Manual. Topigs 20. Rearing gilts and sows. Feed Manual Topigs 20. Updated: Copyright Topigs Norsvin

Transcription

1 Manual Topigs 20 Rearing gilts and sows Feed Manual Topigs 20 Updated: Copyright Topigs Norsvin

2 Index 1. Introduction 4 4. Sow feeding The Topigs 20 sow Introduction Gilt rearing Basic feeding strategies Introduction Conditions for nutrient recommendations Insemination targets Weight development Feed and water intake curves Nutrient recommendations Nutrient recommendations Flush diets Gestation Transition Lactation Summary table Management in the rearing facility Improving bone and leg quality Space requirements Transfer of gilts to the sow herd Appendix Weight development curves Mineral and vitamins requirements Amino acid recommendations Management in the sow barns Piglet birth weight Managing body condition Group housing of sows Appendix Backfat measurement instructions Mineral and vitamin recommendation Amino acid recommendations Temperature adjustments

3 1. Introduction Understanding an animals genetic potential is of key importance when deciding on a nutritional feeding strategy that will promote a high number of weaned piglets during a sow s productive lifetime. As the provider of the genetic material, Topigs Norsvin also wants to support our clients in achieving good production results at a farm level, by providing guidelines on how to feed and manage these animals. The aim of this feed manual is to provide a feeding guideline based on the nutritional requirements of the Topigs 20 replacement gilt and sow. Topigs Norsvin conducts a variety of trials to determine the performance potential of our animals and uses this information to develop up-to-date and practical feed advice for all markets. A specially developed mathematical model, the Topigs Norsvin Feed Model, was used to estimate the animals daily nutritional requirements. The feeding manuals provide information on daily nutritional requirements, dietary recommendations, feed intake curves, growth curves and practical management advice. Animal performance can be influenced by a variety of factors; therefore applying the recommended feed intake curves to the latter will not always ensure the best performance or best economical results. To achieve optimal production performance you must ensure that the feed intake curves and/or diets are adapted to herd management and animal condition. 2. The Topigs 20 sow The Topigs 20 is a unique female; balancing prolificacy, efficiency and productivity. The Topigs 20 is a hybrid maternal breed combining the Large White Z-line and Landrace N-line. Topigs 20 is calm and self-reliant sow with robust legs, produces a large number of piglets per litter, and shows excellent mothering abilities. Unique characteristics of the Topigs 20 include: High fertility traits. Excellent mothering abilities. Calm and self-reliant with robust legs. In short the Topigs 20 can be described as a dam line easy to manage that weans high number of piglets with a low amount of labor input, producing large number of high quality finishers in her productive life. The feeding manuals are part of a continuous program to determine the precise nutrient requirements of Topigs Norsvin s genetics. As more research data becomes available and feed technology improves, the more accurate we will be in predicting the requirements of our animals. ProducTIon targets Topigs Norsvin Nutrition Team P.O. Box 86, 5268 ZH Helvoirt, The Netherlands Telephone: Weaning to1st ins.: <6 days Farrowing percentage: >90% Total number born: >16 piglets Total born alive: Stillborn: >15 piglets <0.8 piglets Pre-wean mortality: <12% Weaned per litter: >13 piglets 4 5

4 Gilt rearing 6 7

5 3. Gilt rearing 3.2 Insemination targets 3.1 Introduction Proper gilt development and management has a significant impact on the lifetime performance of all females. By managing the female correctly during development, her lifetime productivity will be maximized. The young gilt is the future of the pig production enterprise and must be treated with great care and attention. She must be fed and managed properly to help her achieve her full breeding potential. Proper replacement gilt management begins in the early stages of a gilt s life and ends when the gilts are inseminated. The target of the feed program is to develop the gilts in such a way that they will have the proper weight and confirmation at insemination. The recommended insemination targets are given below: Insemination weights, kg: kg Backfat, mm: mm Age, days: days Number of heats: Second or third heat Lifetime growth rate (g/d): g per day Proper gilt management includes correct housing environment, transportation, animal flow, preventative vaccination, adaptation, development, selection and nutrition. If any of these areas are compromised, it can affect the gilt s lifetime productivity resulting in a decreased production performance and increased production cost. The aim of this chapter is to provide our clients with the necessary information on how to rear and feed the future reproductive sow to ensure a high lifetime production performance. The Topigs Norsvin goal in replacement gilt feeding is to aid in muscle and skeletal development, while developing the gilt for maximum lifetime reproduction. Topigs Norsvin s definition of an ideal replacement gilt includes: Easy to handle during rearing. Strong structural development that will enable her to stay in the sow herd for at least seven parities. Easy to feed and manage in small and larger systems. At least 15 functional teats to support the larger litters. It is highly recommended to monitor and measure all replacement gilts on the given parameters (weight, backfat and age), to ensure that gilts are inseminated within the given target ranges. inseminating gilts The consequences of inseminating gilts when they are outside the given target ranges: Underdeveloped gilts (<140 kg, <12 mm and >230 days) Will lead to less mature and underdeveloped gilts in the farrowing house. Lower overall lifetime reproductive performance. Lower feed intake capacity. Insufficient body reserves to support bigger litters. Higher body condition losses during first lactation, which could lead to second parity dips or premature culling. Overdeveloped gilts (>150 kg, >14 mm and <250 days) Increases the overall physical size of the sows in the herd. Increases the sow s maintenance requirements. Increases the risk for lameness, thus possibly reducing longevity. Decreases sow herd feed efficiency. More farrowing difficulties. More prone to feed refusal during lactation. 8 9

6 3.3 Weight development Table 1. Recommended weight development during rearing for the Topigs 20 gilt The main objective during rearing is to ensure controlled and steady growth and development of the gilts. The weight development of the Topigs 20 replacement gilt needs to be monitored on a regular basis, and if necessary diets, and feeding strategies must be adjusted to ensure that gilts are developing within the given weight development ranges. Osteochondrosis (OC) is a lameness-related condition which can result in premature culling of breeding sows. OC usually affects individuals at early growth stages. The recommended weight curves and feeding strategies of the Topigs 20 replacement gilt takes this timeframe into account by avoiding too rapid growth in the youth phase (25 to 55 kg) but allowing the gilts the space to develop more natural, but still controlled in the later phases of the development trajectory. This growth strategy ensures a more optimal structural development during rearing. Ensuring a sound structural development in gilts during rearing can be achieved by feed restriction, but it is more preferable to control the growth development through dietary energy restriction and phase feeding. Weeks Day Slow growers (kg) Topigs Norsvin advice (kg) Fast growers (kg) Different raw materials are used around the world to feed gilts. The feeding strategies and diets fed to gilts also vary from farm to farm and country to country. These differences will have an impact on the growth rate and weight development of the rearing gilt. The recommendations for gilt weight development by Topigs Norsvin take these differences into account by dividing gilts into two growth groups: Slower growing (lower boundary) = Average lifetime growth of 560g Faster growing (upper boundary) = Average lifetime growth of 650g The aim is to ensure that gilts develop between the lower and upper boundary. Measuring (weighing) of gilts on a regular basis will ensure that they develop as recommended. Feed programs must then be adjusted accordingly. Regardless of the gilts growth rate during rearing, the insemination targets set for the Topigs 20 need to be reached at insemination. A suggested weight development curve for the Topigs 20 is given below An easy printable version of the curve that can be used in the barn is available in the appendix

