Effect of high doses of Natuphos E 5,000 G phytase on growth performance of nursery pigs

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1 Effect of high doses of Ntuphos E 5,000 G phytse on growth performnce of nursery pigs Kih M. Gourley,,1 Json C. Woodworth, Joel M. DeRouchey, Steve S. Dritz, Mike D. Tokch, nd Roert D. Goodnd Deprtment of Animl Sciences nd Industry, College of Agriculture, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS ; Deprtment of Dignostic Medicine/Pthoiology, College of Veterinry Medicine, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS ABSTRACT: A totl of 360 pigs (DNA , initilly 5.9 ± 0.1 kg) were used in 42 d tril to determine the effect of high doses of recently ville phytse source (Ntuphos E 5000 G, BASF Corportion, Florhm Prk, NJ) on nursery pig growth nd one sh. Pigs were rndomly llotted to pens t wening y BW nd pens were llotted to one of eight corn-soyen mel-sed dietry tretments in rndomized complete lock design. There were five pigs per pen nd nine pens per tretment. Diets were fed in three phses (d 0 to 7, 7 to 21, nd 21 to 42) with formulted totl clcium:phosphorus (C:P) of 1.07, 1.05, nd 0.93, respectively. Tretments included negtive control (NC) with 0.40, 0.30, or 0.25% P from monoclcium P for Phses 1, 2, nd 3 respectively; nd NC with either 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 FTU/ kg phytse. The lst two tretments were positive control (PC) with 0.55, 0.45, or 0.40% P from monoclcium P for Phses 1, 2, nd 3, respectively, or PC with 2,000 FTU/kg phytse. The NC diet with 500 FTU/kg nd PC without dded phytse were formulted to e equivlent in ville C nd P. On d 42, one pig per pen ws euthnized nd the right fiul ws removed for one sh nlysis. From d 0 to 42, pigs fed incresing phytse in the NC tended to hve incresed (qudrtic, P = 0.064) ADG nd (liner, P = 0.082) ending BW nd hd improved (qudrtic, P = 0.008) G:F. Adding 2,000 FTU/kg phytse to the PC did not influence ADG or ADFI, ut tended to improve (P = 0.060) G:F compred with the PC. In ddition, percentge one sh incresed s phytse incresed in the NC (liner, P < 0.001) or when 2,000 FTU/kg ws dded to the PC diets (P < 0.001). Pigs fed the PC hd incresed (P = 0.007) ADFI nd tended to hve greter (P = 0.099) percentge one sh thn pigs fed NC+500 FTU/kg phytse, ut the pigs fed NC+500 FTU/kg phytse hd improved (P = 0.032) G:F compred to pigs fed the PC. In summry, incresing concentrtions of dietry phytse in P-deficient diet improved growth nd one sh mesurements, nd ws optimized t 1,000 FTU/kg. There were vried improvements when 2,000 FTU/kg phytse ws dded in P dequte diets. Key words: one sh, clcium, growth, nursery pig, phosphorus, phytse The Author(s) Pulished y Oxford University Press on ehlf of the Americn Society of Animl Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, plese e-mil: journls.permissions@oup.com. J. Anim. Sci : doi: /js/sky001 INTRODUCTION Phytse enzymes hve een commercilly ville since the erly 1990 s (Adeol nd Cowieson, 1 Corresponding uthor: kgourley@ksu.edu Received 3, July Accepted 8, Jnury ). Cerel grins nd oilseeds cn contin 60 to 82% of totl phosphorus (P) in the form of phytteound P (Rvindrn et l., 1994). Becuse the pig cnnot produce enough endogenous phytse for P sorption, phytse enzyme is commonly dded to id in P sorption. Phosphorus is n importnt minerl tht contriutes to one development nd other physiologicl functions. The ility of

