a. What is the stimulus? Consuming a large pumpkin spice muffin and caramel macchiato.

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1 : Homeostasis and Macromolecules Unit Study Guide Homeostasis 1. Define homeostasis and give an example. Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions despite changes in the external environment. An example of homeostasis is the maintenance of our body temperature and ph levels. 2. How does the body use a feedback loop to maintain homeostasis? The body monitors itself so that all of the conditions are kept stable. When a condition, such as temperature, is not within a narrow range, the body responds to bring that condition back to normal. 3. For the following situation: fill in the boxes on the feedback loop and then answer the questions. Suzy Q has just consumed a large pumpkin spice muffin and washed it down with a venti caramel macchiato. This massive influx of carbohydrates caused a drastic rise in her blood sugar. The pancreas is the organ that is most responsible for controlling blood sugar and rising blood sugar is sensed by the Islet cells located within the pancreas. The islet cells respond to rising blood sugar levels by releasing the hormone insulin. Insulin is a hormone which increases the permeability of cell membranes allowing sugar to enter the body cells and leave the blood. This process lowers blood sugar to normal levels. Increased Blood Sugar Release of Insulin Islet Cells in Pancreas Consumption of food a. What is the stimulus? Consuming a large pumpkin spice muffin and caramel macchiato. b. What is the control center? The pancreas.

2 Carbohydrates : c. What are the sensors? Islet cells in the pancreas. d. What are the effectors? The release of the hormone insulin. e. Explain how homeostasis is restored. The Islet cells respond to the stimulus by releasing the hormone insulin. The insulin allows the sugar in the blood to enter the cells. This brings the blood sugar back to regular levels. Macromolecules 4. What is a macromolecule? A macromolecule is the building block of the cell and contains Carbon and Hydrogen bonds. 5. Why is Carbon special? How many bonds does it make? What type of bond does Carbon typically make with other elements? Carbon can make 4 bonds, allowing it to bond with many other elements. Because of this, Carbon can make many different structures, allowing for many different functions. Carbon typically makes covalent bonds with other elements. 6. Fill in the following chart about the vocabulary words. Prefix Meaning Word Meaning mono one Monomer One Molecule poly many Polymer Many Molecules 7. What are the six elements that are found in all living things? 1. Sulfur 4. Nitrogen 2. Phosphorous 5. Carbon 3. Oxygen 6. Hydrogen 8. Fill in the following tables about the 4 types of macromolecules. 1. High energy bonds that Monosaccharide CHO in a 1:2:1 Ratio provide quick energy 2. Cell Structure in plants- Cellulose in cell wall 3. Cell Structure in fungi and exoskeletons of insects and arthropods. Glucose Fructose Sucrose Maltose Ribose Dextrose Lactose Disaccharide-2 linked monomers Polysaccharide

3 Lipids Proteins : CHON 1. Motion and Support 2. Cell Transport 3. Defense 4. Enzymes Amino Acids Muscles and Cartilage Proteins in the Cell Membrane Antibodies to fight infection Enzymes to speed up chemical reactions Peptide or Polypeptide CHO Oxygen in very small quantities 1. Energy Storage-in adipose tissue in animals and seed energy storage in plants 2. Waxes-waterproof coating 3. Steroids-cell communication and structure: cholesterol, vitamins, and hormones 4. Phospholipids-make up the lipid bilayer in cell membranes Fatty Acids (Long chains of hydrocarbons) Fats Saturated: Butter, Coconut Oil, Unsaturated: Olive Oil, Vegetable Oil, Sunflower Oil, Peanut Oil, Seasame Seed Oil **Use the space below for optimum room

4 Nucleic Acids : Nucleotide CHONP Storage of genetic information DNA RNA ATP Nucleic Acids 9. What is the relationship between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Dehydration synthesis joins monomers to create a polymer. Hydrolysis breaks apart a polymer to create monomers by adding water. They are opposite chemical reactions. 10. Identify the following images as dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis, then use the images to describe how polymers are made or broken. Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration synthesis joins monomers to create a polymer. Hydrolysis breaks apart a polymer to create monomers by adding water.

5 : 11. What is the function of an enzyme? An enzyme acts as a catalyst to increase the speed of chemical reactions. 12. What does a catalyst (enzymes) do to activation energy? Draw a graph. An enzyme reduces the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction so you get more net usable energy. 13. What happens to the function of an enzyme if it is denatured? If an enzyme is denatured, the shape of the enzyme changes. If the shape of the enzyme changes, the function will change. 14. How can enzymes be denatured? An enzyme can be denatured by heat, a change in ph, or other inhibitors. 15. What is the definition of a substrate? How do enzymes interact with substrate? 16. A substrate is the substance that an enzyme works on. The substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme causing the substrate to break apart or to create bonds to form a new substance. 17. Fill in the following table about the enzyme scenarios. Scenario Identify the Enzyme Identify Substrate Illustrate the Scenario (Label the enzyme and substrate) Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down a sugar found in dairy products known as lactose. Some people are lactose intolerant, and can be due to not having enough lactase production. People who are lactose intolerant may not feel well after eating foods containing lactose. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas which can damage pancreatic tissue. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase. These enzymes assist in breaking down certain foods biomolecules. In this disorder, enzyme production from pancreatic tissue may be stopped. Lactase Amylase Lipase Lactose Food Biomolecules

6 : 18. What is the optimum ph for both enzymes in the graph below? Pepsin: ~3.5 Trypsin: ~ What would happen if you took the Pepsin that works best in the stomach and moved it to the intestine? Explain your answer. If you moved the Pepsin to the intestines, it would no longer be able to catalyze reactions. Pepsin works at an optimum ph of ~3.5 so it would be denatured in the small intestines. If it loses its shape, it will lose its function.

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