Pet Food Kibble Preservation 2018 Jim Mann

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1 Pet Food Kibble Preservation 2018 Jim Mann KEMIN IS ASSURANCE

2 Kemin s Involvement in Pet Food Supply Chain Slaughter Houses Renderers Field Fresh/Frozen Meat Collectors Crops KIBBLE STABILITY PALATABILITY The pet food manufacturing process creates multiple opportunities to influence taste

3 Pet Food Quality Nutrient Profile Ingredient Legend Design Ingredient Quality Palatability Targets Formulation and Design Oxidation Control Moisture Control Process Control and Consistency Food Safety Programs Process Target Shelf Life Moisture Migration Packaging Distribution External Factors

4 Pet Food Quality Ingredients with a high oxidation potential must be treated when processed to prevent oxidation Changes in formulations can greatly impact shelflife stability Diets must be treated with both proper antioxidant and correct level to reach shelf life Microbial risk may be controlled with process control, antimicrobial agents, and moisture control

5 Negative Effects of Oxidation Quality loss Negative color and texture changes Warmed-over flavor, negative palatability Economic loss Consumer acceptance, loss of shelf-life Brand loyalty Nutritional losses Destruction of essential fatty acids Vitamin loss

6 Synthetic Antioxidants H N C( ) 3 C OH C( ) 3 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) Mol. Wt. 220 CH 2 O OH Ethoxyquin Mol. Wt. 217 OH OH OH C( ) 3 Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) Mol. Wt. 166 C( ) 3 C( ) 3 O C - O - CH 2 CH 2 O - O - Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Mol. Wt. 180 OH OH OH Propyl gallate Mol. Wt. 212

Increasing Antioxidant Activity Natural Tocopherol Homologues Delta homologues have the greatest antioxidant activity Tocopherol Mol. Wt.

7 Increasing Antioxidant Activity Natural Tocopherol Homologues Delta homologues have the greatest antioxidant activity Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 402 Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 416 Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 416 Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 430 O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO Increasing Vitamin E Activity Alpha homologues have the greatest Vitamin E activity Kemin PRE

8 Petfood Trends Diets higher in unsaturated fats Natural, organic, holistic Vegetable oil substitution for animal fats Algal meals and flax as Omega 3 sources Corn alternatives (oat groats, flax, soybean, brown rice, other small grains, etc.) Fresh meats and novel protein sources

9 Types of Fats

10 Types of Fats

11 Reaction rate per double bond PUFA Fatty acids Relative rates 18:1 n9 1 18:2 n :3 n :4 n3,20:4 n6 3 20:5 n3 (EPA) 4 22:6 n3 (DHA) 5 Activation Energy decreases Reference: Lipid Oxidation, Second Edition, E. N. Frankel The Oily Press, Bridgewater, England, 2005

12 Concentration (meq/kg) Lipid Oxidation Curves 70 Decadienal (heat stressed) Decadienal PV Hexanal 35 Hexanal (heat stressed) 0 Time Propanal Light aldehydes are volatile and are easily outgassed

13 Aldehyde Sensory Impact in Diets Dog palatability is sensitive to the presence of oxidation byproducts, such as aldehydes Data show a significant reduction in palatability when 20 ppm of synthetic Total Aldehydes (Hexanal + 2,4-Decadienal) were added to petfood. CLS Project #17N002234, 17N002235, 17N002236, 17N Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.

14 Aldehyde Sensory Impact in Diets 20 ppm 40 ppm 80 ppm CLS Project #17N002234, 17N002235, 17N002236, 17N Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.

15 Peroxide Values (meq/kg sample) Finished Diet Design- Enrobing Fat Initial Peroxide Values Chicken Fat Untreated HL Sunflower Oil Untreated HO Sunflower Oil Untreated Canola Oil Untreated MO Sunflower Oil Untreated Soybean Oil Untreated week 0 SD

16 Peroxide Value (meq/kg sample) Finished Diet Design- Enrobing Fat Chicken Fat Untreated Canola Oil Untreated HL Sunflower Oil Untreated MO Sunflower Oil Untreated HO Sunflower Oil Untreated Soybean Oil Untreated week 0 week 6 week 12 week 18 week 24 week 30 Weeks at Ambient SD

17 Carbohydrate Sources Corn, barley, oats now replaced with ancient grains, pulses, or rice Bulk density of kibble altered by changes Metals present in whole grain Extrusion parameters changed

18 Carbohydrate Sources Enzymatic oxidation may also be a concern, though should not be present in kibble Stabilized rice products are cooked to reduce FFA, not PV Very source dependent