2 Effect of high doses of Ntuphos E 5,000 G phytse 571 phytse enzyme to improve the ville P in swine diets hs een well documented (Augspurger et l., 2003; Selle nd Rvindrn, 2008). The ddition of phytse lso llows for reduced inclusion of inorgnic P, nd consequently reduces P excretion from the pig (Simons et l., 1990; Jongloed et l., 1997). Previous studies hve shown improved growth performnce in nursery pigs fed high concentrtions of phytse t or ove 10,000 FTU/kg (Kies et l., 2006; Nynnor et l., 2007; Zeng et l., 2014). The suggested mode of ction for high concentrtions of phytse comes in the form of non-p relted enefits from improved digestiility of energy, AA, nd other minerls (Kies et l., 2001). However, it is noted tht greter growth performnce improvement is seen when digestile P, AA, nd other nutrients re t mrginl concentrtions reltive to the dietry predicted requirements (Gonclves et l., 2016). Ntuphos E 5,000 G (BASF Corportion, Florhm Prk, NJ) is reltively new source of phytse ville to the U.S. swine industry. Ntuphos E, is cteril derived 6-phytse of which the phytse gene is ssemled from sequences of vrious phytse producing cteri of the species Hfni, Yersini, nd Buttuxiell. Production occurred through the fermenttion of Aspergillus niger. In recent study (Gourley et l., 2017), Ntuphos E 5,000 G improved (liner, P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, G:F, nd percentge one sh s phytse incresed from 0 to 1,000 FTU/ kg. However, current literture is not ville to determine the impct of feeding concentrtions ove 1,000 FTU/kg of this new phytse source. Tle 1. Anlyzed ingredient composition (s-fed sis) Anlyzed vlue, % Ingredient P C Corn Soyen mel Limestone Monoclcium P Fish mel Dried whey Blood plsm Enzymticlly treted soyen mel Corn DDGS, > 6 nd < 9% oil Trce minerl premix Vitmin premix Duplicte ingredient smples were pooled nd nlysis ws performed t commercil lortory (Wrd Lortory; Kerney, NE). HP 300, Hmlet Protein Inc. (Findly, OH). Therefore, the ojective of this study ws to evlute the effect of high doses of Ntuphos E 5,000 G on the growth performnce nd one sh in nursery pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Knss Stte University Institutionl Animl Cre nd Use Committee pproved the protocol for this study. The study ws conducted t the Knss Stte University Segregted Erly Wen Fcility in Mnhttn, KS. Two identicl rns were environmentlly controlled nd ech pen contined 4-hole dry self-feeder nd nipple wterer for d liitum ccess to feed nd wter. Ingredients contining C or P were nlyzed in duplicte prior to mnufcturing the diets in order to determine nutrient loding vlues used for formultion (Tle 1). Dietry tretments were corn-soyen mel-sed nd were formulted to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient requirements with the exception of P nd were mnufctured t the Knss Stte University O.H. Kruse Feed Technology Innovtion Center in Mnhttn, KS. The nlyzed phytse ctivity (5,111,000 FTU/kg) ws used for determining the mount of Ntuphos E 5,000 G to include in ech diet. Dietry tretments included negtive control with 0.40, 0.30, or 0.25% P (0.44, 0.36, 0.32 % stndrdized totl trct digestile [STTD] P) from inorgnic P, provided y monoclcium P, for Phses 1, 2, nd 3, respectively. Additionl dietry tretments included the negtive control plus incresing phytse t 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 FTU/kg (Ntuphos E 5,000 G, BASF Corportion, Florhm Prk, NJ) in ech phse; positive control with 0.55, 0.45, or 0.40% P (0.57, 0.49, 0.46 % STTD P) from inorgnic P for Phses 1, 2, nd 3, respectively, or the positive control with 2,000 FTU/kg of phytse in ech phse. The positive control ws formulted with C nd P similr to current industry levels, which resulted in C eing close to NRC (2012) requirement estimtes, ut P ws formulted ove the NRC (2012) estimted requirement for the weight rnge corresponding to ech phse. The NC ws formulted to e the PC minus 0.15% P nd 0.14% C, which ws the mount the mnufcturer suggested would e relesed y 500 FTU/kg Ntuphos E 5,000 G. Aville P coefficients were derived from the 10th edition NRC (1998). Using STTD P vlues, the NC ws lso elow the NRC (2012) requirement estimtes, while the PC ws formulted well ove the STTD P estimtes.

