CHAPTER 7 Energy for Muscular Activity

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 7 Energy for Muscular Activity Kinesiology Books Publisher 1

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chemistry of Energy Production Three Energy Systems Immediate Energy: Phosphagen System Short-term Energy: Glycolytic System Long-term Energy: Oxidative System Kinesiology Books Publisher 2

3 ENERGY FOR MUSCULAR ACTIVITY Muscles contraction requires energy Must be sufficient Amount Rate 3 energy systems with different amounts and rates Kinesiology Books Publisher 3

4 CHEMISTRY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION Kinesiology Books Publisher 4

5 CHEMISTRY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Fuel s all biochemical processes Body s energy currency Hydrolysis ATP à Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + free phosphate (P) Energy liberated for muscle contraction ATP resynthesis ADP + P à ATP Energy from breakdown of carbohydrates, protein and fat Kinesiology Books Publisher 5

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7 THREE ENERGY SYSTEMS Immediate Energy: Phosphagen System Short-term Energy: Glycolytic System Long-term Energy: Oxidative System Kinesiology Books Publisher 7

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9 LESSON 1 IMMEDIATE AND SHORT-TERM ENERGY LESSON 1: THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Describe the basic chemical processes the body uses to produce immediate and short-term energy in the muscles. Kinesiology Books Publisher 9

10 IMMEDIATE ENERGY: PHOSPHAGEN SYSTEM Anaerobic Alactic System Creatine phosphate (CP) Broken down to P Combines with ADP 1 ATP Small amounts of muscle CP and ADP stored Short duration, very high intensity activities E.g., shot put, sprint, weightlifting Kinesiology Books Publisher 10

11 Creatine phosphate C + P + ADP = ATP Kinesiology Books Publisher 11

12 CHARACTERISTICS 1. Large amounts energy produced in a short time 2. Fast recovery Requires sufficient local supply of CP Small and depleted rapidly Rest and recovery needed quickly very high intensity moderate intensity

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15 SHORT-TERM ENERGY: GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM Anaerobic Lactic System Glycolysis Glucose breakdown to 2 ATPs w enzymes w/o oxygen 1. High rate: pyruvic acid à lactic acid (anaerobic) 2. Low rate: pyruvic acid à pyruvate (aerobic) Carbohydrates Primary source of blood glucose From pasta, breads, fruits, vegetables, etc Kinesiology Books Publisher 15

16 Glycogen Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Glucose Lactic acid Glycolysis Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Kinesiology Books Publisher 16

17 CHARACTERISTICS Supports high intensity activities Lactic acid = painful and fatiguing by-product Converts to lactate and hydrogen ions Hydrogen ions cause muscle burn and diminish contraction Lactate metabolised in heart, liver, and muscles

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19 EFFECTS OF TRAINING Endurance training: anaerobic threshold Muscle burn felt at higher intensity Faster removal of lactic acid: muscle blood flow ( capillaries, cardiac output) flow of lactic acid from muscles to blood metabolism of lactate Kinesiology Books Publisher 19

20 Lesson 1 Wrap Up Immediate and Short-term Energy Student Workbook activities o Review Your Key Terms (p. 76) o Fuelling Muscular Activity (p.76) o The Energy Systems (p. 77) Kinesiology Books Publisher 20

21 TGS 7.3 Exit Card Find the Flaws For the figures below, indicate whether the numbered labels are correct (true) or incorrect (false). If a label is wrong, provide the correct answer. Kinesiology Books Publisher 21

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24 LESSON 2 LONG-TERM ENERGY: OXIDATIVE SYSTEM LESSON 1: THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Describe the basic chemical processes the body uses to produce long-term energy in the muscles. Kinesiology Books Publisher 24

25 LONG-TERM ENERGY: OXIDATIVE SYSTEM Aerobic System Oxidative phosphorylation Carbohydrate, protein, fat à many ATP Muscle mitochondria w enzymes and coenzymes Most important, broad range of activities Low and moderate intensities < anaerobic threshold Low lactic acid levels Requirements: 1. Enough muscle mitochondria 2. Sufficient O 2 supply 3. Enzymes and intermediate by-products under control Kinesiology Books Publisher 25

26 Carbohydrates O2 (glucose, glycogen) CO2 Protein (amino acids) Fat (triglycerides, adipose) Oxidative H2O phosphorylation ATP Kinesiology Books Publisher 26

27 Carbohydrates O2 (glucose, glycogen) CO2 Kreb cycle (Citric acid cycle) Protein Electron transport chain (ETC) Oxidative (amino acids) l a t i o+np + O = ATP Fuel breakdownp h o s p h o r yadp 2 Fat (triglycerides, adipose) H2O ATP Kinesiology Books Publisher 27

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29 LONG-TERM ENERGY: OXIDATIVE SYSTEM Oxygen transport Lungs à circulation à muscle ATP need = O 2 delivery (linear): ventilation O 2 blood uptake O 2 muscle uptake Maximal aerobic power (VO 2 max) Maximal rate of O 2 that can be consumed Additional energy produced anaerobicaly Kinesiology Books Publisher 29

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31 CHARACTERISTICS Efficient lactic acid removal after intense activity Liver and Type I oxidative muscles Efficient breakdown of fuels to produce high ATP yields Especially fats Limitations: 1. Adequate O 2 supply 2. Slow rate of ATP of production

32 EFFECTS OF TRAINING Endurance training: Sustained and repetitive efforts of long duration several times a week muscle vascularisation, O2 and nutrients delivery number and size of muscle mitochondria effectiveness of enzymes fat use, glycogen storage use VO2max

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34 INTERACTION OF THE 3 SYSTEMS Depends on activity duration and intensity 1. Short-term, high intensity activities Mainly phosphagen and glycolytic system Jumping, throwing, sprinting 2. Long-lasting, low to moderate intensity activities Mainly oxidative system Marathon, triathlon Between these 2 extremes Shifts 6-9 intensity: ½ glycolytic, ½ oxidative duration, oxidative Kinesiology Books Publisher 34

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36 Lesson 2 Wrap Up Long-term Energy Student Workbook activities o Review Your Key Terms (p. 76) o The Energy Systems (p. 77) o Lactic Acid: Friend or Foe? (p.78) o Interaction of the Energy Systems (p. 78) Kinesiology Books Publisher 36

37 TGS 7.8 Exit Card Find the Flaws For the figures below, indicate whether the numbered labels are correct (true) or incorrect (false). If a label is wrong, provide the correct answer. Kinesiology Books Publisher 37

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39 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Muscle work requires energy which is supplied in ATPs Energy is produced with 3 energy systems: phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative Oxidative system is the most important as it supports a broad range of activities Contribution of each energy system depends on the activity duration and intensity Kinesiology Books Publisher 39