Flavouring Group Evaluation 87, (FGE.87) 1

Transcription

1 The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 1-22 Flavouring Group Evaluation 87, (FGE.87) 1 Consideration of bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters evaluated by JECFA (63 rd meeting) structurally related to bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.47 (2008) Scientific pinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (EFSA-Q ) Adopted on 22 May 2008 PANEL MEMBERS Fernando Aguilar, Herman Nybro Autrup, Susan Barlow, Laurence Castle, Riccardo Crebelli, Wolfgang Dekant, Karl-Heinz Engel, Nathalie Gontard, David Michael Gott, Sandro Grilli, Rainer Gürtler, John Christian Larsen, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Catherine Leclercq, F. Xavier Malcata, Wim Mennes, Maria Rosaria Milana, Iona Pratt, Ivonne Magdalena Catharina Maria Rietjens, Paul P. Tobback, Fidel Toldrá. SUMMARY The Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (the Panel) is asked to advise the Commission on the implications for human health of chemically defined flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs in the Member States. In particular the Scientific Panel is requested to consider the Joint FA/WH Expert Committee on Food Additives (the JECFA) evaluations of flavouring substances assessed since 2000, and to decide whether no further evaluation is necessary, as laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. These flavouring substances are listed in the Register, which was adopted by Commission Decision 1999/217/EC, and its consecutive amendments. The present consideration concerns a group of 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters evaluated by the JECFA (63 rd meeting) and will be considered in relation to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evaluation of four bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 47 (FGE.47). The Panel agrees with the application of the Procedure as performed by JECFA for the 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters. However, for two substances [FL-no: 1 For citation purposes: Scientific pinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from Commission on Flavouring Group Evaluation 87, (FGE.87) bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 1-22 European Food Safety Authority, 2008

2 and ] the JECFA evaluation is only based on MSDI values derived from production figures from the USA. EU production figures are needed in order to finalise the evaluation of these substances. For all 15 substances evaluated through the Procedure use levels are needed to calculate the mtamdis in order to identify those flavouring substances that need more refined exposure assessments and to finalise the evaluation. In order to determine whether the conclusion for the 15 JECFA evaluated substances can be applied to the materials of commerce, it is necessary to consider the available specifications: Specifications are available for the 15 materials of commerce. Information on composition of mixture is lacking for eight substances [FL-no: , , , , , , and ]. Thus, for nine of the 15 JECFA evaluated bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters [FL-no: , , , , , , , and ] the Panel has reservations (no European production volumes available, preventing them from being evaluated using the Procedure, and/or information on the composition of mixture is lacking). For the remaining six of the 15 JECFA evaluated bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters [FL-no: , , , , and ] the Panel agrees with the JECFA conclusion no safety concern at estimated levels of intake as flavouring substances based on the MSDI approach. FGE.47:Flavouring Group Evaluation 47, (FGE.47) JECFA evaluation: KEYWRDS Bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters, JECFA, secondary alicyclic saturated alcohols, secondary alicyclic unsaturated alcohols, FGE.47. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 2-22

3 Table of Contents Panel Members...1 Summary...1 Keywords...2 Background...4 Terms of Reference...4 Acknowledgements...4 Assessment Presentation of the Substances in the JECFA Flavouring Group Description JECFA Status EFSA Considerations Isomers JECFA Status EFSA Considerations Specifications JECFA Status EFSA Considerations Intake Estimations JECFA Status EFSA Considerations Genotoxicity Data Genotoxicity Studies Text Taken from JECFA (JECFA, 2006a) Genotoxicity Studies - Text Taken from EFSA EFSA Considerations Application of the Procedure Application of the Procedure to to 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and related Esters by the JECFA (JECFA, 2006a) Application of the Procedure to Four Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters by EFSA (FGE.47) EFSA Considerations...9 Conclusion...10 Table 1: Specification Summary for JECFA Evaluated Substances in the Present Group...11 Table 2: Genotoxicity Data...15 Table 3: Summary of Safety Evaluation Tables...17 References...21 The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 3-22