3 572 Gourley et l. Tle 2. Composition of sl tch (s-fed sis) Ingredient, % Phse 1 Phse 2 Phse 3 Corn Soyen mel, 48% CP Dirylc Dried whey Enzymticlly treted soyen mel c Corn DDGS 5.05 Blood plsm 4.04 Fish mel Choice white grese Monoclcium P Limestone Sodium chloride L-Lys-HCl DL-Met L-Thr L-Vl 0.05 Trce minerl premix d Vitmin premix e Choline chloride 60% Clculted nlysis Stndrdized ilel digestiility (SID) AA, % Lys Ile:Lys Leu:Lys Met:Lys Met & Cys:Lys Thr:Lys Trp:Lys Vl:Lys Totl Lys, % CP, % ME, kcl/kg 3,452 3,400 3,347 NE, kcl/kg 2,556 2,516 2,475 SID Lys:ME, g/mcl C, % P, % Aville P f, % STTD P, % The sl tch ws used s the mjor ingredient within ech experimentl diet. Tretment-specific ingredients were dded to the sl tch to chieve finl dietry tretments. Interntionl Ingredient Corportion (St. Louis, MO). c HP 300, Hmlet Protein Inc. (Findly, OH). d Provided per kg of premix: 22,400 mg Mn from mngnese oxide, 74,592 mg Fe from iron sulfte, 74,592 mg Zn from zinc sulfte, 11,200 mg Cu from copper sulfte, 201 mg I from clcium iodte, nd 201 mg Se from sodium selenite. e Provided per kg premix: 3,584,000 IU vitmin A; 896,000 IU vitmin D3; 17,920 IU vitmin E; 16 mg vitmin B12; 1,792 mg mendione; 3,360 mg rioflvin; 11,200 mg pntothenic cid, 33,600 mg nicin. f Coefficients for formultion were derived from NRC (1998). All dietry tretments within phse were derived from sl tch of ingredients (Tle 2). After mnufcturing the sl tch, they were gged off into eight identicl sets (89 kg of Phse 1, 357 kg of Phse 2, nd 893 kg of Phse 3 per tretment). For ech experimentl diet, suset of gs from the sl tch ws dded to the mixer long with tretment-specific ingredients to chieve the finl dietry tretments (Tle 3). During gging of experimentl diets, feed smples were collected from the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, nd 35th gs, pooled, nd used for phytse nd nutrient nlysis.

4 Effect of high doses of Ntuphos E 5,000 G phytse 573 Tle 3. Ingredient composition of experimentl diets (s-fed sis) Phse 1 Phse 2 Phse 3 Ingredient, % Negtive control Positive control Negtive control Positive control Negtive control Positive control Bsl mix Corn Soyen mel Limestone Monoclcium P Snd Phytse Clculted nlysis CP, % C, % P, % C:P rtio Snd ws used to displce phytse in the diet s inclusion rte vried; s result, the sme mount of sl mix in ech phse ws dded to ech of the tretment diets. Ntuphos E 5,000 G (BASF Corportion, Florhm Prk, NJ) ws dded to the negtive control to chieve experimentl diets with 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 FTU/kg or ws dded to positive control diet to chieve experimentl diets with 0 or 2,000 FTU/kg. Phytse inclusion ws determined using the nlyzed concentrtion, nd the phytse contined 5,111,000 FTU/kg. A totl of 360 rrows (DNA ; initilly 5.9 ± 0.1 kg nd 21 d of ge) were used in 42 d growth tril. Pigs were rndomly llotted to pens nd then pens of pigs were locked y weight nd rndomly llotted to one of eight dietry tretments. There were five pigs per pen nd nine replictions (pens) per tretment. Diets were fed in three phses from d 0 to 7, 7 to 21, nd 21 to 42. During the experiment, pigs nd feeders were weighed every 7 d to determine ADG, ADFI, nd G:F. On d 42 of the study, the medin weight pig in ech pen ws euthnized vi cptive olt nd fiuls were collected to determine one sh vlues. Once collected, ll fiuls were stored t 20 C for 7 d. To determine one sh concentrtions, ones were utoclved t 121 C for 40 min under 6.82 kg of pressure. Adhering tissue nd crtilge cps were removed nd ones were dried t 105 C for 7 d. Then dried fiuls were shed in muffle furnce t 600 C for 24 h to determine totl sh weight nd percentge one sh. Chemicl Anlysis One smple per dietry tretment from the pooled feed smples ws sent to commercil lortory (Wrd Lortories, Kerney, NE) for CP (AOAC , 2006), C (AOAC /985.01, 2006), nd P (AOAC /985.01, 2006) nlysis (Tle 