7 3.4 Feed and water intake curves Preventing gilts from becoming excessively heavy before mating through feeding management is a challenge for many producers. While we know that controlled feeding of gilts is an effective means to prevent excessive body condition, this may be impractical for most producers. Compared to leaner-type maternal gilts, the Topigs 20, might develop excessive body condition, when fed ad libitum during gilt rearing. Therefore, the Topigs 20 gilt can be fed ad libitum during the rearing period, as long as the following conditions are met: Minimum three specially developed gilt rearing diets (3 phase feeding). Additional minerals and vitamins to support lean growth and bone development. Continuous monitoring of weight development to ensure that insemination targets are reached. Dietary levels in the gilt rearing diets are adjusted to ensure gilts develop within the given weight boundaries. Ad libitum feeding program The feed program recommended in this manual is related to the recommended feed curves and weight development curve. When gilts are fed ad libitum it is very important to monitor their weight development. In some cases it might be necessary to adjust the dietary levels of the rearing diets to ensure gilts develop within the given weigh guidelines. Research has shown that feeding gilts restrictively with a low energy diet during rearing can improve longevity. Likewise, Topigs Norsvin recommends that gilts are allowed to develop controlled but normally during rearing. This can be achieved by either lowering the energy level in the first phase diets, or by controlled feeding. Dietary restriction through lowering the energy levels is the more preferred method to control their growth, because it is important to keep the young gilts full and satisfied. Keeping the gilts full and satisfied is also a preventative measure to avoid stereotypic behaviour, fighting and tail biting. An estimation of the daily feed and water intake needs of the Topigs 20 gilt are given in the table below (Table 2). The feed intake curve can also be used as a reference for farms using computerized feeding systems and farms that prefer to feed gilts according to a daily feed allowance. water Water is essential for life, and is the nutrient that is required in the largest quantity by swine. Current research provides only estimated water requirements because there are many different factors that can influence the amount of water required by rearing gilts on a daily basis. As a general rule: rearing gilts will consume 2.5 to 4.0 times more water than feed. It is recommended to not change diets and feeders at the same time. The combination of a new diet and a change in feeding system during rearing may result in a reduced feed intake and a delay in the weight and backfat thickness development of the animals. When a new diet and/or a new feeding system are introduced into a farm, daily monitoring of the gilts feed intake becomes highly important. 13

8 Table 2. Recommended feed and water intake for the Topigs 20 during rearing 3.5 Nutrient recommendations Weeks Day Feed Intake (kg) Water Intake (L) water intake feed intake The water requirement is based on the reference from NRC, The recommendation is the minimum requirement per gilt per day. The recommended feed curve can be use in programs where gilts are fed using a computerized feeding system. The feed curve is a modelled feed curve, developed to reach the weight targets. Proper feeding management during rearing is important for a gilt overall reproductive performance as it ensures a good body condition and soundness of legs and feet. The nutrient recommendations and feeding strategies for gilt rearing in this manual are limited to the period from 24 kg to 150 kg live weight. The Topigs Norsvin nutrient recommendations for gilt development are designed to meet nutrient demands for adequate protein accretion and maximizing the productive life of the gilt. They are not designed to maximize average daily gain (ADG), as would be the goal of a commercial feeding program. Recommended program for rearing of the Topigs 20 gilt: The rearing program should start at 24 kg and end at first service. A minimum of three dietary phases used during the rearing period. Ensure that there is a smooth transition between the diets. Start flushing gilts at least 10 to 14 days before first service. The feed program (dietary recommendations) is related to the given weight and feed intake targets Topigs Norsvin recommends feeding a three-phase dietary program to gilts, starting from 24 kg until first service. A three-phase feeding program offers the flexibility to better feed to the needs of the gilts, but also to control and steer their development better. A three-phase dietary program offers the possibility to feed the gilts more restrictively during the earlier stages of rearing, and then diets with more digestible fibre can be used in later phases ensuring the satiety of the animals while allowing them to develop naturally. Most commercial pig diets are either corn-soybean based or wheat-barley-soybean based. Pigs fed well-balanced wheat-barley-soybean based diets can perform as well as those fed corn-soybean diets, and the main difference is the minimal energy levels reachable when using these two different feed sources. The dietary recommendations for gilt rearing in this manual take these differences into account, by providing a minimum and maximum level for each nutrient. The minimum nutrient levels represent the wheat-barley-soybean markets and the maximum nutrient levels represent the corn-soybean markets. The ratio between Lysine and Energy are similar for both feed markets. The nutrient recommendations are given in table

9 Table 3. The dietary recommendations for a three phase rearing program Weight Range Nutrients Unit Min* Max* Rearing kg (Age 9 to 14w) Net Energy MJ/kg Lysine SID g/kg SID Lys/NE g/mj Calcium g/kg Available Phosphorus1 g/kg Digestible Phosphorus1 g/kg Rearing kg (Age 15 to 22w) Net Energy MJ/kg Lysine SID g/kg SID Lys/NE g/mj Calcium g/kg Available Phosphorus1 g/kg Digestible Phosphorus1 g/kg Rearing 3 91 kg - Flushing (Age 23 to flushing) Net Energy MJ/kg Lysine SID g/kg SID Lys/NE g/mj Calcium g/kg Available Phosphorus1 g/kg Digestible Phosphorus1 g/kg Flushing (10 to 14 days before insemination) Net Energy MJ/kg Lysine SID g/kg SID Lys/NE g/mj Calcium g/kg Available Phosphorus1 g/kg Digestible Phosphorus1 g/kg Recommended available and digestible phosphorus levels are based on diets formulated without the use of Phytase. If Phytase is used, then these phosphorus levels must be readjusted *Min = Wheat-Barley-Soybean market *Max = Corn-Soybean market 16

10 Figure 1. The dietary recommendations for a three-phase rearing program 170 Rearing 1 Rearing 2 Rearing 3 Flushing Insemination Weight (Kg) Age (weeks) Age (weeks) 18 19

11 3.6 Summary table Table 4. Summary table for rearing of the Topigs 20 gilt Diets Age Age Weight Feed Intake Weeks Days Kg Kg Water Intake NE, MJ/day SID Lysine, g/day L Min Max Min Max Rearing 1 Rearing 2 Rearing 3 Flushing Insemination

