A comparative study of Zn and Fe distribution in two contrasting wheat genotypes

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1 Journl of Applied nd Nturl Science 10 (1): (2018) A comprtive study of Zn nd Fe distriution in two contrsting whet genotypes Bhupendr Mthpl 1*, Prksh Chndr Srivstv 2 nd Shilesh Chndr Shnkhdhr 3 1 School of Agriculture, Lovely Professionl University, Phgwr (Punj), INDIA 2 Deprtment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pnt University of Agriculture nd Technology, Pntngr (Uttrkhnd), INDIA 3 Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, College of Bsic Sciences nd Humnities, G. B. Pnt University of Agriculture nd Technology, Pntngr (Uttrkhnd), INDIA *Corresponding uthor. E-mil: hupendr.20525@lpu.co.in Received: Octoer 23, 2017; Revised received: Decemer 6, 2017; Accepted: Ferury 20, 2018 Astrct: Effect of zinc nd iron interction on their distriution ws exmined in two whet genotypes (UP262 nd UP2628) under folir ppliction of 0, 0.25 nd 0.50% ZnSO 4 solution tgged with 925 KBq of Zn 65 pot -1 for Zn nd 0, 0.5 nd 1.0% FeSO 4 solution tgged with 925 KBq of Fe 59 pot -1 for Fe t 30, 60 nd 90 dys fter plnting. Mximum grin yield of UP2628 (2.7 g pot -1 ) ws recorded t 0.5%ZnSO 4 +0%FeSO 4 while tht of UP262 (2.63 g pot -1 ) ws recorded t 0.5%ZnSO %FeSO 4. The highest strw yield of UP2628 (2.75 g pot -1 ) ws noted t 0.5% ZnSO %FeSO 4 while tht of UP262 (2.91 g pot -1 ) with 0.5%ZnSO %FeSO 4. Appliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% FeSO 4 reduced the ccumultion of 65 Zn in ll prts of oth the vrieties. Regrding the 59 Fe ccumultion, it ws found to e decresed with the incresed ppliction of ZnSO 4 solution from 0.25% nd 0.5% s compred to without ppliction of Zn. On compring trnsloction efficiencies of oth the vrieties, UP2628 showed etter trnsloction thus ccumulted higher zinc nd iron. Therefore, vriety UP2628 cn e used further for crop improvement progrmme. Keywords: Folir ppliction, Fe, Trnsloction, Whet, Zn INTRODUCTION Humns require t lest 49 nutrients to meet their metolic requirements (Prksh et l., 2016). Indequte consumption of even single of these nutrient results in dverse metolic disturnces such s sickness, poor helth, impired development in children, etc. (Welch nd Grhm, 2004). Popultions residing in developing countries consume cerels s primry food components. Poor grin nutritive vlue of cerels is n importnt reson for widespred micronutrient mlnutrition mong popultions eting rice s stple food (Chndel et l., 2010). Besides, the plnt-derived food contins wide vriety of minerls tht my hve eneficil or detrimentl effects on humn helth nd well eing. Of the 17 micronutrients, the deficiencies of iron (Fe) nd zinc (Zn) lone in humn foods ffect lrge proportion of the world s popultion (Shhzd et l., 2014). The key resons for humn minerl mlnutrition re the reltively low content of Fe nd Zn in plnt sed foods in comintion with the undnce of ntinutrient compounds tht severely reduce their iovilility (Ghndilyn et l., 2006). The min soil fctors responsile for cusing micronutrients deficiency in stple food crops re low content ISSN : (Print), (Online) journls.nsfoundtion.org of nutrient itself, soil ph, high content of clcite, high concentrtion of icronte ions nd slts, high level of ville phosphorus nd interction with nother nutrient element (Mthpl et l., 2015). The criticl vlue of Zn to occur its deficiency in soil ws found in the rnge of 0.6 ppm to 2.0 ppm depending upon extrction method (Singh et l., 2005) while for Fe it ws reported 3.4 mg kg -1 (Elgl et l., 2008). Interctions mong micronutrients ffect their uptke, distriution, nd utiliztion in plnts (Imtiz et l., 2003). Mny studies hve exmined these interctive effects, especilly etween Fe nd Zn. These studies showed ntgonism etween Fe nd Zn in soyen (Slimn, 1990). Other studies reported tht Fe reduces Mn concentrtion in Indin mustrd (Hmlin et l., 2008) nd in soyen leves (Izguirre-Myorl et l., 2005), ut increses Mn concentrtion in soyen shoots (Heenn nd Cmpell, 1983). Other studies reported negtive correltion etween Zn nd Cu (Kumr et l., 2009) nd negtive correltion ws reported etween Zn nd Fe in whet (Ai-Qing et l., 2011). As cerels re the mjor food source for humns, therefore n ttempt hs een mde through present investigtion to evlute the trnsloction pttern nd ccumultion of 65 Zn nd 59 Fe in two contrsting This work is licensed under Attriution-Non Commercil 4.0 Interntionl (CC BY-NC 4.0). 2018: Author (s). Pulishing ANSF.