4). In ddition, ingredients contining C or P were nlyzed (Wrd Lortories, Kerney, NE) in duplicte prior to mnufcturing diets to determine nutrient loding vlues. One smple per tretment ws sent to nother commercil feed lortory (Eurofins Scientific Inc., Des Moines, IA) for complete diet phytse nlysis (ISO 30024:2009). Dt Anlysis All dt (pen mens or one vlues) 3 SD outside the men of ech response criteri were evluted s outliers. In Phse 1, there were four pen outliers nd one outlier ech for Phse 2 nd Phse 3. The outliers were the result of mortlity or unthrifty pigs eing removed. The pens deemed s outliers were removed within ech respective phse ut remined for ll other dt nlysis. Dt were nlyzed s rndomized complete lock design with pen s the experimentl unit. Brn ws treted s rndom effect. Contrst coefficients for phytse concentrtions were djusted to ccount for the unequl tretment spcing on phytse inclusion using the IML procedure in SAS. Pre-plnned contrst sttements were used to determine the liner nd qudrtic responses to phytse. A pirwise comprison ws used to compre the PC nd PC + 2,000 FTU phytse tretments to test for n extr-phosphoric effect. Another pirwise comprison ws used to compre the NC FTU/ kg nd the PC control to confirm the estimted relese of Ntuphos E 5,000 G. A third pirwise comprison ws used to compre the NC nd the PC. Anlysis of vrince ws performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC). Results were significnt with P vlues 0.05 nd were considered tendencies with P vlues > 0.05 nd 0.10.

5 574 Gourley et l. Tle 4. Anlyzed composition of experimentl diets (s-fed sis) Anlyzed composition Diets CP, % C, % P, % C:P Phytse, FTU/kg Phse 1 NC < 60 NC FTU NC + 1,000 FTU ,100 NC + 2,000 FTU ,060 NC + 3,000 FTU ,880 NC + 4,000 FTU ,270 PC c < 60 PC + 2,000 FTU ,580 Phse 2 NC < 60 NC FTU NC + 1,000 FTU ,350 NC + 2,000 FTU ,590 NC + 3,000 FTU ,630 NC + 4,000 FTU ,200 PC < 60 PC + 2,000 FTU ,560 Phse 3 NC < 60 NC FTU NC + 1,000 FTU ,190 NC + 2,000 FTU ,280 NC + 3,000 FTU ,710 NC + 4,000 FTU ,660 PC PC + 2,000 FTU ,110 Seven susmples were pooled nd proximte nlysis ws performed in triplicte y commercil lortory (Wrd Lortories, Kerney, NE). In ddition, phytse nlysis ws conducted in duplicte to determine complete diet phytse concentrtions t nother commercil lortory (Eurofins Scientific Inc., Des Moines, IA). Negtive Control. c Positive Control. Chemicl Anlysis RESULTS Anlysis of CP nd P of the experimentl diets were similr to those expected from diet formultion; however, C in the finl diets nlyzed greter thn expected. This ws not nticipted since ll ingredients contining C were nlyzed nd those vlues were used in diet formultion. Anlyzed phytse incresed s phytse ddition incresed s nticipted, ut ws greter thn expected cross ll diets (Tle 4). Growth Performnce From d 0 to 7 nd 7 to 21, there were no differences oserved for growth performnce mong pigs fed ny of the dietry tretments (Tle 5). From d 21 to 42, incresing phytse tended to increse (qudrtic, P = 0.078) ADG up to 1,000 FTU/kg nd (liner, P = 0.095) ADFI. In ddition, G:F improved (qudrtic, P = 0.001) when incresing phytse up to 500 FTU/kg, ut then decresed with the ddition of 4,000 FTU/kg. When compring the NC diet with 500 FTU/kg phytse nd the PC diet formulted to hve the sme P, pigs fed the PC diet hd incresed (P < 0.05) ADG nd ADFI; however, pigs fed the NC with 500 FTU/kg of phytse hd improved (P = 0.047) G:F. Among pigs fed the two positive control diets, including phytse t 2,000 FTU improved (P = 0.047) G:F. Pigs fed the PC hd incresed (P = 0.038) ADG nd (P = 0.049) ADFI compred to those fed the NC. From d 0 to 42, pigs fed incresing phytse tended to hve incresed (qudrtic, P = 0.064) ADG up to 1,000 FTU/kg resulting in hevier (liner, P = 0.082) ending BW. Incresing phytse improved (qudrtic, P = 0.008) G:F up to 500 FTU/kg, ut then decresed with the inclusion of

