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1 9-1 Cellular Respiration 1 of 39

2 Learning Targets TN State Standards CLE Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. CLE Describe how mitochondria make stored chemical energy available to cells. CLE Analyze the role of ATP in the storage and release of cellular energy. I can: Write the formula for cellular respiration. Define calorie & describe why high calorie foods can provide energy List the three parts of cellular respiration and where they occur. Identify the region/membranes of a mitochondria. 2 of 39

3 9-1 Chemical Pathways Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy. Animal Cells Animal Mitochondrion Plant Plant Cells 3 of 39

4 Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Outer membrane Intermembrane Animal Cells space Mitochondrion Inner membrane (Cristae) Plant Cells Matrix (area inside the folds) 4 of 39

5 Structure of Mitochondria Double membraned organelle Contains its own DNA (mitochondrial DNA) Folds of the inner membrane are called Cristae The space inside is called the Matrix 5 of 39

6 Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Converts sunlight energy into glucose. Sunlight + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 carbon dioxide + water sugars + oxygen Cellular Respiration Converts glucose into chemical energy (ATP). 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy What do you notice about the reactants and products of both reactions? 6 of 39

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8 Chemical Energy and Food Chemical Energy and Food One gram of the sugar glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), when burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of heat energy. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. Cells don't burn glucose. Instead, they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds. 8 of 39

9 Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Chemical reactions that require oxygen are known as aerobic processes. Chemical reactions that do not require oxygen are known as anaerobic processes. 9 of 39

10 Overview of Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Each of the three stages of cellular respiration captures some of the chemical energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain make up a process called cellular respiration. 10 of 39

11 Aerobic Respiration 11 of 39

12 Overview of Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Mitochondrion 12 of 39

13 Overview of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place in the mitochondria. Glycolysis Cytoplasm Mitochondrion 13 of 39

14 Target Check 1. What is the formula for cellular respiration? 1. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 à 6CO 2 + 6H ATP 2. What does a calorie measure? 3. What are the three reactions of Cellular respiration and where does each occur? 4. What are the inner folds of a mitochondria called? 2. The amount of energy needed to raiser one gram of water one degree. 3. Glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs Cycle (mitochondria), & Electron Transport Chain (mitochondria) 4. Cristae 14 of 39

15 Q2 Essential Learning Goals 1. Analyze the role of ATP in the storage and release of cellular energy. 2. Explain how sunlight is captured by plant cells and converted into usable energy. 3. Describe how mitochondria make stored chemical energy available to cells. 4. Investigate the relationship between the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 5. Compare and contrast the processes of cell growth and reproduction. Learning Targets (D2) I can: State the starting and ending molecule of glycolysis. Compare and contrast Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration Identify the two types of fermentation. Describe why my muscles burn during intense bouts of exercise. 15 of 39

16 Glycolysis Cellular Respiration begins with a pathway called glycolysis. Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. Glycolysis releases a small amount of energy (ATP). Its is just enough ATP to keep small reactions going. 16 of 39

17 Glycolysis ATP Production of Glycolysis At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up 2 molecules of ATP to start the reaction. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 PGA 2 Pyruvic acid 17 of 39

18 Glycolysis When glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produced. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 18 of 39

19 Glycolysis This gives the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 19 of 39

20 Glycolysis NADH Production One reaction of glycolysis removes 4 high-energy electrons, passing them to an electron carrier called NAD +. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2NAD + 2 Pyruvic acid 20 of 39

21 Glycolysis Each NAD + accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and becomes an NADH molecule. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2NAD Pyruvic acid 21 of 39

22 Glycolysis The NADH molecule holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP 2NAD Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain 22 of 39

23 Glycolysis The Advantages of Glycolysis The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds. Glycolysis does not require oxygen. 23 of 39

24 Fermentation Fermentation When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. 24 of 39

25 Fermentation During fermentation, cells convert NADH to NAD + by passing high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid. This action converts NADH back into NAD +, and allows glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ATP. Fermentation does not require oxygen it is an anaerobic process. The two main types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. 25 of 39

26 Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes. The equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is: pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO 2 + NAD + 26 of 39

27 Alcoholic fermentation 27 of 39

28 Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It regenerates NAD + so that glycolysis can continue. Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid. 28 of 39

29 Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation This form of fermentation usually occurs in multicellular animals. When ATP is being used faster than oxygen is being brought in the cells, this create an oxygen deficit. Cells then use lactic acid fermentation to fulfill the cells energy needs. This causes a build up of lactic acid in the cells. Lactic acid is the source of the burning and soreness sensation we feel when working out or exercising. 29 of 39

30 Fermentation The first part of the lactic acid fermentation equation is glycolysis. 30 of 39

31 Fermentation The second part shows the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid. 31 of 39

32 Fermentation The NADH molecule holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules. By doing this, NAD + helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell. The equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis is: pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD + 32 of 39

33 Target Check 1. What molecule does glycolysis begin with? What does it end with? 2. What process produces ATP with out oxygen? 3. What process will produce alcohol and carbon dioxide? 4. Why do your muscles burn during intense exercise? 1. Glucose and Pyruvic Acid 2. Fermentation 3. Alcoholic Fermentation 4. Intense exercise produces a oxygen deficient and lactic acid builds up in the muscles. 33 of 39

34 9-1 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 34 of 39

35 9-1 The raw materials required for cellular respiration are a. carbon dioxide and oxygen. b. glucose and water. c. glucose and oxygen. d. carbon dioxide and water. 35 of 39

36 9-1 Glycolysis occurs in the a. mitochondria. b. cytoplasm. c. nucleus. d. chloroplasts. 36 of 39

37 9-1 The net gain of ATP molecules after glycolysis is a. 3 ATP molecules. b. 2 ATP molecules. c. 3 pyruvic acid molecules. d. 4 pyruvic acid molecules. 37 of 39

38 9-1 Fermentation releases energy from food molecules in the absence of a. oxygen. b. glucose. c. NADH. d. alcohol. 38 of 39

39 9-1 The first step in fermentation is always a. lactic acid production. b. the Krebs cycle. c. glycolysis. d. alcohol production. 39 of 39

40 END OF SECTION

9-1 Chemical Pathways Interactive pgs

9-1 Chemical Pathways Interactive pgs Interactive pgs. 221-225 1 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy. Animal Cells Animal Mitochondrion Plant Plant Cells