12 3.7 Management in the rearing facility In this manual we define the rearing period from 24 kg to first service. During rearing, stress must be kept to a minimum; especially before insemination. Proper handling and housing management during rearing is as important as proper nutrition. The aim of a good gilt management program should be to optimize the animals reproductive performance and longevity. More detailed information on management during rearing is available in the Topigs Norsvin Gilt Management Manual Improving bone and leg quality It has been the common practice in many countries to rear replacement gilts using finisher or gestation diets. Maximizing lean growth by using a finisher diet could lead to osteochondrosis and leg weakness and possibly result in an increase in the herds replacement rate. This is partly due to the vitamin and trace element levels in finisher diets which do not support optimal bone development. Young animals are often culled due to locomotive problems such as lameness, osteochondrosis and poor claw health. The current changes to sow group housing systems will require animals with a sound leg and feet development. Topigs Norsvin gives the following recommendations with regards to improving bone and leg quality during rearing: Prevent excessive growth rates: Follow the given recommendations for an average lifetime growth rate of g/d. Monitor the weight development of the gilts closely by using the given weight development graphs. Make the necessary adjustments to the diets and feed programs to ensure the gilt develops within the ideal weight boundaries. Use more available mineral sources: The inclusion of highly available trace elements has been shown to improve gilt performance and resulted in better conformation and skeletal development. Consider the differences in the availability of essential minerals between different mineral sources. Optimize the dietary electrolyte balance (deb): If a sow s diet has an overload of anions (-) compared to cations (+) the risk of acidosis increases. If the incidence of acidosis is prolonged, less bone formation and even bone degradation will take place due to calcium mobilization. Correct Calcium and Phosphorus levels (ratio): The calcium and phosphorus requirements for complete bone integrity are higher than the requirements for optimal growth rate and feed efficiency. Follow the given recommendations and ensure that any readjustments are done correctly when using Phytase. Minerals and vitamins: The mineral and vitamin needs of the reproducing female is greater than that of finishers. For gilts entering the breeding herd, the typical vitamin premix in the finishing diet should be replaced with a breeder vitamin premix. This premix should contain increased levels of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline, biotin and folic acid that are relatively low or absent in typical finishing diets. Flooring quality: Good claw health requires good flooring. The floor must be kept dry and non-slippery in order to provide good grip and to reduce the risk of injuries Space requirements Adequate space is required to allow gilts to stimulate each other as they come into estrus. The ideal number of gilts per pen ranges from 6 to 10. This will also ensure optimal boar-to-gilt contact during the heat detection process. Sufficient space is also important for skeletal development. Insufficient floor space and crowded feeding areas could increase the occurrence of antagonistic behavior among gilts. The required space per gilt depends on the type of feeding system, group size and the pen layout. The largest/oldest gilt should be used as the standard when calculating space requirements. The minimum floor and feeder spaces are given below: Floor* kg life weight =1.0 m² kg life weight =1.2 m² kg life weight =1.4 m² Feeder * Space including feeder Table 5. Minimum feeder space recommendations Weight (kg) Restrict fed* (mm) Trough/Hopper Length/Pig Ad Lib Fed (mm) * As set by the Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations Each country established a wide range of detailed legislative provisions concerning the welfare and minimum standards for farm animals. These recommendations need to be taken into account and need to act as the minimum standards

13 3.7.3 Transfer of gilts to the sow herd After the rearing phase gilts need to be transferred into the sow herd. Via a well-designed protocol for quarantine and a planned adaptation of the gilts, they will be ready for insemination. In order to increase the incidence of estrus and improved lifetime performance, gilts need to be adapted and acclimatized to their new environment. During rearing gilts are normally housed in groups and are not used to be kept in individual crates. In most cases the feeding systems in groups vs. crates are also different. All these changes will increase the level of stress and discomfort for the gilts. The biggest issue arises when gilts are serviced during this period of increased stress and discomfort. Research has shown that servicing gilts during stressful periods has led to decreased farrowing rates, fewer live born piglets and an increased rate of return and abortions. Topigs Norsvin recommends that gilts are moved to individual crates at least two weeks before first service. This will allow the gilts more time to adjust to the new housing system. This will also allow sufficient time to implement a good flush feeding program. The gilts should be moved again five days before expected insemination to a dedicated insemination area (same as the one used for newly weaned sows), with the correct lighting. This has shown to further increase the strength and length of the heat, which resulted in improved performance. Move gilts to crates at least two weeks before first service. Heat detection should be registered when gilts are still in groups, to ensure that they are serviced at second or third oestrus. Start flushing the gilts as soon as they are housed in individual crates. Move gilts preferably to a section where only gilts are housed. Move gilts again five days before first service to a dedicated insemination area, with the correct lighting. Light intensity five days before insemination should be higher than 100 Lux at eye level of the gilt. 3.8 Appendix Weight development curves Figure 2. Page 25. Figure 2. Easy to record weight curve for the Topigs 20 gilt Age (weeks) Weight (Kg)

14 3.8.2 Mineral and Vitamins requirements Table 6. Vitamin requirements for the Topigs 20 gilt Gilt Rearing Vitamins Units kg kg 91 kg Flushing Min Max Min Max Min Max Fat soluble vitamins Vit. A IU Vit. D 3 IU Vit. E IU Vit. K 3 mg Water soluble vitamins Vit. B 1 (Thiamine) mg Vit. B 2 (Riboflavin) mg Vit. B 3 (Nicotinic acid) mg Vit. B 4 (Panthotenic acid) mg Vit. B 6 (Pyridoxine) mg Vit. B 12 (Cobalamin) mcg Vit. B 9 (Folic acid) mg Vit. B 7 (Biotin) mcg CHOLINE mg Table 7. Mineral requirement for the Topigs 20 gilt Gilt Rearing Minerals Units kg kg 91 kg Flushing Min Max Min Max Min Max Na % K % Mg % Remarks Vitamin and mineral requirements are based on the latest recommendations and were derived from various sources. Mineral and vitamin inclusion levels are to maximize bone mineralization. The recommended Vitamin standards are determined in amounts added without regard to the vitamin content of the basic feed. The recommended mineral levels are presented as total amount in the feed. The recommendation of Topigs Norsvin is to use organic or chelated minerals as recommended by the suppliers. The target deb (Na+K-Cl) for gilt diets are meq/kg feed to ensure maximum bone mineralization amino acid recommendations The amino acid levels are normally expressed in relation to the level of Lysine in the diet, since this is the first limiting amino acid. The calculated digestibility coefficients will differ between feed ingredients; therefore when formulating more complex diets we recommended that standardized ileal digestible values are used. The amino acid levels displayed below are given as SID (standardized ileal digestible). Table 8. Recommended amino acid (SID) ratios for the Topigs 20 gilt Amino Acids* (Ratio) Rearing 1 Rearing 2 Rearing 3 Lysine Met + Cys Tryptophan Threonine Valine Isoleucine Leucine Histidine Phenylalanine * Standardized digestible AA contents were calculated using the estimated standardized digestibility coefficients from InraPorc (2009). Fe ppm I ppm Se ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Cl %