6 Effect of high doses of Ntuphos E 5,000 G phytse 575 Tle 5. Effect of high doses of Ntuphos E 5,000 G on nursery pig growth performnce nd one sh vlues Item Negtive Control Positive Control c Negtive Control ,000 2,000 3,000 4, ,000 SEM Liner Qudrtic P < NC vs. PC NC vs. PC d BW, kg d d d 0 to 7 ADG, g ADFI, g G:F, g/kg d 7 to 21 ADG, g ADFI, g G:F, g/kg d 21 to 42 ADG, g ADFI, g G:F, g/kg d 0 to 42 ADG, g ADFI, g G:F, g/kg Bone sh, g e Bone sh, % A totl of 360 rrows (DNA , initilly 5.9 ± 0.1 kg) were used in 42 d growth study with five pigs per pen nd nine pens per tretment (Ntuphos E 5,000 G, BASF Corportion, Florhm Prk, NJ). Negtive control diets were formulted with 0.40, 0.30, or 0.25% P from inorgnic P for Phses 1, 2, nd 3, respectively. Phytse ws dded t 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000 FTU/kg to the negtive control diet to chieve finl experimentl diets. c Positive control diets were formulted with 0.55, 0.45, or 0.40% P from inorgnic P for Phses 1, 2, nd 3, respectively. Phytse ws dded t either 0 or 2,000 FTU/kg to the positive control diet to chieve finl experimentl diets. d NC diets were formulted to e the PC minus 0.15% P nd 0.14% C relesed y 500 FTU/kg Ntuphos E suggested y the mnufcturer. The NC FTU nd PC tretments were compred to confirm the estimted relese vlue. e One pig per pen ws euthnized nd fiuls were used to determine one sh weight nd percentge one sh. PC vs. PC + 2,000 4,000 FTU/kg. Pigs fed the NC diet with 500 FTU/ kg phytse nd PC diets were formulted to e equivlent in ville C nd P. When compring these diets, pigs fed the positive control diet hd incresed (P = 0.007) ADFI; however, pigs fed the NC with 500 FTU/kg phytse diet hd improved (P = 0.032) G:F. Adding 2,000 FTU/kg phytse to the positive control diet did not influence ADG or ADFI, ut tended to improve (P = 0.060) G:F. Pigs fed the NC hd poorer (P 0.030) ADG nd ADFI compred to the PC diet, ut no difference in G:F ws oserved. Pigs fed incresing phytse concentrtions up to 2,000 FTU/kg hd incresed (qudrtic, P < 0.001) one sh weights, with decrese oserved in pigs fed 4,000 FTU/kg phytse. In ddition, percentge one sh vlues incresed (liner, P < 0.001) s phytse incresed. There ws tendency for pigs fed the PC diet to hve greter (P = 0.099) percentge one sh compred to the NC diet contining 500 FTU/kg of phytse. Pigs fed the PC diet with phytse hd incresed (P = 0.001) percentge one sh compred to pigs were fed the PC diet without phytse. Finlly, pigs fed the PC diet hd greter (P = 0.010) one sh weight nd percentge compred to pigs fed the NC diet. DISCUSSION Commercilly produced microilly derived phytse is one of the most significnt enzyme discoveries used in swine diets (Cromwell, 2009). Since the erly 1990 s, it hs een used to efficiently mke P, tht is ound in the form of phytte, ville to monogstrics. Mny commercil phytses re ville for use in swine diets; however, phytse enzymes differ sed on the origin, specificity nd configurtion (Rodehutscord nd Rosenfelder, 2016). Thus, ech product should hve its own unique ville

7 576 Gourley et l. P relese curve to e used in formultion. Mny products hve lredy undergone studies to determine specific phytse relese curves (Kornegy nd Qin, 1996; Kerr et l., 2010; Jones et l., 2010). Recently, Gourley et l. (2017) determined the ville P relese curve for Ntuphos E 5,000 G. When using concentrtions etween 150 nd 1,000 FTU/ kg nd utilizing percentge one sh s the response criteri, P relese for up to 1,000 FTU/kg of Ntuphos E 5,000 ws predicted y the eqution: P relese = FTU/kg phytse. Bsed on the liner response to incresing Ntuphos E up to 1,000 FTU/kg (Gourley et l., 2017), the current study imed to evlute growth performnce nd one sh when dding phytse ove 1,000 FTU. The current study reveled qudrtic increse for growth performnce (ADG nd G:F) up to 1,000 FTU/kg of phytse in the NC, with no further improvement or decrese in