2 Fe conc. in grins ( g g -1 ) Zn conc. in grins ( g g -1 ) Bhupendr Mthpl et l. / J. Appl. & Nt. Sci. 10 (1): (2018) whet genotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A ulk surfce (0-15 cm) soil (Typic Hpludoll) ws collected y squre method from E1 plot of Normn E. Borluge Crop Reserch Center, G. B. Pnt University of Agriculture nd Technology, Pntngr, Indi. The experimentl soil hd sndy lom texture, 7.4 ph nd dsm -1 E.C., 10.5 g orgnic C, 0.47 mg DTPA extrctle Zn kg -1 soil nd 25.3 mg DTPA extrctle Fe kg -1 soil. The seeds of two contrsting genotypes of whet viz. UP262 (Zn inefficient) nd UP2628 (Zn efficient) were otined from the Deprtment of Genetics nd Plnt Breeding of the University. The soil ws ir dried nd crushed with wooden roller nd pssed through sieve hving openings of 2 mm dimeter. The soil ws filled in plstic pots of 4 kg cpcity. A sl dose of nitrogen, phosphorus nd potssium were pplied to ll pots t the rte of 22.3 mg N, 11.6 mg P nd 18.5 mg K kg -1 soil using stock solutions of ure, KH 2 PO 4 nd KCl, respectively. Five seedlings were plnted in ech pot. The folir spry tretments consisted of fctoril comintion of 0, 0.25, 0.5% ZnSO 4 solution tgged with 925 KBq of 65 Zn pot -1 nd 0, 0.5, 1.0% FeSO 4 solution tgged with 925 KBq of 59 Fe pot -1 t 30 (tillering), 60 (pnicle initition) nd 90 (grin filling) dys fter sowing in triplicte. For ech folir spry of Zn nd Fe solution, 10 ml volume ws used per pot. The experimentl design ws three fctoril completely rndomized designs. At mturity ( dys fter sowing), the plnts were hrvested, nd the eril prts of the plnt were prtitioned into leves, stem nd grins. Plnt smples were wshed with tp wter, 0.1N HCl nd susequently with distilled wter to remove the surfce contmintion. Then the smples were dried, nd 1g of ech plnt prt ws digested in di-cid (HNO 3 : HClO 4 in 10:4 v/v) (Pirzdeh et l., 2010) nd finl volume ws mde upto 14 ml with doule distilled wter. Two ml liquot of the digested smple ws used to ssy ctivities of 65 Zn nd 59 Fe on gmm ry spectrometer with NI crystl (model GRS 101P). Activity ws expressed s cpm g -1 dry weight of plnt smple. After recording the ctivities finl volume of this two ml liquot ws mde 10 ml nd concentrtion of Zn nd Fe ws recorded in grins y tomic sorption spectrophotometer (AAS, ECIL, Hyderd Indi). The experiment ws crried out in three fctoril completely rndomized design nd sttisticl nlysis of ll the prmeters ws done y using nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) using SPSS 16 (Bristol, UK). The mens were tested t the P 0.05 level of significnce. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Counts per minute of 65 Zn nd 59 Fe: The counts per Zn,0Fe 0Zn,0.5Fe 0Zn,1Fe 0.25Zn,0Fe 0.25Zn,0.5Fe 0.25Zn,1Fe Tretments 0.5Zn,0Fe 0.5Zn,0.5Fe 0.5Zn,1Fe minute of 65 Zn in leves, stem nd grin of two whet genotypes t mturity re presented in Tle 1. The vrieties were significntly different in the ccumultion of 65 Zn in different plnt prts nd UP2628 ccumulted more 65 Zn (10% more in lef, 26.8% more in the stem nd 35.7% more in grin) s compred to UP262. Similrly, Zn levels lso influenced the ccumultion of 65 Zn significntly, nd it ws found improved in ll the plnt prts with incresing Zn levels. The ppliction of 0.5% Zn sulphte solution incresed the 65 Zn ccumultion y 5.6% in leves, 16.7% in the stem nd 7.4% in grins s compred to 0.25% Zn sulphte solution. The ppliction of incresing levels of ferrous sulphte decresed the ccumultion of 65 Zn in ll the plnt prts except the stem. The ppliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution decresed the ccumultion of 65 Zn in leves y 12.7 nd 14.9%, in grins y 1.7 nd 3.1% respectively, s compred to 0 level of ferrous sulphte solution. In stem somewht UP2628 UP 262 Fig. 1. Effect of folirly pplied zinc nd iron levels on zinc concentrtion (µg g -1 ) in grins of two contrsting whet genotypes e e 0Zn,0Fe 0.25Zn,0Fe c f d d 0.5Zn,0Fe 0Zn,0.5Fe 0.25Zn,0.5Fe c e cd 0.5Zn,0.5Fe 0Zn,1Fe Tretments d 0.25Zn,1Fe 0.5Zn,1Fe UP2628 UP 262 Fig 2. Effect of folirly pplied zinc nd iron levels on iron concentrtion (µg g -1 ) in grins of two contrsting whet genotypes. 449