4 BACKGRUND Regulation (EC) No 2232/96 of the European Parliament and the Council (EC, 1996) lays down a Procedure for the establishment of a list of flavouring substances, the use of which will be authorised to the exclusion of all other substances in the EU. In application of that Regulation, a Register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs in the Member States was adopted by Commission Decision 1999/217/EC (EC, 1999a), as last amended by Commission Decision 2006/252/EC (EC, 2006). Each flavouring substance is attributed a FLAVIS-number (FL-number) and all substances are divided into 34 chemical groups. Substances within a group should have some metabolic and biological behaviour in common. Substances which are listed in the Register are to be evaluated according to the evaluation programme laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (EC, 2000a), which is broadly based on the pinion of the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF, 1999). Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 lays down that substances that are contained in the Register and will be classified in the future by the Joint FA/WH Expert Committee on Food Additives (the JECFA) so as to present no safety concern at current levels of intake will be considered by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), who may then decide that no further evaluation is necessary. In the period , during its 55 th, 57 th, 59 th, 61 st, 63 rd and 65 th meetings, the JECFA evaluated about 900 substances which are in the EU Register. TERMS F REFERENCE EFSA is requested to consider the JECFA evaluations of flavouring substances assessed since 2000, and to decide whether no further evaluation is necessary, as laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (EC, 2000a). These flavouring substances are listed in the Register, which was adopted by Commission Decision 1999/217/EC (EC, 1999a), and its consecutive amendments. ACKNWLEDGEMENTS The Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food wishes to thank Jørn Gry, Vibe Beltoft, Frederikke Bentzen, Pia Lund and Karin Nørby for their contribution to the draft opinion. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 4-22

5 ASSESSMENT The approach used by EFSA for safety evaluation of flavouring substances is referred to in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (EC, 2000a), hereafter named the EFSA Procedure. This Procedure is based on the pinion of the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF, 1999), which has been derived from the evaluation procedure developed by the Joint FA/WH Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA, 1995; JECFA, 1996a; JECFA, 1997a; JECFA, 1999b), hereafter named the JECFA Procedure. The Panel compares the JECFA evaluation of structurally related substances with the result of a corresponding EFSA evaluation, focussing on specifications, intake estimations and toxicity data, especially genotoxicity data. The evaluations by EFSA will conclude whether the flavouring substances are of no safety concern at their estimated levels of intake, whether additional data are required or whether certain substances should not be evaluated through the EFSA Procedure. The following issues are of special importance. Intake In its evaluation, the Panel as a default uses the Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intake (MSDI) approach to estimate the per capita intakes of the flavouring substances in Europe. In its evaluation, the JECFA includes intake estimates based on the MSDI approach derived from both European and USA production figures. The highest of the two MSDI figures is used in the evaluation by the JECFA. It is noted that in several cases, only the MSDI figures from the USA were available, meaning that certain flavouring substances have been evaluated by the JECFA only on the basis of these figures. For Register substances for which this is the case the Panel will need EU production figures in order to finalise the evaluation. When the Panel examined the information provided by the European Flavour Industry on the use levels in various foods, it appeared obvious that the MSDI approach in a number of cases would grossly underestimate the intake by regular consumers of products flavoured at the use level reported by the Industry, especially in those cases where the annual production values were reported to be small. In consequence, the Panel had reservations about the data on use and use levels provided and the intake estimates obtained by the MSDI approach. It is noted that the JECFA, at its 65 th meeting considered how to improve the identification and assessment of flavouring agents, for which the MSDI estimates may be substantially lower than the dietary exposures that would be estimated from the anticipated average use levels in foods (JECFA, 2006c). In the absence of more accurate information that would enable the Panel to make a more realistic estimate of the intakes of the flavouring substances, the Panel has decided also to perform an estimate of the daily intakes per person using a modified Theoretical Added Maximum Daily Intake (mtamdi) approach based on the normal use levels reported by Industry. As information on use levels for the flavouring substances has not been requested by the JECFA or has not otherwise been provided to the Panel, it is not possible to estimate the daily intakes using the mtamdi approach for the substances evaluated by the JECFA. The Panel will need information on use levels in order to finalise the evaluation. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 5-22