performnce when included up to 4,000 FTU/ kg phytse. Few studies re ville on the effects of Ntuphos E, nd to our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrte high concentrtion relese vlues of Ntuphos E. Kornegy nd Qin (1996) oserved tht with n older genertion of Ntuphos, rekpoints for growth performnce were etween 750 nd 1,050 FTU/kg. The totl P levels in the current experiment NC diets were slightly elow the NRC (2012) requirement estimte for ech nursery phse. In recent study Vier et l. (2016) formulted diets from 80 to 160% of the NRC (2012) STTD P requirement estimte nd determined tht growth ws liner up to 160% for 15 to 25 kg pig, which would suggest tht pigs were still elow the P requirement needed to mximize growth performnce. The qudrtic response to phytse in the current study could e explined in prt y relesing mximum P t 1,000 FTU/kg to optimize growth performnce, with no dditionl enefit in growth performnce when more phytteound P ws relesed. The current study showed liner increse in one sh weight nd percentge one sh s phytse incresed from 0 to 4,000 FTU/kg. Our study would suggest tht the requirement to improve percentge one sh is greter thn wht is needed to mximize growth performnce in the pig. This is like other studies (Kornegy nd Thoms, 1981; Mhn, 1982) tht oserved the P nd C requirement to mximize one development is greter thn the requirement for growth performnce. However, there ws no indiction tht the mount needed for mximum one development influences structurl soundness. Kies et l. (2006) oserved n improvement in growth performnce nd digestiility of minerls when phytse (Ntuphos) ws included up to 15,000 FTU/kg in P-deficient diets. Similrly, Zeng et l. (2014) lso oserved improved growth performnce, minerl digestiility, nd one sh weight s phytse (Phyzyme XP) incresed up to 20,000 FTU/kg in P-deficient diets. Becuse the P requirement would e met t low ddition of phytse, it is suggested tht the dditionl enefit in performnce is not coming from P, ut rther relese of AA, energy, nd other minerls (Selle nd Rvindrn, 2008). Beers nd Jongloed (1992) were the first to oserve n improvement in growth performnce when phytse ws included in P-sufficient diets, gin suggesting the improvement in growth ws due to incresed digestiility of other nutrients rther thn of P. The current study would disgree with these results, where phytse dded t 2,000 FTU/kg in P-sufficient diet did not provide enefit in ADG or ADFI; however, there ws tendency oserved for n improvement in G:F. A review y Adeol nd Cowieson (2011) suggests tht when phytte is present in the gut, AA, vitmins nd minerls, energy viility, nd sorption re reduced. Phytte:protein complexes cn form due to n electrosttic ttrction etween molecules, which cn reduce the mount of AA ville for sorption. In ddition, intct phytte tht reches the duodenum will seek out divlent ctions, such s C, nd crete insolule precipittes where its sorption is reduced (Cowieson et l., 2009). The reduction of C from these precipittes further reduces the ility for endogenous processes to proceed nd cn negtively impct pig performnce. Therefore, it is thought tht phytse could help to relese nutrients other thn P tht re unville to the pig due to high concentrtions of phytte. Providing high concentrtions of phytse is lso suggested to influence myo-inositol vilility for the pig. The phytse enzyme works to ctlyze the hydrolysis of phytte to inorgnic phosphte (PO 4 ) nd myo-inositol (Humer et l., 2015). Although there is no requirement for myo-inositol, metoliclly it is converted to glucose, nd is structurl component of phosphoinositides, which regulte mylse secretion, insulin relese, smooth muscle contrction, nd liver glycogenolysis (McDowell, 2000). Although feeding P ove the pig s requirement my not improve growth performnce, perhps the dditionl myo-inositol relese could help increse metolic functions within the pig.