15 Sow feeding 28 29

16 4. Sow feeding 4.1 Introduction The recommended five sow diets Nutrition is one of the key components to ensure that the modern sow achieves her genetic potential for (re)production. The nutritional demands of the modern gestating and lactating sow and her litter have changed significantly over time. Todays genetic advancements have resulted in feed efficient, fast growing and leaner pigs. However, this progress has also created new challenges when it comes to feeding the modern sow. Nutrient supply, in the form of amino acids and energy, must be designed to optimize the reproductive performance and to maintain optimal condition (body reserves) for the sows entire productive life. Diets should also be optimized to ensure nutritional welfare and comfort in the animals and also minimize the environmental impact through excretions. To achieve this, a precise adjustment of the feeding level and the feed composition according to the performance level of the sows is required. Topigs 20 is a robust sow and has excellent mothering abilities. Due to low sow mortality rates, a low number of non-productive days and a high farrowing rate, the overall feed efficiency of Topigs 20 is extremely competitive. During the lactation period, the Topigs 20 sow eat enough feed to meet her and her piglets requirements. Managing the Topigs 20 is not very different than the management of any other sow type. The difference is in how closely these management practices have to be followed in order to optimize production. By following the basic feed advice of Topigs Norsvin for the Topigs 20 sow, maximum productivity can be reached. 4.2 Basic feeding strategies The objective of the feeding program for the Topigs 20 sow is to: Maximize the number of pigs per litter. Optimize piglet birth weight and uniformity. Maximize number of litters per year per sow. Maximize lactation yield. Optimize longevity and lifetime productivity. 4 Transition Diet 5 Lactation The recommended sow diets: 3 Late Gestation 1 Wean to mating Mid Gestation Early Gestation 2 The feeding strategy for the Topigs 20 sow is based on the body condition targets and the stage of production. The feeding strategies are developed to provide the correct nutrient levels, at the right time to meet the sow s daily nutritional requirements. Topigs Norsvin recommends to feed a minimum of five well developed sow diets. The practicalities of feeding different diets are always a concern. Alternatively, the basic sow diets may be fed with top-dressing supplements, to meet their daily needs. 1. Flush diet: Fed from weaning to mating to stimulate ovum development. 2. Gestation Diet 1: Older parity sow diet. Fed to all sows older than second parity. This diet have a lower amino acid to energy ratio. 3. Gestation Diet 2: Gilt gestation diet. Fed to all gilts and second parity sows. This diet can also be fed to all sows in late gestation (>85 days pregnant) to enhance piglet birth weights. This diet have a higher amino acid to energy ratio. 4. Transition Diet: Fed during the transition period between gestation and lactation (from day 110 of gestation till 2-3 days after farrowing). 5. Lactation Diet: To maximize feed intake and milk yield during lactation. Fed for the duration of the lactation period

17 4.3 Conditions for nutrient recommendations To obtain the maximum productive potential from the Topigs 20 it is fundamental to adjust the sow s body condition, to optimize the daily amount of feed offered and to supply the correct dietary requirement levels during all stages of production. Understanding the different factors that affect nutrient requirements and feed intake can assist in developing a successful sow feeding program. The feeding advice for the Topigs 20 is based on the following basic assumptions: Dry mash diet. Controlled feed program. Conventional health. Optimal housing conditions. Thermal neutral conditions. Most commercial pig diets are either corn-soybean based or wheat-barley-soybean based. Pigs fed well balanced wheat-barley-soybean based diets can perform as well as those fed corn-soybean diets and the main difference is the minimal energy levels reachable when using these two different feed sources. The dietary recommendations for sows in this manual take these differences into account, by providing a minimum and maximum level for each nutrient. The minimum nutrient levels represent the wheat-barleysoybean markets and the maximum nutrient levels represent the corn-soybean markets. The daily nutrient requirements of sows are however similar, independent of any market or available raw materials. 4.4 Nutrient recommendations Flush diets Short term, high level feeding (flushing) after weaning until mating, will increase the quality of the oocytes in breeding animals. Flush feeding gilts and sows have been shown to increase plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the pulse frequency of luteinizing hormone (LH), suggesting that it enhances oocyte quality (size and uniformity) by stimulating the secretion of gonadotropins. Important factors to consider: Energy and nutrient intake should be maximized before mating by maintaining a high feed intake level until the sow is serviced. Sows must follow an ad libitum feed schedule from weaning to service. Specialized flush feed must be fed during this phase. The energy source of the diet must originate from a carbohydrate constituent (especially starch and sugars). It is not recommended to use a standard lactation feed. Dextrose can have positive effects on piglet vitality when incorporated into the flush diet. Ensure that the sows receive a minimum of 150 grams of Dextrose per day. The ratio between essential amino acids and Lysine should follow the recommendations given for the lactating sow. It is recommended to follow the vitamins and mineral recommendations of the lactation sow. Additional minerals and vitamins can also be provided during the flush period. Higher levels of Vit A, Vit E, Vit B12, Folic acid, Cobalt and Chromium have shown to have a positive effect on reproduction. Table 9. Nutrient recommendations for a flush diet Nutrients Wheat-Barley-Soy Corn-Soy Min* Max* Min* Max* ADFI, kg/day Net Energy, MJ/kg Lysine SID, g/kg SID Lys/NE Starch and sugar, g/kg Calcium, g/kg Available P 1, g/kg Digestible P 1, g/kg Recommended available and digestible phosphorus levels are based on diets formulated without the use of Phytase. If Phytase is used, then these phosphorus levels must be readjusted. Develop a special flush feed, that is 100% focused on improving reproduction performance from weaning to mating. Do not use a lactation feed as a flush feed. Lactation feeds are developed to achieve maximum milk production, not to flush sows. Feeding sows ad libitum requires feeding additionally more often per day. Feed at least three to four times a day with smaller amounts to increase feed intake during weaning to mating. Sows will naturally reduce their feed intake when they are in heat. Reduce feed allowance to normal levels to reduce wastage. Provided water ad libitum, but prevent wet floors Gestation Proper feeding of gestating animals directly benefit the lactation performance and also piglet vitality. It is important that gestating sows receive enough amino acids and energy to support body maintenance, body recovery from previous lactation, and fetal and mammary gland growth (especially during the last trimester). During gestation, sufficient body reserves must be accumulated to compensate for eventual nutritional deficits that may occur in the following lactation period. During the first six weeks of gestation (0-45 days) the sow uses most of the feed for maintenance and to regain lost condition. Sows can loose on average 2-5 mm of backfat (measured at the P2 position) during lactation. Depending on the sow s condition at weaning, the desired feed level of the individual sow must be determined after mating. On day 84 the sow should have regained the adequate body condition, weight and backfat; so that the feed surplus can be used for piglet growth

18 Topigs Norsvin recommends to feed a minimum of two gestation diets. Feeding two gestation diets, offers the ability to better meet the daily demands of the gestating sows, but also offers the possibility to further enhance sow productivity and longevity. The main difference between the two gestation diets, is in the ratio between the amino acids and energy. The two gestation diets are described as follows: Gestation 1 (Lower amino acid to energy ratio) Older parity sow diet. Fed to all sows older than second parity. Fed for the entire pregnancy period (day 5 until day110, or until transfer to the farrowing unit). Can also be fed to all sows from day 5 until day 84 (or until transfer to the farrowing unit). Gestation 2 (Higher amino acid to energy ratio) Gilt gestation diet. Fed to all gilts and second parity sows. Fed for the entire pregnancy period (day 5 until day110 or until transfer to the farrowing unit). Can also be fed to all sows from day 85 till day 110 (or until transfer to the farrowing unit). Table 10. Multipurpose gestation diets Lower AA: Energy (5-84 d) Higher AA:Energy ( d) Mixed parities Gestation 1 Gestation 2 Parity 1 and 2 Gestation 2 Parity 3 Gestation 1 Daily nutritional requirements Table 11. Daily nutritional requirements of gestating sows during three phases* 0-49 days Topigs 20 Cycle 1 2/3 4 Net Energy, MJ/d SID-Lysine, g/d SID-Lys/NE, g/mj days Topigs 20 Cycle 1 2/3 4 Net Energy, MJ/d SID-Lysine, g/d SID-Lys/NE, g/mj The advantage of feeding two gestation diets: Minimizing the overfeeding of nutrients to sows. Easier to manage and control the body condition of sows. Feeding two gestation diets also has economic benefits by reducing sow feed cost per year. Improved sow and litter performance days Topigs 20 Cycle 1 2/3 4 Net Energy, MJ/d SID-Lysine, g/d SID-Lys/NE, g/mj Net energy (NE), Metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirements are expressed as the amount required per day to achieve optimal performance. NE=ME X 0.74 (The conversion factor could be different for each country). *Maternal body weight recovery is included in the calculations (75% body weight recovery between 0-49 days and 20 % body weight recovery between days)