3 Bhupendr Mthpl et l. / J. Appl. & Nt. Sci. 10 (1): (2018) Tle 1. Effect of different levels of zinc nd iron on distriution of 65 Zn (counts per minute) in different plnt prts of two contrsting whet genotypes. A. Leves UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av Av Av Av S.Em. ± LSD t NS B. Stem UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av Av Av Av S.Em. ± LSD t NS C. Grins UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av Av Av Av S.Em. ± LSD t NS NS NS unexpected results were recorded, where the ppliction of 0.5% ferrous sulphte incresed the 65 Zn ccumultion y 1.4% while further reduction of 6.9% ws found y the ppliction of 1.0% level of ferrous sulphte. The interction effect of vriety Zn Fe influenced the ccumultion of 65 Zn in leves nd stem significntly however no significnt effect ws oserved in the grins. Similrly, folirly pplied solutions of 0.25% nd 0.5% Zn sulphte t 0.5% ferrous sulphte solution incresed the ccumultion of 65 Zn in leves nd grins while slight reduction ws recorded in stem. Folir spry of 0.25% nd 0.5% Zn sulphte solution t 1.0% ferrous sulphte enhnced the ccumultion of 65 Zn in ll the plnt prts of UP2628 ut in UP262 these were found effective in improving the 65 Zn in stem only. Accumultion of 59 Fe in leves, stem nd grin of oth whet vrieties ws significntly ffected y different ferrous sulphte levels (Tle 2). Regrding the vriety, UP2628 ccumulted higher 59 Fe (6.5% in lef, 7.5% in the stem nd 16% in grin) s compred to UP262. The ccumultion of 59 Fe incresed with the increse in Fe concentrtion from 0.5% to 1.0% ferrous sulphte y 5.2 percent in the stem, y 3.9 percent 450 in grins for oth the vrieties except in the leves where the ccumultion ws reduced t 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution s compred to 0.5% ferrous sulphte. However, the min effect of Zn levels ws found to e sttisticlly non-significnt on 59 Fe ccumultion. The interction effect of vriety Zn Fe significntly influenced the 59 Fe ccumultion in stem while the effect ws sttisticlly not significnt in leves nd grins of oth the vrieties. After compring oth the vrieties under ll the levels of Zn nd Fe, it ws depicted tht t 0% level of zinc sulphte, folir spry of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution incresed the ccumultion of 59 Fe in ll the plnt prts except in leves of UP262. Similrly, t 0.25% zinc sulphte solution the folir ppliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution incresed the 59 Fe ccumultion in ll the plnt prts except in leves of UP262. The folir ppliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte t 0.5% zinc sulphte level solution enhnced the ccumultion of 59 Fe in stem nd grins ut reduced in the leves of oth the vrieties. The results clerly indicted tht UP2628 ccumulted higher Zn in ll the plnt prts in comprison to UP262. Therefore, it could e concluded tht vriety

4 Bhupendr Mthpl et l. / J. Appl. & Nt. Sci. 10 (1): (2018) Tle 2. Effect of different levels of zinc nd iron on distriution of 59 Fe (counts per minute) in different plnt prts of two contrsting whet genotypes. A. Leves UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av S.Em. ± LSD t NS 80 NS NS 139 NS B. Stem UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av S.Em. ± LSD t NS C. Grin UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av S.Em. ± LSD t NS 5.2 NS NS 9.1 NS UP2628 showed etter uptke s well s trnsloction efficiency thn UP262. Accumultion of Zn ws found to increse with incresing zinc sulphte levels, ut the incresing ferrous sulphte levels showed n ntgonistic effect in ll the plnt prts except in stem of UP2628 nd UP262. Like in cse of 65 Zn ccumultion, UP2628 ccumulted more 59 Fe in ll the plnt prts s compred to UP262. The ccumultion of Fe ws incresed with incresing levels of ferrous sulphte in ll the plnt