6 Threshold of 1.5 Microgram/Person/Day (Step B5) Used by the JECFA The JECFA uses the of concern of 1.5 microgram/person/day as part of the evaluation procedure: The Committee noted that this value was based on a risk analysis of known carcinogens which involved several conservative assumptions. The use of this value was supported by additional information on developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. In the judgement of the Committee, flavouring substances for which insufficient data are available for them to be evaluated using earlier steps in the Procedure, but for which the intake would not exceed 1.5 microgram per person per day would not be expected to present a safety concern. The Committee recommended that the Procedure for the Safety Evaluation of Flavouring Agents used at the forty-sixth meeting be amended to include the last step on the right-hand side of the original procedure ( Do the condition of use result in an intake greater than 1.5 microgram per day? ) (JECFA, 1999b). In line with the pinion expressed by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF, 1999), the Panel does not make use of this of 1.5 microgram per person per day. Genotoxicity As reflected in the pinion of SCF (SCF, 1999), the Panel has in its evaluation focussed on a possible genotoxic potential of the flavouring substances or of structurally related substances. Generally, substances for which the Panel has concluded that there is an indication of genotoxic potential in vitro, will not be evaluated using the EFSA Procedure until further genotoxicity data are provided. Substances for which a genotoxic potential in vivo has been concluded, will not be evaluated through the Procedure. Specifications Regarding specifications, the evaluation by the Panel could lead to a different opinion than that of the JECFA, since the Panel requests information on e.g. isomerism. Structural Relationship In the consideration of the JECFA evaluated substances, the Panel will examine the structural relationship and metabolism features of the substances within the flavouring group and compare this with the corresponding FGE. 1. Presentation of the Substances in the JECFA Flavouring Group 1.1. Description JECFA Status The JECFA has evaluated a group of 32 flavouring substances consisting of monocyclic and bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters EFSA Considerations Three of the 32 JECFA evaluated substances are not included in the Register, alphaisomethylionyl acetate (JECFA-no: 1410), d,l-menthol-(±)-propylene glycol carbonate (JECFA-no: 1413), l-monomenthyl glutarate (JECFA-no: 1414). Six of the 32 JECFA evaluated substances are alpha,beta-unsaturated [FL-no: , , , , and ] and will be evaluated together with other alpha,betaunsaturated aldehydes and ketones (EFSA, 2008b). ne of the JECFA evaluated substances is The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 6-22

7 an ether [FL-no: ], which will be considered together with other ethers in a revision of FGE.59 (FGE.59Rev1). Six of the 32 JECFA evaluated substances are monocyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters and will considered in FGE.56. Finally, the JECFA evaluated substance, (1R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one (camphor [FL-no: ], which the Panel has evaluated in a separate pinion (EFSA, 2008l), will not be further considered in this FGE. This consideration will therefore only deal with 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters. The Panel concluded that all 15 substances in the JECFA flavouring group of bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters are structurally related to the group of four bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE Isomers JECFA Status All 15 Register substances have one or more chiral centres. Ten of the substances are mixtures of positional isomers. See Table 1 for details EFSA Considerations For the substance [FL-no: ] having a double bond, the geometrical isomer is specified. For the two substances [FL-no: and ] having a chiral centre the stereoisomeric composition has not been specified Specifications JECFA Status JECFA specifications are available for all 15 substances (JECFA, 2005b) EFSA Considerations The composition of the mixture has not been specified for eight substances (see Section 1.2.2). For two substances [FL-no: and ] the minimum assay is below 95 %, but information on secondary components is available in the specifications (see Table 1). 2. Intake Estimations 2.1. JECFA Status For 13 substances evaluated through the JECFA Procedure production figures are available for the EU. For the two remaining substances [FL-no: and ] production figures are only available for the USA EFSA Considerations As production figures are only available for the USA for two substances MSDI values for the EU cannot be calculated for these [FL-no: and ]. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 7-22