19 Diet recommendations Table 12. Nutrient recommendations for gestation diets Wheat-Barley-Soybean diets with energy levels of NE MJ/kg* Gestation 1 Gestation 2 Nutrients Min* Max* Min* Max* Net Energy, MJ/kg Lysine SID, g/kg water In the beginning of gestation, sows must be supplied with a minimum of 12 litres of water per animal per day. During advanced stages of gestation the water requirement per sow should increase to a minimum of 17 litres per day. In group housing systems sows drink less water and need to drink a minimum of 12 litres of water per sow per day. SID Lys: NE ratio Calcium, g/kg Available P 1, g/kg Digestible P 1, g/kg Recommended available and digestible phosphorus levels are based on diets formulated without the use of Phytase. If Phytase is used, then these phosphorus levels must be readjusted. *If only one diet can be fed during gestation, our recommendation is to follow the guideline given for gestation 1. Table 13. Recommended feed curves for the Topigs 20 (kg) Wheat-Barley-Soybean Markets Topigs 20 Days/Cycle 1 2/3 4 Min Max Min Max Min Max Corn-Soybean diets with energy levels of NE MJ/kg* Nutrients Feed curves Gestation 1 Gestation 2 Min* Max* Min* Max* Net Energy, MJ/kg Lysine SID, g/kg SID Lys: NE ratio Calcium, g/kg Available P 1, g/kg Digestible P 1, g/kg Recommended available and digestible phosphorus levels are based on diets formulated without the use of Phytase. If Phytase is used, then these phosphorus levels must be readjusted. *If only one diet can be fed during gestation, our recommendation is to follow the guideline given for gestation 1. By dividing the energy level of the diet by the daily nutrient requirements of the sow during the three phases, a proper feed scheme can be derived. The examples of feed curves below are based on the example diet calculations. The feed curves need to be further adapted to ensure that sows regain the condition lost during the previous lactation, but also to reach the ideal condition target before entering the next lactation. This is best achieved by feeding each individual sow a well-balanced diet and basing daily feed allowances on an estimation of the sow s body weight and backfat thickness. The Topigs Norsvin Sow Feed Monitor was developed to assist clients to determine the ideal feed curves based on their local conditions Corn-Soybean Markets Topigs 20 Days/Cycle 1 2/3 4 Min Max Min Max Min Max Corrections for body condition losses Gestating multiparous sows should be fed according to body condition lost during the previous lactation, so that most sows will be in the desired condition before being transferred to the farrowing crates. In other words, this means increasing the feed allowance for skinny sows and restricting the feed allowance somewhat for fat sows. Use the Topigs Norsvin Sow Feeding monitor to determine the most appropriate feed curve based on body condition of the Topigs 20. The Topigs Norsvin Sow Feed monitor can be found at feedmonitor.topigsnorsvin.com. The Topigs 20 sow loose on average 8% of her maternal body weight and 2-5 mm of her backfat during lactation. The average percentage loss is already included in the normal feed curves (Table 14). If sows are loosing more or less body weight during lactation, the gestation feed curve should be adapted to the Skinny or Fat feed curve. On day 85 of gestation all sows should have regained their adequate body condition, weight and back fat; so that the feed surplus can be used for growth of the piglets in the uterus

20 Table 14. Feeding curves for multiparous sows, based on body condition losses (kg/day) Wheat-Barley-Soy Corn-Soy Skinny 2 Normal 1 Fat 3 Skinny 2 Normal 1 Fat Normal, Feed curve, under normal conditions, where the sow looses 8 % of her body weight. 2Skinny, Feed curve, if a sow is loosing 16 % body weight during lactation. 3Fat, Feed curve, if a sow is loosing no body weight during lactation Transition The transition from late gestation to lactation is crucial for the sow and her offspring; because colostrum is being synthesized pre-partum, nutrients are reallocated from the conceptus to the mammary tissue, massive mammary and fetus growth occurs and milk production is being initiated. The period around farrowing is also critical for the sow because she needs to cope with numerous changes such as moving from a group to an individual pen, changes in diets and the birth of piglets. These environmental and nutritional changes can influence the parturition process, which includes the initial start-up of milk production. The process of parturition is energetically demanding and a larger litter size may increase those energy demands. If the energy demand of the sow during farrowing is not met it might result in reduced contractions of the uterus increasing the risk of asphyxia and stillbirth. Main advantages of a transition diet: Improved start-up of the milk production in the sow. Reduce constipation around farrowing. Lower risk of mastitis, metritis and agalactia (MMA) and udder congestion. Improved transition between the lower nutrient dense gestation diet to the higher nutrient dense lactation diet. Improved piglet vitality and survivability. 38

21 Normally when changing to a higher density lactation feed, the feed quantity is reduced to prevent unnecessary pressure on the udder (MMA). The lower quantity and reduced fibre inclusions in the feed can result in constipation. Constipation and reduced intestinal transit times allow the formation of endotoxins and gram-negative bacterial growth. Endotoxins are responsible for reduced formation of prolactin as well as the stimulation of the immune system. This reduces milk production (dysgalactica) and increases the risk of mastitis. Constipation could also lead to narrowing of the birth channel and more stillborn piglets because the parturition process is being prolonged. Feeding a high fibre diet during the transition phase could prevent constipation around farrowing. Diet recommendations Table 15. Nutrient recommendations for a transition diet Wheat-Barley-Soy Corn-Soy Nutrients Min* Max* Min* Max* ADFI, kg/day Net Energy, MJ/kg Lysine SID, g/kg SID Lys: NE ratio How to reduce the incidence of constipation: Give free access to water (if possible, put extra water in the trough, even before farrowing). Sows need between litres of fresh water per day during the transition period. Water flow of the water nipple should be at least 3 litres per minute. A minimum amount of feed should be supplied to ensure a laxative effect through intestinal movements. Supply sows with some additional natural laxative e.g. Wheat bran. Mineral laxatives can also be added e.g. MgO. Feed a high fibre diet to prevent constipation. Practical considerations for a good transition diet/phase: Calcium, g/kg Available P 1, g/kg Digestible P 1, g/kg Recommended available and digestible phosphorus levels are based on diets formulated without the use of Phytase. If Phytase is used, then these phosphorus levels must be readjusted. Feed curve The advantage of feeding a transition diet is that you can increase the feed allowance before farrowing without any negative effects on udder development and start-up of milk production. Feeding higher volumes of the transition diets around farrowing is also a way to prevent constipation and may result in more relaxed sows. Move sows to the farrowing crates at least 5-7 days before expected farrowing. Start feeding the transition diet at least 4-7 days before expected farrowing. Feed the transition diet until 2 to 3 days after farrowing. This also depends on the length of the lactation period: - 21 days - Until 2 days after farrowing - 28 days - Until 2-3 days after farrowing Ensure that similar raw materials are being used in the gestation, transition and lactation diets to minimize the stress of a diet change. Use the right fiber sources during gestation, transition and lactation. Some fibers will give a more laxative effect, whereas others will bring more consistency (Barley effect). Add the right components to protect and boost the liver (Choline, L- Carnitine, Citrix acid and B vitamins). The objective is to feed a similar amount of daily energy the last day when sows are on the gestation feed than the first day when they are on the transition feed (or lactation feed). The ideal feed amount during transition will thus depend on the total energy supplied before the transition period. Producers not using a transition feed, should make sure to decrease the feed allowance 1-2 days before parturition and give roughage in this period to maintain bowel movement and avoid constipation; and of course ad lib water in excess. Optimize the deb content of the gestation, transition and lactation diets. Minimize all stressors around farrowing and avoid medicating if possible. Make sure the sow has free access to water