prts except tht in leves of UP262. The incresing levels of zinc sulphte reduced the 59 Fe ccumultion in leves, stem nd grins of oth whet vrieties except in the stem of UP262. The reduced ccumultion of 59 Fe in different plnt prts under vrying levels of Zn nd vice vers might e due to the ntgonistic interction etween oth the elements t the uptke site nd long the long distnce trnsport (Allowy, 2008). It ws reported tht ppliction of 8 mg Fe kg -1 soil decresed the uptke of Zn y 31.9% in whet in comprison to its no ppliction (Ghsemi-Fsei nd Ronghi, 2008). Similrly, it ws lso shown y (Ai-Qing et l., 2011) tht n increse in Fe supply from 0 ppm to 5 ppm reduced the Zn content in stem nd leves of whet plnt y fctor of one-fifth to two-fifths while reduction in Fe ccumultion in different plnt prts of whet ws lso recorded with the ppliction of 10 ppm of Zn s compred 451 to 0 ppm. High concentrtion of Fe in soil ws lso found to reduce uptke nd trnsloction of Zn in different crop plnts (Ds, 2014). Likewise, ove mentioned results lso find support of the study done y (Chilin et l., 2015), who reported tht incresing levels of Zn were lso found to reduce ccumultion of Fe in different plnt prts of corn. Grin yield nd strw yield: The min effect of zinc levels nd interction effect of vriety iron on grin yield ws found to e sttisticlly significnt (Tle 3). The folir ppliction of 0.25% nd 0.5% zinc sulphte solution incresed the men grin yield of oth the whet vrieties y 1.7 nd 4.9 percent over no ppliction of zinc sulphte respectively. The ppliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution incresed the grin yield y 0.92 nd 11.5 percent in UP262 while in UP2628, 0.5% level of ferrous sulphte incresed the grin yield y 2.5 percent ut t higher level (1.0%) of ferrous sulphte reduction of 1.7 percent ws oserved s compred to no ppliction of ferrous sulphte. Overll, the mximum (2.70 g pot -1 ) grin yield ws recorded t 0.5%Zn+0%Fe for UP2628 while the minimum (1.86 g pot -1 ) ws lso recorded for UP2628 t 0%Zn+0%Fe. Zinc nd iron significntly ffect the strw yield of oth whet vrieties (tle 4). Folir ppliction of 0.25% nd 0.5% level of zinc sulphte incresed the

5 Bhupendr Mthpl et l. / J. Appl. & Nt. Sci. 10 (1): (2018) Tle 3. Effect of different levels of zinc nd iron on grin yield (g pot -1 ) of two contrsting whet genotypes. UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av S.Em. ± CD t 5% NS 0.12 NS NS NS 0.21 NS Tle 4. Effect of different levels of zinc nd iron on strw yield (g pot -1 ) of two contrsting whet genotypes. UP2628 UP262 Zn х Fe interction Av S.Em. ± CD t 5% NS NS NS NS NS men strw yield of whet vrieties y 4.5 nd 4.9 percent respectively over no ppliction of zinc sulphte. Similrly, the folir ppliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution lso incresed the strw yield y 10.0 nd 19.6 percent s compred to no ppliction of ferrous sulphte solution, respectively. In generl, the highest strw yield ws recorded in UP262 under 0.5%Zn+0.5% Fe levels of zinc nd iron wheres the lowest ws lso recorded in UP262 t 0%Zn+0%Fe level. Sttisticl nlysis reveled the min effect of vriety nd interction effect of vriety zinc iron hd no significnt effect on strw yield of oth the whet vrieties. An increse in zinc nd iron levels incresed the men grin yield of oth the whet vrieties. Regrding strw yield, oth the vrieties responded well under folir ppliction of zinc nd iron ut UP262, zinc inefficient vriety produced more strw yield s compred to UP2628, zinc efficient vriety. A etter response regrding grin yield of whet ws reported when zinc nd iron were pplied in comintion s compred to the individul ppliction of ech (Hi, 2009). Similr results hve een lso reported y (Seilsepour, 2007) nd (El-Mjid et l., 2000). Seilsepour (2007) found tht the men grin yield of whet ws found to e enhnced y comined ppliction of zinc nd iron in comprison to their individul use (317 mg kg -1 iron nd 330 mg kg -1 zinc). Zn nd Fe content in grins: Zinc levels significntly ffect the