8 3. Genotoxicity Data 3.1. Genotoxicity Studies Text Taken from JECFA (JECFA, 2006a) Tests for genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo using standardized protocols have been used to study two representative members [FL-no: and ] of the bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters group used as flavouring agents. In vitro Two members of this group (borneol [FL-no: ] and isobornyl propionate [FL-no: ]) consistently gave negative results in the Ames assay when incubated at a concentration of up to 5000 µg/plate with a variety of Salmonella typhimurium strains including TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 with or without metabolic activation (Simmon et al., 1977; Wild et al., 1983; Azizan & Blevins, 1995). Borneol [FL-no: ] showed no mutagenic activity when tested in Escherichia coli WP2 uvra at concentrations of up to 3200 µg/plate (Yoo, 1986). In the Rec-assay, borneol [FL-no: ] was reported to induce growth inhibition in Bacillus subtilis strain M45- when tested at concentrations of up to 10 mg/disc (Yoo, 1986). This test has very limited relevance for the genotoxicity evaluation. In vivo The potential of isobornyl propionate [FL-no: ] to induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in adult Drosophila melanogaster was studied in a Basc test. No increased frequency of mutation was observed in flies fed with isobornyl propionate [FL-no: ] in a 10 mmol/l solution for 3 days (Wild et al., 1983). In the test for micronucleus formation, groups of NMRI mice given isobornyl propionate (FLno: ) at a dose of 841, 1893 or 2944 mg/kg bw by intraperitoneal administration showed no increase in micronucleated erythrocytes in samples of bone marrow, 30 h after administration (Wild et al., 1983). Conclusion on genotoxicity The testing of these representative bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters in bacterial (Ames assay) and mammalian (micronucleus formation) in vivo systems showed no evidence of genotoxic potential, and these results are further supported by the lack of positive findings in the Drosophila Basc test. For a summary of in vitro/in vivo genotoxicity data considered by JECFA, see Table Genotoxicity Studies - Text Taken from EFSA No in vitro/in vivo genotoxicity data are available for the candidate substances in FGE EFSA Considerations Genotoxicity data are available only for a limited number of structurally related substances, and the genotoxicity could not be assessed adequately. However, the data available do not preclude the evaluation of the candidate substances using the Procedure. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 8-22

9 4. Application of the Procedure Flavouring Group Evaluation 87, (FGE.87) bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters 4.1. Application of the Procedure to to 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and related Esters by the JECFA (JECFA, 2006a) According to the JECFA, 13 of the 15 substances belong to structural class I and two to structural class II using the decision tree approach presented by Cramer et al. (1978). The JECFA concluded the 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters at step A3 in the JECFA Procedure, i.e. the substances are expected to be metabolised to innocuous products (step 2) and concluded that the intakes for all substances are below the s for their structural classes I and II (step A3). In conclusion, the JECFA considered that the 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters, evaluated through the Procedure, were of no safety concern at the estimated levels of intakes based on the MSDI approach. The evaluations of the 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters are summarised in Table 3.1: Summary of Safety Evaluation of 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters (JECFA, 2005c) Application of the Procedure to Four Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters by EFSA (FGE.47) For the safety evaluation of the four candidate substances from chemical group 8 the Procedure was applied. Step 1 Three of the four candidate substances are classified in structural class I and one in structural class II according to the decision tree approach as presented by Cramer et al. (1978). Step 2: All four candidate substances in this group are expected to be metabolised to innocuous products. The evaluation of these substances therefore proceeded via the A-side of the evaluation scheme Step A3: The estimated per capita daily intakes for all four candidate substances classified in structural classes I and II are below the human intake of concern (i.e μg/person per day for class I and 540 μg/person per day for class II). Based on results of the safety evaluation sequence of the Procedure, these four candidate substances proceeding via the A-side of the Procedure do not pose a safety concern when used as flavouring substances at the estimated levels of intake, based on the MSDI approach EFSA Considerations The Panel agrees with the application of the Procedure as performed by the JECFA for the 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters. However, for two substances [FL-no: and ] no European production figures were available and consequently no European exposure estimates could be calculated. Accordingly, the safety in use could not be assessed using the Procedure for these two substances. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 9-22

10 CNCLUSIN The Panel concluded that all the 15 substances in the JECFA flavouring group of bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters are structurally related to the group of four bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related evaluated by EFSA in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 47 (FGE.47). The Panel agrees with the application of the Procedure as performed by JECFA for the 15 bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters. However, for two substances [FL-no: and ] the JECFA evaluation is only based on MSDI values derived from production figures from the USA. EU production figures are needed in order to finalise the evaluation of these substances. For all 15 substances evaluated through the Procedure use levels are needed to calculate the mtamdis in order to identify those flavouring substances that need more refined exposure assessments and to finalise the evaluation. In order to determine whether the conclusion for the 15 JECFA evaluated substances can be applied to the materials of commerce, it is necessary to consider the available specifications: Specifications are available for the 15 materials of commerce. Information on composition of mixture is lacking for eight substances [FL-no: , , , , , , and ]. Thus, for nine of the 15 JECFA evaluated bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters [FL-no: , , , , , , , and ] the Panel has reservations (no European production volumes available, preventing them from being evaluated using the Procedure, and/or information on the composition of mixture is lacking). For the remaining six of the 15 JECFA evaluated bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters [FL-no: , , , , and ] the Panel agrees with the JECFA conclusion no safety concern at estimated levels of intake as flavouring substances based on the MSDI approach. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 10-22

