormonal 2. Secretin 2. Secretin and CCK 1. Gastrin 2. Secretin 1. Secretin

130 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

131 Text Figure page 708b Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

132 Text Figure page 708c Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

133 Text Figure page 708d Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

134 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

135 Text Figure page 708f Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

136 Text Figure page 708g Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

137 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

138 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

139 Text Figure page 708j Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

140 Text Figure page 708k Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

141 Let s review objectives Good luck studying!

BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB ANALOGY PAGES MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.

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