grin Zn content of oth the vrieties (Fig 1). The men Zn content of oth the vrieties incresed with incresing Zn levels. The folir spry of 0.25% nd 0.5% zinc sulphte solution incresed the men Zn content y 2.7 nd 10.5 percent s compred to 0 level of zinc sulphte. The ppliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution decresed the men Zn content y 5.5 nd 7.9 percent, respectively in comprison 452 to no ppliction of ferrous sulphte. The min effect of Fe, vriety nd the interction effect (vriety Zn Fe) were found sttisticlly non significnt regrding their influence on grin Zn content. Overll, the mximum (44.1 µg g -1 ) Zn content ws recorded t 0% Fe+0.5% Zn in UP2628 wheres the minimum (35.0 µg g -1 ) ws lso recorded in vriety UP2628 t 0% Zn+1.0% Fe. Zinc nd Fe levels significntly ffect the Fe content in grins of oth contrsting whet genotypes (Fig 2). Both the vrieties were significntly different from ech other with respect to Fe content in their grins. The men Fe content of oth the vrieties incresed with incresing Fe levels. The folir ppliction of 0.5% nd 1.0% ferrous sulphte solution incresed the Fe content y 14.7 nd 29.6 % s compred to without ppliction of ferrous sulphte, respectively. The interction effect of vriety Zn Fe influenced Fe content in grins significntly. The folir ppliction of 0.25% nd 0.5% zinc sulphte solutions t 0% ferrous sulphte decresed the Fe content y 0.6% nd 11.6% in UP2628 nd y 9.9% nd 23.8% in UP262, respectively. Similrly, t 0.5% ferrous sulphte, the folir spry of 0.25% nd 0.5% zinc sulphte solution reduced the Fe content in UP2628 y 8.8 nd 23.1% while in UP262 the percent reduction ws 3.3 nd 20.3%, respectively. At 1.0% ferrous sulphte level, reduction of 6.8 nd 19.4% ws recorded in UP2628 y the folir ppliction of 0.25% nd 0.5% zinc sulphte solution respectively, wheres in UP262 the reduction of 0.2 nd 2.5% ws found. Overll, the highest Fe content ws recorded in oth the vrieties t comintion of 0% Zn+1.0% Fe while the minimum ws recorded under the comintion of 0% Zn+0.5% Fe for oth the vrieties. The dt on the Zn content depicted tht grin Zn con-

6 tent of oth the vrieties incresed with incresing (0% to 0.5%) Zn levels nd whtever the reduction in Zn content ws recorded most proly due to incresed (0% to 1.0%) levels of Fe in oth the vrieties. Similrly, incresing Zn levels decresed the Fe content in grins of oth the whet vrieties. Antgonistic interction of Zn nd Fe ws reveled y three mechnisms like competition etween Zn nd Fe with ech other for the ctive site, interference in the process of cheltion during Fe uptke nd trnsloction nd competition etween oth the micronutrient during xylem unloding (Ai-Qing et l., 2011). We found the support of (Ghsemi-Fsei nd Ronghi, 2008), who reveled tht soil ppliction of 8 mg Fe kg -1 soil decresed the men uptke of Zn y 31.9 % in two whet genotypes in comprison to its zero ppliction. It ws lso reported tht high concentrtion of Fe in the medium hmpered vilility nd uptke of Zn (Ds, 2014). A reduction in Fe concentrtion in different plnt prts under incresing regimes of Zn ws lso reported y (Chilin et l., 2015). Conclusion An unmiguous ntgonism etween Zn nd Fe distriution ws oserved in oth contrsting whet genotypes ut UP2628, Zn efficient vriety, exhiited etter uptke nd trnsloction efficiency, thus ccumulted higher Zn nd Fe s compred to UP262. Irrespective of vrietl effect, tretments 0.5% Zn+0% Fe nd 0% Zn+1.0% Fe cn e used for etter vilility of Zn & Fe respectively. More Zn efficient vrieties cn e identified sed on their etter uptke nd trnsloction efficiencies nd cn lso e incorported in crop improvement progrmmes to solve the worldwide prolem of micronutrient deficiency. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We re grteful to ICAR, New Delhi, Indi for providing finncil ssistnce during the period of this study. Authors declre tht they hve no conflict of interest. REFERENCES Bhupendr Mthpl et l. / J. Appl. & Nt. 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