11 TABLE 1: SPECIFICATIN SUMMARY FR JECFA EVALUATED SUBSTANCES IN THE PRESENT GRUP Table 1: Specification Summary of 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters Evaluated by the JECFA FL-no JECFA-no EU Register name Structural formula FEMA no CoE no CAS no Phys. form Mol. formula Mol. weight Solubility 1) Solubility in ethanol 2) Boiling point, C 3) Melting point, C ID test Assay minimum Refrac. Index 4) Spec. gravity 5) EFSA comments Borneol H Solid C 10 H Very slightly soluble n.a. 202 IR 97 % n.a. n.a. CASnr refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer. JECFA: "Min. assay value may incl. isoborneol, other isomers of borneol, trace amounts of fenchyl alcohol & other C10H18 compounds". Compositon of mixture not specified Fenchyl alcohol H Solid C 10 H Very slightly soluble n.a IR 97 % n.a. n.a. CASrn in Register refers to the racemate. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "97% of C10H18" which may include small amounts of borneol and isoborneol. Mixture of fenchyl alcohol, borneol and isoborneol not specified Isoborneol H Solid C 10 H Very slightly soluble n.a IR 92 % n.a. n.a. CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "92%" and secondary components "3-5 % borneol". The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 11-22

12 Table 1: Specification Summary of 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters Evaluated by the JECFA FL-no JECFA-no EU Register name Structural formula FEMA no CoE no CAS no Phys. form Mol. formula Mol. weight Solubility 1) Solubility in ethanol 2) Boiling point, C 3) Melting point, C ID test Assay minimum Refrac. Index 4) Spec. gravity 5) EFSA comments ,10- Dihydronootkatone C 15 H Very slightly soluble (0.09hPa NMR 90 % CASrn in Register refers to (4R,4aS,6R,8aS)- stereoisomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "90%" and secondary components "5-6% nootkatone" d-fenchone C 10 H Insoluble 192 IR 97 % CASrn in the Register refers to (1S,4R)-isomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "97% of C10H16" which may include small amounts of d-camphor. Composition of mixture not specified Bornyl acetate C 12 H Slightly soluble IR 98 % CASrn in the Register refers to (1R,2S,4R)- isomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "98 % and may include isobornyl acetate and other bornyl acetate isomers". Composition of mixture not specified Bornyl formate C 11 H Slightly soluble (27hPa) NMR 95 % (20 ) CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 12-22

13 Table 1: Specification Summary of 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters Evaluated by the JECFA FL-no JECFA-no EU Register name Structural formula FEMA no CoE no CAS no Phys. form Mol. formula Mol. weight Solubility 1) Solubility in ethanol 2) Boiling point, C 3) Melting point, C ID test Assay minimum Refrac. Index 4) Spec. gravity 5) EFSA comments Isobornyl propionate C 13 H NMR 97 % CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of bornyl propionate". Composition of mixture not specified Bornyl valerate C 15 H Insoluble (16hPa) NMR 96 % CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of isobornyl valerate". Composition of mixture not specified Isobornyl formate C 11 H Slightly soluble (20 hpa) NMR 96 % CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of bornyl formate". Composition of mixture not specified. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 13-22

14 Table 1: Specification Summary of 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters Evaluated by the JECFA FL-no JECFA-no EU Register name Structural formula FEMA no CoE no CAS no Phys. form Mol. formula Mol. weight Solubility 1) Solubility in ethanol 2) Boiling point, C 3) Melting point, C ID test Assay minimum Refrac. Index 4) Spec. gravity 5) EFSA comments Isobornyl acetate C 12 H Insoluble 227 IR 97 % CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of bornyl acetate". Composition of mixture not specified Fenchyl acetate C 12 H Slightly soluble 220 NMR 98 % CASrn in Register refers to the racemate Bornyl butyrate C 14 H Slightly soluble 247 MS 97 % CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer Bornyl isovalerate C 15 H Insoluble 260 NMR 97 % CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer ) Isobornyl isovalerate Solubility in water, if not otherwise stated C 15 H Insoluble NMR 96 % CASrn in Register refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. 2) Solubility in 95% ethanol, if not otherwise stated. 3) At hpa, if not otherwise stated. 4) At 20 C, if not otherwise stated. 5) At 25 C, if not otherwise stated. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 14-22

