Anatomy & Physiology. Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout

Transcription

1 Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout

2 A & P Anatomy - study of structure Physiology - study of function Structure is always related to function

3 Levels of Organization Atom Chemical Molecule Macromolecules Organelle Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

4 Characteristics of Life = Metabolism Movement: internal or gross Responsiveness : rxn to internal or external change Growth: increase in size w/o change in shape Reproduction: new organisms or new cells Respiration: use of O 2 ; removal of CO 2 Digestion: breakdown of food into simpler forms Absorption: movement of substances through membranes & into fluids Circulation: movement within body fluids Assimilation: changing nutrients into chemically different forms Excretion: removal of metabolic wastes

5 Organism Requirements Water: required for metabolic rxns, transport of substances, temperature regulation Food: nutrients needed to supply energy & raw materials for building new living matter Oxygen: releases energy from nutrients Heat: byproduct of metabolism; rate of rxns Pressure: force that facilitates movement of air or fluids (atmospheric & hydrostatic)

6 Homeostasis condition in which the body s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits Ex: Temperature 98.6 F Receptors Set Point Effectors Feedback Loop Negative Positive

7 Negative Feedback Loop change from a set point is detected & the body acts to return to the set point Ex. Temp 98.6 F or 37 C

8 Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. Ex. oxytocin is secreted in small amounts at the beginning of labor. These small amounts cause more &more oxytocin to be released, causing uterine contractions throughout labor. Only when the baby is expelled does the feedback system shut down.

9 Anatomical Position The subject stands erect facing the observer, with feet flat on the floor, arms at sides & palms turned forward

10 Relative Positions (1) add to your list Supine = on back Prone = on belly

11 Relative Positions (2) Superior Toward the head or upper part of a structure Inferior Away from the head or lower part of a structure

12 Relative Positions (3) Anterior Nearer to or at the front of the body Posterior - Nearer to or at the back of the body

13 Relative Positions (4) Medial Nearer to the midline Lateral Towards the sides /farther from the midline Intermediate Between two structures

14 Relative Positions (5) Proximal Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, towards the point of origin Distal Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, away from the point of origin

15 Relative Positions (6) Superficial Toward the surface of the body Deep Away from the surface of the body

16 Relative Positions (7) add these Ipsilateral On the same side of the body Contralateral On the opposite side of the body

17 Human / Cat Clarifications Anterior = front, Ventral = belly mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is forward and ventral faces the ground Posterior = rear/behind, Dorsal = back mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is rear and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head which is Superior in humans, but superior is dorsal in cats Caudal = towards the tail which is Inferior in humans, but inferior is ventral in cats

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19 Directional Terms Review

20 Planes/Body Sections (1) Plane: an imaginary flat surface

21 Planes/Body Sections (2) Sagittal - Vertical plane dividing the body/organ into left & right halves Midsagittal Median/midline, equal sides Parasagittal - Unequal sides

22 Planes/Body Sections (3) Transverse - Cross sectional or horizontal plane dividing the body/organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

23 Planes/Body Sections (4) Coronal/ Frontal - Divides the body/organ into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions

24 Planes/Body Sections (5) add this Oblique - Passes through the body/organ at an angle btwn transverse & sagittal or frontal planes

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26 Body Cavities (1) Confined spaces containing internal organs protect, separate & support the organs 2 Main Cavities Dorsal & Ventral Each are divided in to smaller cavities Viscera = organs within these cavities

27 Body Cavities (2) Dorsal - back Cranial - the cranial bones & the brain Spinal (Vertebral Canal) located inside the vertebral column & contains the spinal cord

28 Body Cavities (3) Ventral - front Thoracic - Superior portion, heart & lungs Pleural - 2, surround the lungs, fluid filled Mediastinum - everything except the lungs Pericardial - covers the heart Abdominopelvic - Inferior portion Abdominal - Superior portion liver, spleen, stomach etc. Pelvic - Inferior portion Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, lower intestines etc.

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31 Membranes Serous membranes thin slippery tissue lining the walls of the ventral cavity double layered Visceral layer lines the organs Parietal layer outer membrane Pericardium serous membrane around the heart Pleural membrane - surrounds lungs Peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity Mesentery holds visceral organs of abdominopelvic cavity in place

32 Serous Membranes 1-14

33 The efforts of all systems must be coordinated for the animal to survive. Any organism is a coordinated living whole greater than the sum of its parts.

34 Major Body Systems Integument body covering Skeletal support & movement Muscular support & movement Nervous integration & coordination Endocrine integration & coordination Digestive absorption & excretion Respiratory - absorption & excretion Circulatory - transport Lymphatic/Immune transport & immunity Urinary - absorption & excretion Reproductive - reproduction

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37 Abdominal Cavity Nine regions Quadrants RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