8 Effect of high doses of Ntuphos E 5,000 G phytse 577 However, ecuse the pig cn synthesize myo-inositol endogenously, it ecomes difficult to determine whether it is relese from phytte hs eneficiry role (McDowell, 2000). The current study oserved tendency for n extr-phosphoric effect when phytse ws dded to the positive control (formulted to meet the C nd P requirements), with tendency to improve G:F. Further reserch is needed to fully determine if Ntuphos E does induce extr-phosphoric effects nd to confirm the enefit of dditionl myo-inositol relese due to high concentrtions of phytse, nd its impct within the pig. Overll, our study found growth performnce improved s dded dietry phytse incresed up to 1,000 FTU/kg. Becuse pigs fed the NC FTU phytse nd the PC did not hve similr growth performnce or one sh, we cn conclude tht the relese vlue of 500 FTU/kg Ntuphos E used in formultion overestimted the P relese. A tendency for improved G:F ws oserved s phytse ws dded to the positive control diet when P nd C were formulted t commercil industry levels. Lstly, the ddition of phytse continued to increse percentge one sh in the NC nd when dded to the PC, lthough there ws little improvement in growth performnce. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contriution no J from the Knss Agric. Exp. Stn., Mnhttn, KS Apprecition is expressed to BASF Corportion (Florhm Prk, NJ) for prtil finncil support of this experiment. LITERATURE CITED Adeol, O., nd A.J. Cowieson Bord-invited review: opportunities nd chllenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminnt niml production. J. Anim. Sci. 89: doi: /js AOAC Officil Methods of Anlysis AOAC Interntionl. 18th ed. Arlington, VA: Assoc. Off. Anl. Chem. Augspurger, N.R., D.M. Weel, X.G. Lei, nd D.H. Bker Efficcy of n E. coli phytse expressed in yest for relesing phytte-ound phosphorus in young chicks nd pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81: doi:10:2527/ x Beers, S. nd A. Jongloed Effect of supplementry spergillus-niger phytse in diets for piglets on their performnce nd pprent digestiility of phosphorus. Anim. Prod. 55: Cowieson, A.J., M.R. Bedford, P.H. Selle, nd V. Rvindrn Phytte nd microil phytse: implictions for endogenous nitrogen losses nd nutrient vilility. Worlds Poul. Sci. J. 65: doi: / S Cromwell, G.L ASAS centennil pper: lndmrk discoveries in swine nutrition in the pst century. J. Anim. Sci. 87: doi: /js Gonclves, M.A.D., S.S. Dritz, M.D. Tokch, J.M. DeRouchey, J.C. Woodworth, nd R.D. Goodnd Fct sheets - compring phytse sources for pigs nd effects of superdosing phytse on growth performnce of nursery nd finishing pigs. J. Swine Helth Prod. 24: Gourley, K.M., J.C. Woodworth, J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokch, S.S. Dritz nd R.D. Goodnd Determining the ville phosphorous relese of Ntuphos E 5,000 G phytse for nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 95:41. doi: /ssmw Humer, E., C. Schwrz, nd K. Schedle Phytte in pig nd poultry nutrition. J. Anim. Phys. Anim. Nutr. 99: doi: /jpn Jones, C.K., M.D. Tokch, S.S. Dritz, B.W. Rtliff, N.L. Horn, R.D. Goodnd, J.M. DeRouchey, R.C. Sulo, nd J.L. Nelssen Efficcy of different commercil phytse enzymes nd development of n ville phosphorus relese curve for Escherichi coli-derived phytses in nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 88: doi: /js Jongloed, A., N. Lenis, nd Z. Mroz Impct of nutrition on reduction of environmentl pollution y pigs: n overview of recent reserch. Vet. Qurt. 19: Kerr, B.J., T.E. Weer, P.S. Miller, nd L.L. Southern Effect of phytse on pprent totl trct digestiility of phosphorus in corn-soyen mel diets fed to finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 88: doi: /js Kies, A.K., K.H.F. vn Hemert, W.C. Suer Effect of phytse on protein nd mino cid digestiility nd energy utiliztion. Worlds Poul. Sci. J. 57: doi: / WPS ER Kies, A.K., P.A. Kemme, L.B.J. Seek, J.T.M. vn Diepen, nd A.W. Jongloed Effect of grded doses nd high dose of microil phytse on the digestiility of vrious minerls in wener pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84: doi: / x Kornegy, E.T., nd H. Qin Replcement of inorgnic phosphorus y microil phytse for young pigs fed on mize-soyen-mel diet. Br. J. Nutr. 76: doi: /bjn Kornegy, E., nd H. Thoms Phosphorus in swine. II. Influence of dietry clcium nd phosphorus levels nd growth-rte on serum minerls, soundness scores nd one-development in rrows, gilts nd ors J. Anim. Sci. 52: doi: /js x Mhn, D Dietry clcium nd phosphorus levels for wenling swine. J. Anim. Sci. 54: doi: / js x McDowell, L.R Vitmin-like sustnces. In: McDowell L.R., editor. Vitmins in niml nd humn nutrition. 2nd ed. Ames, IA: Iow Stte Univ. Press; p NRC Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th rev. ed. Wshington, DC: Ntl. Acd. Press. NRC Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. Wshington, DC: Ntl. Acd. Press. Nynnor, E.K.D., P. Willims, M.R. Bedford, nd O. Adeol Corn expressing n escherichi coli-derived phytse gene: proof-of-concept nutritionl study in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85: doi: /js Qin, H., E.T. Kornegy, nd D.E. Conner Adverse effect of wide clcium:phosphorus rtios on supplementl phytse efficcy for wenling pigs fed two

9 578 Gourley et l. dietry phosphorus levels. J. Anim. Sci.74: doi: / x Rvindrn, V., G. Rvindrn, nd S. Sivlogn Totl nd phytte phosphorus contents of vrious foods nd feedstuffs of plnt-origin. Food Chem. 50: doi: / (94) Rodehutscord, M., nd P. Rosenfelder Updte on phytte degrdtion pttern in the gstrointestinl trct of pigs nd roiler chickens. In: Wlk C.L., I. Kuhn, H.H. Stein, M.T. Kidd, M. Rodehutscord, editors. Phytte destruction consequences for precision niml nutrition. Wgingen, The Netherlnds: Wgeningen Acd. Pulishers; p Selle, P.H., nd V. Rvindrn Phytte-degrding enzymes in pig nutrition. Livest. Sci. 113: doi: /j. livsci Simons, P., H. Versteegh, A. Jongloed, P. Kemme, P. Slump, nd K. Bos Improvement of phosphorus vilility y microil phytse in roilers nd pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 64: doi: /bjn Vier, C.M., J. C. Woodworth, J.M. DeRouchey, S.S. Dritz, M.D. Tokch, nd R.D. Goodnd Determining the P requirement in reltion to the NRC (2012) P requirement of fifteen to twenty-five kg nursery pigs. (In preprtion). Zeng, Z.K., D. Wng, X.S. Pio, P.F. Li, H.Y. Zhng, C.X. Shi, nd S.K. Yu Effects of dding super dose phytse to the phosphorus-deficient diets of young pigs on growth performnce, one qulity, minerls nd mino cids digestiilities. Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 27: doi: /js