15 TABLE 2: GENTXICITY DATA Table 2.1: Genotoxicity Data (in vitro/in vivo) for 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters (JECFA, 2006a) Table 2.1: Summary of genotoxicity data for 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters Evaluated by JECFA FL-no JECFA-no In vitro EU Register name JECFA name Structural formula End-point Test system Concentration Results Reference Borneol Reverse mutation S. typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100 1 mg/ml (1000 µg/ml) Negative 1 (Azizan & Blevins, 1995) H Reverse mutation S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA mg/plate (5000µg/plate) Negative 1 (Simmon et al., 1977) DNA repair B. subtilis M45 - and H mg/disc Positive (Yoo, 1986) Mutation test E. coli WP2 uvra (trp-) mg/plate Negative (Yoo, 1986) Isobornyl propionate Reverse mutation S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA mg/plate (3600 µg/plate) Negative 1 (Wild et al., 1983) In vivo Isobornyl propionate Somatic mutation and recombination D. melanogaster 10 mmol/l (2103 µg/ml) Negative 2 (Wild et al., 1983) 1) Tested with and without metabolic activation. Micronucleus formation Mouse bone marrow cells 841, 1893 and 2944 mg/kg bw Negative 3 (Wild et al., 1983) 2) Dose calculated based on the relative molecular mass of substance = ) Administered via intraperitoneal injection. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 15-22

16 TABLE 2.2: GENTXICITY (IN VITR) EFSA / FGE.47 No in vitro genotoxicity data are available for the candidate substances in FGE.47. Data for supporting substances are presented in Table 2.1. TABLE 2.3: GENTXICITY (IN VIV) EFSA / FGE.47 No in vivo genotoxicity data are available for the candidate substances in FGE.47. Data for supporting substances are presented in Table 2.1. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 16-22

17 TABLE 3: SUMMARY F SAFETY EVALUATIN TABLES Table 3.1: Summary of Safety Evaluation of 15 Bicyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters evaluated by JECFA (JECFA, 2005c) Table 3.1: Summary of Safety Evaluation of 15 JECFA-Evaluated Cyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters (JECFA, 2005c) FL-no JECFA-no EU Register name Structural formula EU MSDI 1) US MSDI (μg/capita/day) Class 2) utcome on Evaluation the named procedure path 3) compound [4) or 5)] EFSA conclusion on the named compound (Procedure steps, intake estimates, NAEL, genotoxicity) EFSA conclusion on the material of commerce Borneol Fenchyl alcohol Isoborneol Bornyl acetate H H H CASnr refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer, Register name to be changed accordingly. JECFA: "Min. assay value may incl. isoborneol, other isomers of borneol, trace amounts of fenchyl alcohol & other C10H18 compounds". Compositon of mixture to be specified. CASrn refers to the racemate. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "97% of C10H18" which may include small amounts of borneol and isoborneol. Composition of mixture to be specified. CASrn refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "92%" and secondary components "3-5 % borneol". No safety concern at CASrn in the Register refers to (1R,2S,4R)- isomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "98 % and may include isobornyl acetate and other bornyl acetate isomers". Composition of mixture to be specified. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 17-22

18 Table 3.1: Summary of Safety Evaluation of 15 JECFA-Evaluated Cyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters (JECFA, 2005c) FL-no JECFA-no EU Register name Structural formula EU MSDI 1) US MSDI (μg/capita/day) Class 2) utcome on Evaluation the named procedure path 3) compound [4) or 5)] EFSA conclusion on the named compound (Procedure steps, intake estimates, NAEL, genotoxicity) EFSA conclusion on the material of commerce Bornyl formate Isobornyl propionate Bornyl valerate Isobornyl formate Isobornyl acetate Fenchyl acetate Bornyl butyrate ND ND 9 4) MSDI based on USA production figure. 4) MSDI based on USA production figure. CASrn refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. No safety concern at CASrn refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of bornyl propionate". Composition of mixture to be specified. CASrn refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of isobornyl valerate". Composition of mixture to be specified. MSDI based on USA production figure. CASrn refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of bornyl formate". Composition of mixture to be specified. CASrn refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. According to JECFA: Min. assay value "may include small amounts of bornyl acetate". Composition of mixture to be specified. CASrn refers to the racemate. No safety concern at CASrn refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. MSDI based on USA production figure. The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 18-22