22 Recommended feed curve when using a transition diet Table 16. Recommended feed curve if no transition diet is being used (kg) GESTATION TranSITIon feed LACTATION Topigs 20 Feed curve, d Min* Max* Day Day Day Max Min Day 110 Day of farrowing Day Day 114 (Farrowing) Day Day *It is recommended to follow the Min for gilts and Max for older parity sows. Recommended feed curve when no transition feed is used GESTATION LACTATION Lactation In order for a sow to achieve a high rate of milk production, the appropriate amount of nutrients must be available. If the dietary supply of nutrients is not sufficient to support milk synthesis, the sow will mobilize her own maternal body tissues, or milk off her back. With leaner genotypes the amount of reserves available is rather limited and therefore nutrient intake to support her needs are of utmost importance. Max Min The performance of genetically lean sows during lactation hinges on the provision of sufficient dietary energy to fuel maximum milk synthesis. As a result, increasing body stores of fat during gestation may offer improvements in performance during lactation. Day 110 Day of farrowing Excess feed intake during the pre-farrowing period can result in excessive production of milk that leads to congestion of the udder and can also lead to further tissue damage. If fed high levels of protein/ energy (such as in the lactation diet), udder development can be rapid and too excessive in the immediate period leading up to farrowing. The failure of new born piglets to milk out the sow will lead to pressure build-up in the udder, damaging the milk producing cells and thus compromising milk yield during the entire lactation period. The key to avoid this problem is to gradually reduce the feed levels prior to farrowing and gradually increasing feed intake after farrowing. The aim of the feed program for the Topigs 20 is to maximize milk production without incurring substantial losses in body condition that impair subsequent reproductive performance. With increased milk production; management and nutritional factors must be changed to facilitate the increased demands of the sow. The nutritional requirements for the Topigs 20 are based on estimated production levels. Litter gain serves as an indicator for production performance in lactating sows. The litter gain estimates for the Topigs 20 is between 2.5 kg/day and 3.3 kg/day. Measuring and registration of piglet litter weight at birth and at weaning are key aspects in determining the nutrient requirements of the sows. The nutrient requirements during lactation depends on the length of lactation. The norm used in this feed manual is 21 and 28 days of lactation. Topigs Norsvin litter weight gain calculation Litter weight gain = (Litter wean weight - (Number piglets to be nursed x Average birth weight of piglets) ) / Lactation length 42 43

23 Daily nutritional requirements Table 17. Daily nutritional requirements of lactating sows 21 days lactation period 28 days lactation period Litter gain. Kg/day Nutrient requirements Parity Litter gain. Kg/day Nutrient requirements Parity Net Energy, MJ/day Net Energy, MJ/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj Net Energy, MJ/day Net Energy, MJ/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj Net Energy, MJ/day Net Energy, MJ/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj Net Energy, MJ/day Net Energy, MJ/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj Net Energy, MJ/day Net Energy, MJ/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine, g/day SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj SID-Lysine/NEt energy, g/mj Net energy (NE), Metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirements are expressed as the amount required per day to achieve optimal performance. 1 NE=ME X 0.74 (The conversion factor could be different for each country). 1 MJ=Mcal X Net energy (NE), Metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirements are expressed as the amount required per day to achieve optimal performance. 1 NE=ME X 0.74 (The conversion factor could be different for each country). 1 MJ=Mcal X

24 Diet recommendations Sows with larger litters produce greater amounts of milk, have higher litter gains and therefore have higher nutrient requirements when compared to sows with smaller litters. Reaching litter gains of 3.3 kg per day is highly dependent on (1) litter size, (2) lactation feed intake, (3) density of the diet and (4) piglet feed intake. Designing lactation diets implies the actual litter gain of the specific farm should be known. Nutrient requirements and diets are given based on daily litter gains and lactation length. Diet calculations are based on the average of second and third parity sows. Table 18. Nutrient recommendations for lactation diets (21 days weaning) Nutrients Wheat-Barley-Soy Corn-Soy ADFI, kg/day Net Energy, MJ/kg Lysine SID, g/kg SID Lys/NE Calcium, g/kg Available P1, g/kg Digestible P1, g/kg Recommended available and digestible phosphorus levels are based on diets formulated without the use of Phytase. If Phytase is used, then these phosphorus levels must be readjusted. Feed curves The recommended feeding curve is moderately conservative in the first 7 days of lactation in order to minimize incidents of feed refusal among the sows. The objective is to increase the overall lactational feed intake by slowly increasing the daily allowance in the first part of lactation. Feed levels from day 7 should be at a maximum. Table 20. Feed schedule during lactation (kg/day)# Days Wheat-Barley-Soy Feed curve, kg Corn-Soy Feed curve, kg # 2.0 # >7 Ad lib Ad lib # The feed amount and schedule around farrowing and the first days after farrowing depend on whether a transition diet is being used or not. If a transition diet is being used, begin with the recommended feed curve as soon as the diet change has occurred. #The daily feed allowance can be reduced with 500 grams/day for first parity gilts, until day 7 of lactation. Table 19. Nutrient recommendations for lactation diets (28 days weaning*) Wheat-Barley-Soy Corn-Soy Nutrients ADFI, kg/day Net Energy, MJ/kg Lysine SID, g/kg SID Lys/NE Calcium, g/kg Two to four meals per day is recommended to ensure higher feed intakes and make sure that the feed is always fresh. Controlled feeding is not restricted feeding. Managing the feed intake during lactation will improve sow performance and reduce feed wastage. Automated feed delivery systems are an easy means of managing ad libitum feeding. Available P1, g/kg Digestible P1, g/kg Recommended available and digestible phosphorus levels are based on diets formulated without the use of Phytase. If Phytase is used, then these phosphorus levels must be readjusted. * When piglets are weaned older than 28 days, it is recommended to follow the diet recommendations given for the 28 days lactation period