19 Flax Meal Stability Product Type FOX II PV (meq/kg sample) % Fat AOCS PV (meq/kg fat) Hexanal (ppm) 2,4-Decadienal (ppm) Untoasted <1 Toasted CLS project

20 Carbohydrate Sources Closer to native source = more stable? Magic happens in kibble Interaction with oil, grain, protein produces side reactions

21 Finished Diet - Stability- Rice Types Kemin Internal Document SD

22 Carbohydrate Sources Follow up trial with corn base diet Brown rice, white rice, rice bran Pea protein sources Lentil beans

23 Diet Formulation Diet Substitutions Substitution For Rate (%) None, diet control NA NA Corn gluten 60% Brewer s 12 Corn gluten 60% Bran 6 Corn gluten 60% Brown 12 50% Pea Protein 72% Pea Protein 7 Milo Rice 30 Lentils Rice 30 Ingredient % Inclusion Chicken Meal Brown Rice Brewers Rice Rice Bran 6.00 Oat Groats 3.00 Flax Seed 5.20 Lamb Meal 6.25 Fish Meal, Menhaden 6.50 Pea Protein 72% 7.00 Beet Pulp 4.57 Trace Minerals/Vitamins 0.88 High Linoleic Sunflower oil 1.75 In Extruder Chicken meat mix Coating % Kemin Internal Document SD

Peroxide Values (meq/kg fat) Base Diet Corn for Brewer s Corn for Rice Bran Corn for Brown Rice 72% Pea for 50% Pea Milo for Rice Lentil for Rice Finished Diet

24 Peroxide Values (meq/kg fat) Base Diet Corn for Brewer s Corn for Rice Bran Corn for Brown Rice 72% Pea for 50% Pea Milo for Rice Lentil for Rice Finished Diet Stability & Carbohydrate % 6% 12% 7% 30% 30% Diet Substitution Canola Oil coated diet week C Kemin Internal Document SD

25 Base Diet % Antioxidant Loss Corn for Brewer s Corn for Rice Bran Corn for Brown Rice 72% Pea for 50% Pea Milo for Rice Lentil for Rice Finished Diet Stability & Carbohydrate Diet Substitution Kemin Internal Document SD Canola Oil coated diet week C

26 Protein Sources Rendered Meal Meat Slurry Non Meat protein sources- beans, insects

27 Protein Sources Rendered meals Chicken by-product vs chicken meal Lamb - mostly New Zealand or Australia Duck - imported Pork, beef

28 Peroxide Values (meq/kg fat) Finished Diet Stability & Protein Base Lamb Meal Untreated Meat Substitution None, diet control For NA Rate (%) NA Lamb meal Chicken 21 Untreated Meat Antioxidant Treated Meat Diet Substitution Kemin Internal Document SD Canola Oil coated diet week C

29 % Antioxidant Loss Finished Diet Stability & Protein Base Lamb Meal Untreated Meat Diet Substitution Canola Oil coated diet week C Kemin Internal Document SD

30 Protein Sources Meat Slurry Chicken, turkey, rabbit, kangaroo Ingredient Quality varies Micro and Oxidation detract from diet quality Can be source of off odors

31 Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble Ingredients % Inclusion DRY MEAL BATCH 89.50% Chicken Meal Brewers Rice US # Corn Ground Wheat US # Wheat Middlings 5.06 Organic Dried Peas 4.45 Eggs, Dried 4.05 Beet Pulp Pellets 3.03 Pea Fiber 2.02 Flaxseed, Whole 2.02 Salt 0.30 Potassium Chloride 50% K 0.30 Trace Mineral Premix Bern Dog & Cat Vitamin Premix 0.13 Choline Chloride 0.10 COATING % Dry Kibble From Extruder Dry Dog Palatant (Palasurance) 2.00 Fat / Oil 8.50

32 Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble

33 Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble

34 Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble

35 The Challenge of Shelf Life The value of controlling oxidation and microbial growth is well recognized Shelf life risk and risk mitigation is measureable and shelf life targets, in most cases, are achievable A shelf life program which includes proper antioxidant application and appropriate microbial control is essential for assuring product safety, quality and customer loyalty

36 Kemin Has Expertise Along Entire Supply Chain Food Safety Antioxidants Health & Nutrition Palatants SLAUGHTERHOUSES FRESH/FROZEN MEAT COLLECTION RENDERING PET FOOD INDUSTRY DOGS & CATS Antioxidants

37 THANK YOU

A to Z of Canine Nutrition

2016 APDT Annual Educational Conference and Trade Show A to Z of Canine Nutrition Jennifer Adolphe, PhD, RD Senior Nutritionist Learning Outcomes To understand the importance of each of the macronutrients