19 Table 3.1: Summary of Safety Evaluation of 15 JECFA-Evaluated Cyclic Secondary Alcohols, Ketones and Related Esters (JECFA, 2005c) FL-no JECFA-no EU Register name Structural formula EU MSDI 1) US MSDI (μg/capita/day) Class 2) utcome on Evaluation the named procedure path 3) compound [4) or 5)] EFSA conclusion on the named compound (Procedure steps, intake estimates, NAEL, genotoxicity) EFSA conclusion on the material of commerce ) 2) 3) 4) 5) Bornyl isovalerate Isobornyl isovalerate 1,10- Dihydronootkaton e d-fenchone I I EU MSDI: Amount added to food as flavour in (kg / year) x 10E9 / (0.1 x population in Europe (= 375 x 10E6) x 0.6 x 365) = µg/capita/day. Thresholds of concern: = 1800, I = 540, II = 90 µg/person/day. Procedure path A substances can be predicted to be metabolised to innocuous products. Procedure path B substances cannot. No safety concern based on intake calculated by the MSDI approach of the named compound. Data must be available on the substance or closely related substances to perform a safety evaluation. CASrn refers to (1R,2S,4R)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. No safety concern at CASrn refers to (1R,2R,4R)-stereoisomer. Registername to be changed accordingly. No safety concern at CASrn refers to (4R,4aS,6R,8aS)-stereoisomer. Register name to be changed accordingly. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "90%" and secondary components "5-6% nootkatone". No safety concern at CASrn in the Register refers to (1S,4R)-isomer. According to JECFA: Min. assay value is "97% of C10H16" which may include small amounts of d-camphor. Composition of mixture to be specified. ND: not determined The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 19-22

20 Table 3.1: Summary of Safety Evaluation Applying the Procedure (EFSA / FGE.47) Table 2a: Summary of Safety Evaluation Applying the Procedure (based on intakes calculated by the MSDI approach) FL-no EU Register name Structural formula MSDI 1) (μg/capita/day) Isobornyl isobutyrate (1S-endo)-1,7,7- Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol acetate Isobornyl 2-methylbutyrate Class 2) Evaluation procedure path 3) utcome on the named compound [4) or 5)] 4) 7) 4) 7) 4) 7) Isopinocamphone I 4) 7) 1) MSDI: Amount added to food as flavouring substance in (kg / year) x 10E9 / (0.1 x population in Europe (= 375 x 10E6) x 0.6 x 365) = µg/capita/day. 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Thresholds of concern: = 1800, I = 540, II = 90 µg/person/day. Procedure path A substances can be predicted to be metabolised to innocuous products. Procedure path B substances cannot. No safety concern based on intake calculated by the MSDI approach of the named compound. Data must be available on the substance or closely related substances to perform a safety evaluation. No safety concern at estimated level of intake of the material of commerce meeting the specification of Table 1 (based on intake calculated by the MSDI approach). utcome on the material of commerce [6), 7), or 8)] Tentatively regarded as presenting no safety concern (based on intake calculated by the MSDI approach) pending further information on the purity of the material of commerce. No conclusion can be drawn due to lack of information on the purity of the material of commerce. Evaluation remarks The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 20-22

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22 JECFA, 2006a. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Sixty-third meeting of the Joint FA/WH Expert Committee on Food Additives, WH Food Additives Series: 54. IPCS, WH, Geneva. JECFA, 2006b. Evaluation of certain food additives. Sixty-fifth report of the Joint FA/WH Expert Committee on Food Additives. WH Technical Report Series, no Geneva, 7-16 June JECFA, 2006c. Joint FA/WH Expert Committee on Food Additives. Sixty-seventh meeting Rome, June 2006, Summary and Conclusions. Issued 7 July SCF, pinion on a programme for the evaluation of flavouring substances (expressed on 2 December 1999). Scientific Committee on Food. SCF/CS/FLAV/TASK/11 Final 6/12/1999. Annex I the minutes of the 119 th Plenary meeting. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Simmon, V.F., Kauhanen, K., Tardiff, R.G., Mutagenic activity of chemicals in drinking water. Develop. Toxicol. Environ. Sci. 2, Wild, D., King, M.T., Gocke, E., Eckhard, K., Study of artificial flavouring substances for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome, BASC and micronucleus tests. Food Chem. Toxicol. 21(6), Yoo, Y.S., Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of flavoring agents used in foodstuffs. saka City Med. J. 34(3-4), (In Japanese) The EFSA Journal (2008) 746, 22-22