25 Regardless of parity, it is highly recommended to control the feed curve for lactating sows during the first 7 days of lactation. In cases where the feeding system or farm layout does not allow for more controlled lactational feeding, it is our recommendation to control at least the first two to three days after farrowing. After this period sows can be fed ad libitum. We do however recommend monitoring the feed intake and appetite of the sows. Water intake The Topigs 20 sows are very docile and calm around farrowing. It is recommended to provide the sow with additional water during this period (first few days after farrowing). During lactation the water requirements per sow increases as milk production increases. If possible, ad libitum water supply should be provided. The minimum amount of water required per animal must be 15 litres plus 1.5 litres of water for each piglet farrowed. 4.5 Management in the sow barns Piglet birth weight Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk for stillbirth and mortality of live born piglets until weaning. It is well known that piglets with a birth weight below 1 kg have a lower chance of survival and a lower lifetime performance, independent of their status and litter. Producers should monitor piglet birth weights on a regular basis. The general rule of thumb is that less than 15 % of the piglets in a litter should weigh less than 1 kg at birth. Birth weight is mostly influenced by sow factors rather than piglet genotype. In this respect, uterine capacity and nutrient supplies are important factors. Sow nutrition plays an important role in the litter uniformity. This is especially important for highly prolific sows in modern commercial environments. As the litter size increases the amount of nutrients available per fetus decreases due to increased fetal competition, which has been related to suboptimal fetal development. Sow reproductive performance, in terms of improved fetal growth and development, can therefore be optimized by feeding the ideal supplementation of amino acids and energy during gestation; even with and increase in litter size. Tips to ensure maximal appetite during lactation: The feed should always be fresh, never stale, dirty or contaminated. Pellets give better intake than meal. Liquid feeding results in an improved feed intake compared to dry feeding. However, hygiene control becomes more important when using liquid feed. A gradual increase of daily feed allowance, thus matching the sows nutritional needs with feed levels. Reduce environmental stress, heat stress will reduce the feed intake. Fat sows have a lower feed intake during lactation. Tips to increase birth weight in piglets: Screen the diet regularly for mycotoxins. High levels of toxins could reduce the birth weight and vitality of the piglets. Ensure that there is a good and smooth transition between the lactation and gestation diets. Prevent excessive body condition losses during lactation, as this might affect the litter size in the next parity. Feed intake from weaning to insemination is essential for ensuring higher piglet birth weights (Topigs Norsvin research has shown a 45 grams higher piglet birth weight for 1 kg extra feed consumed during this period). Use the correct amino acid ratio for optimal fetus development, especially during the last trimester of gestation. Arginine (substrate for nitric oxide) has an important role in regulating placental-fetal bloodflow which is essential in transfer of nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus (arginine should be given in gestation diets from day 70 until day 110 of gestation). It is critical to feed the correct level of minerals and vitamins during gestation and lactation. Folic acid, Vit A, Iron, Zinc and Mg all play a very important role in fetal development. It is recommended to add additional Omega 3 fatty acids during the last part of gestation (e.g. fish oil, linseed oil). Do not restrict the feed intake of sows that are overweight during the last part of gestation. This could affect piglet birth weights. Try to avoid farrowing induction, as premature parturition may decrease piglet birth weights with 40 to 50 grams

26 4.5.2 Managing body condition Top performance comes from having sows in the right condition physically throughout their productive life, which means that they conform to the optimal weight, backfat and body condition score at farrowing and weaning as defined by Topigs Norsvin. The optimum will vary according to sow parity and chosen feed program. The Topigs Norsvin Sow Feeding Monitor is an online tool that offers nutritionists and farmers the possibility to make a comparison between the average sow herd condition and the recommendations for sow condition by Topigs Norsvin. The comparisons are made on the basis of sow body weight, sow backfat thickness and sow body condition score (BCS) at farrowing and at weaning. The purpose of the Sow Feed Monitor is to improve sow herd uniformity by first measuring and realizing the existing condition variation; and then to reduce the variation by adopting the most appropriate feed curves and nutritional strategies. The Sow Feed Monitor is also referred to as the Topigs Norsvin Box Concept. The box should be seen as body condition boundaries for sow weight, sow backfat and sow BCS. The main objective is to get the Topigs Norsvin sow in the green box (normal condition ranges) or in other words within the recommended boundaries for weight, backfat or BCS at farrowing and at weaning. The target is to get 85 % of all the sows in the box at farrowing and weaning; thereby improving sow herd uniformity and overall sow herd performance and efficiency. Table 21. Body condition boundaries Recommended body composition before farrowing (end of gestation) Weight Backfat BCS Parity Min Max Min Max Min Max Recommended body composition after farrowing (end of lactation) Weight Backfat BCS Parity Min Max Min Max Min Max BOX CONCEPT Before farrowing Weight Backfat Body Condition Score Weight Backfat Body Condition Score Weight Backfat Body Condition Score After farrowing The Topigs Norsvin Feed Tool is available at: feedmonitor.topigsnorsvin.com Weight Backfat Body Condition Score Weight Backfat Body Condition Score Weight Backfat Body Condition Score 50 51

27 4.5.3 Group housing of sows The nutritional needs of the sow housed in group systems are different from individually housed sows. When sows are housed individually the feeding can be controlled and more precisely managed for each individual animal. The following feeding and managing factors need to be taken into consideration when developing diets for group housed sows. Key factors to consider in developing diets for Group housed sows 1. Introducing gilts or sows to the group after the lactation period, could lead to stress. Antagonistic behavior while establishing herd dominance can be observed. These events cause an undesired decrease in feed intake levels after introduction of an animal to a new group. This decrease in feed intake can have detrimental effects on the pregnancy rate and also on the subsequent litter sizes. It is therefore advised to increase the individual feed allowances and to minimize any potential stress events after introducing new sows to a group. Take care: a. More attention needs to be given to gilts and submissive sows. Always check if these animals return to the feeders (if fed more meals per day). b. Underfeeding can be a problem in animals when using a floor feeding system or crates with free access. c. Monitor the water intake of sows kept in groups since water intake levels are normally lower in group housed sows than sows kept in crates. 2. Raw materials containing fermentable fiber play a very important role in feeding group housed sows. The inclusion of fermentable fiber reduces the feeling of hunger, thus increasing the satiety level in sows. Higher satiety levels do not only reduce the amount of antagonistic behaviors among sows, but will also keep sows calmer throughout the day. This could also help to prevent bottlenecks around feeders. Take care: a. Strict attention should be paid to young sows and the time they need to consume the higher fibre diets at the individual feeding stations. 4. There is no optimum feed curve for sows in group housing systems. Feed curves need to be adjusted to the environmental conditions, parity, sow line, group size, health status and most importantly the body condition of the sows. It is recommended to us the Topigs Norsvin Sow Feed Monitor. Key factors to be considered in managing sows in group housing systems 1. Gilts should be taught how to use an electronic feeding station in the absence of older or more dominant sows. It is also generally accepted that breeding gilts should be taught to express social behaviour by exposing them to older dominant sows a few times prior to introducing them to larger sow groups. 2. Insufficient space allowance in group housed sows increases the adverse consequences of aggressive behaviour at introduction and it also induces high levels of stress. Therefore the correct space allowance for sows kept in groups should be respected. 3. Avoid moving sows around the period that embryos are attaching to the uterine wall (day 11 to 16 after insemination). Rather move sows directly after insemination into their groups, or at least after 28 days after insemination. Legislation might vary from country to country. 4. Group composition should be kept as consistent as possible. Aggressiveness during the introduction of gilts into a sow group can be reduced by familiarizing gilts with older sows first. Also try to keep younger animals together during the whole gestation period. 5. Floor quality is essential in group housed sows. Avoid slippery and unhygienic floors. Bedding is proven to have positive effects, in terms of production, when used in group housed systems. 3. Sows housed in groups need excellent leg conformation, mainly because sows are moving and walking greater distances. In order to ensure strong legs the following criteria have to be met: a. Proper gilt rearing strategies need to be established. Using gilt rearing diets which are focused on bone mineralization is essential for bone development. b. Over-conditioned sows often have more leg problems because the weight does not match the leg conformation. c. Minerals and vitamins which play an essential role in bone and claw development, need to be supplied in sufficient quantities (Ca, P, Ca:P ratio, Anion: Cation balance, Mg, Zn, Mn, Se, Vitamine D3 and Biotin). d. The counteractive interactions between minerals need to be taken into consideration when increasing the levels or changing ratio s

28 4.6 Appendix Backfat measurement instructions Consistency of probe placement is of great importance in obtaining comparative measurements. The procedure must be performed while the pig is standing. The animal must be restrained in a stall, scale, or walkway to simplify handling. To locate the P2 site and measure backfat the following must be done: Find the rearmost edge of the last rib on the pig s left hand side. Mark a spot vertically above on the midline. From this spot, measure 50mm down the left side from the midline. Place the probe of the ultrasound machine directly over the P2 site according to the manufacturer s instructions and record the fat measurement (a contact solution is usually required to get an accurate reading). It is important to record two layers of backfat. There are several makes of these devices available thus it is very important to measure the backfat according to the manufacturer s instructions. Figure 3. Topigs Norsvin P2 backfat position Mineral and vitamin recommendation Table 22. Vitamin specifications for the Topigs 20 sow Gestation Lactation Vitamins Unit Min Max Min Max Fat soluble vitamins Vit. A IU Vit. D 3 IU Vit. E IU Vit. K 3 mg 1 1 Water soluble vitamins Vit. B 1 (Thiamine) mg Vit. B 2 (Riboflavin) mg Vit. B 3 (Nicotinic acid) mg Vit. B 4 (Panthotenic acid) mg Vit. B 6 (Pyridoxine) mg Vit. B 12 (Cobalamin) mcg Vit. B 9 (Folic acid) mg backfat position Vit. B 7 (Biotin) mcg CHOLINE mg Perpendicular line to the last rib Back midline 54 55

29 Table 23. Mineral specifications for the Topigs 20 sow Gestation Lactation Minerals Units Min Max Min Max Na % K % Mg % Fe ppm I ppm Se ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Cl % Amino Acid recommendations Table 24. Amino acid recommendations for the Topigs 20 sow Amino Acids* Gestation Lactation Lysine Methionine Met + Cys Tryptophan Threonine Valine Isoleucine Leucine Histidine Phenylalanine Phenylalanine + Tyrosine Remarks Vitamin requirements are based on the latest recommendations and were derived from various sources. Mineral and vitamin inclusion levels are to maximize bone mineralization. The recommended Vitamin standards are determined in amounts added without regard to the vitamin content of the basic feed. The recommended mineral levels are presented as total amount in the feed. The recommendation of Topigs Norsvin is to use organic or chelated minerals as recommended by the suppliers. * Standardized digestible AA contents were calculated from the estimated standardized digestibility coefficients from InraPorc (2009) Temperature adjustments Environment, and more specifically temperature can be used to explain a majority of the variation associated with differences in feed intake and performance of sows. The thermal neutral zone is the range of temperature in which the sows are comfortable and do not require additional or reduced energy intake to maintain body temperature. For gestating sows it is relatively easy to assess and maintain an environmental temperature range in which production levels are optimal. The thermal neutral zone for gestating and lactating sows is between C. Heat stress can have a major impact on sow performance. If the temperature in the sow barn surpasses 25 C, this can lead to lower feed intake, reduced milk production, higher body weight losses, decreased weaning weights and poor reproductive performance. Below are a few tips to reduce heat stress during summer months. Reduce the amount of internal heat produced by the diet Fiber digestion and the protein deamination process generate considerably more heat compared to carbohydrates. Therefore consider reducing dietary fiber levels by 1-2% (depending on initial concentration). Compensate for the reduction in dietary fiber by supplementing it with a strong laxative (usually in the form of a salt). Also consider reducing crude protein levels by about 2% with the supplementation of industrial amino acids in order to maintain the same ratios of Lysine: AA s

30 Increase the nutrient density of the diet The main idea is to increase the nutrient density of the lactation diet in relation to the expected reduction in feed intake. Increase the levels of the vitamins, minerals and trace minerals in relation to the drop in the expected feed intake. The drop in feed intake can easily be between 5 to 10 % during summer. Lactation diets higher in fat are almost invariably recommended for combating heat stress. Although it is a good strategy to increase fat levels to 5-6 %, it also poses a potential risk. Higher levels of dietary fat increases the chance for oxidation which can lead to rancid feed. This would even further decrease feed intake. Discuss with your feed company, what would be the best strategy to administer fat into the diets to increase the caloric density. Increase feeding frequency Increase the feeding frequency and decrease portion size to minimize metabolic heat production. Sows also drink more water under warm conditions, and excess feed in the troughs will spoil more easily if left in water for longer periods. Left over feed + water + heat = Reduced sow feed intake. Shift feedings to the early mornings and late afternoons. Try to feed at least three to four times during summer. Always start with a clear trough. Try not to feed more than 2.5 kg per feeding. During the winter, cold stress can be both a nutritional and management issue. The temperature in the sow barn should match the sow s thermal neutral zone. Cold temperatures increases the maintenance requirements of the sows, and it is therefore recommended to increase the dietary energy levels (MJ NE/ day) during the cold season. Depending on the density of the diet, a five degree (Celsius) drop in temperature, relative to the thermal neutral zone, increases the daily dietary needs of the sows with kg. This translates into increasing the energy supply to sows with MJ/NE per degree when temperatures below 18 C are reached. Besides the higher amount of energy needed per sow per day, it is also recommended to adapt the sow diets during the cold season. The energy in the diet can be adjusted, so more energy comes from starch and less from oil/fat; which would all together influence fertility positively. Increasing the fermentable fiber content of the gestation diet, keeps the sows sated and can improve the feed intake during the upcoming lactation. Table 25. Additional feed needed for changes in temperature Keep free water low in summer diets Free water can be measured in diets as the nutrient AW (Available Water). The recommended level should be below 0.5. High amounts of free water in diets could lead to higher mold/toxin levels and could also lead to excessive evaporation in feed tanks (which can cause blockages in the feed lines). Feed additives for summer diets The concentration and/or inclusion of certain additives cannot be altered due to country-specific regulations. In the list below are listed additives that have demonstrated, in research, to reduce heat stress and increase feed intake in lactating sows. Discuss the possibilities and correct inclusion levels with your feed company. The following additives that could be used during summer to increase lactation performance: Chromium Propionate/Picolinate. L- Carnitine. Betain or Choline Cloride. Sodium bicarbonate (don t forget to balance the electrolyte balance). Antioxidants (Also Vit E. Se and Vit C). Liver support (B-Vit complex, Niacin, Citric and Fumaric acid). Magnesium Oxide (as laxative). temperature Room temperature Additional feed MJ NE/day >18 advice MJ MJ MJ Water, water and water Research has shown that cooled water increases lactation feed intake during the summer months. It is recommended to evaluate the placement of the water tanks. Maybe an underground water tank that can pump water to the pens is a better option than water tanks that are fully exposed to sunlight. Water should always be available ad libitum. Water quality is always important, but especially during summer months when the sows will increase their water intake with 10-20%