Department of Agronomy, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh), India. 2

Transcription

1 Plant Archives Vol. 14 No. 2, 2014 pp ISSN EFFECT OF VARIOUS LEVELS AND THEIR APPLICATION SEQUENCE OF ZINC ON THE RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM IN TYPIC NATRUSTALF SODIC SOIL OF UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA B. N. Tripathi, Ashwini Singh*, Ankit Gangwar, V. K. Trivedi, D. C. Kala, Tarun Gopal 1, B. K. Yadav 2 and Sanjay Kumar 2 Soil Salinity Scheme, Department of Soil Science & Agri. Chem., C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.), India. 1 Department of Agronomy, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh), India. 2 Chaudhary Charan Singh (P.G.) College, Heonra , Saifai, Etawah (Uttar Pradesh), India. Abstract A field experiment was conducted during kharif to rabi to evaluate the levels and sequence of zinc application on the grain and straw yield, average yield response, corresponding yield response percentage and zinc use efficiency (Oryza saliva L.) of rice and wheat (Triticum aestivimi) crops along with uptake of zinc by both the experimental crops during all six crop seasons and changes taking place in the zinc status in the soil. The levels and sequence of zinc sulphate application considerably increased the aforesaid parameters of each crops over to control. Maximum yield and uptake of Zn rice and wheat crops were recorded of 50kg ZnSO 4 ha 1 application. Amongst sequence of its addition each in kharif and rabi season found most suitable system for both the crops. However for rice wheat cropping system commutative uptake and its build on the soil after termination of the experiment was more pronounced at 75kg ZaSO 4 ha -1 applied through each on kharif and rabi season during six crop rotation in partially reclaimed sodic soil. Key words : Rice-wheat cropping system, zinc levels and sequence of addition, yield, uptake and build up of zinc in sodic soil. Introduction India occupies 329 million hectares of land mass. Area wise she ranks seventh in the world with 17% population and 2.5% world area. Omnibus signs are that by 2050 India will become the most populous nation in the world. In 2020, the population of our country will rise by about 3000 million more people, grain of 30%. This will necessitate rising the food grain production about 256mt comprising 112mt rice, 82mt wheat, 39mt coarse grain and 22mt pulses. Rice-wheat cropping system is most vital as well as the back bone of India s food economy as it contribute more than 75% towards national food grain pool, RWCS system is well documented in partially reclaimed sodic soil. By and lare, there is37 million hectare area exist Uttar Pradesh alone out of 6.73 million hectare land under salt affected condition in India (Tripathi, 2010; and Tripathi & Kumar, 2013). Enhancing the yield potential of rice-wheat crops in such type s soil requires special management o soil, fertilizer nutrients and micronutrients. *Author for correspondence : ahwini 08@gmail.com Salt affected soils have been distinctive characters of containing excessive concentration of either soluble salts or exchangeable sodium or both. These soils pose many limitations to crop growth by way of the toxic effects of sodicity and certain nutrient elements as poor fertility due to restriction on availability of certain micro and macro nutrients. These soils being formed under the influence of high exchangeable sodium salts, which in presence of CaCO 3 imparts the soils high ph, poor physic-chemical condition due to dispersing action of exchangeable-na + affecting soil air and water permeability. Availability of N and Zn to plants are extremely poor (Tripathi & Kumar, 2013 and Tripathi et al., 2012). Although, Egris established the role of zinc implant nutrition in 1926 but data generated from All India Coordinated Research Scheme on its deficiencies are wide spread on coarse texture, calcareous/alkaline and low organic sodic soils. Of India Gangetic alluvial plain of North India. To date act of 48% soil of U.P. tested to deficient in zinc having less than 0.4% soil of U.P. tested to deficient in zinc having less than 0.4 ppm DTPA extractable content. The critical limit

2 1088 B. N. Tripathi et al. of zinc for rice and wheat crops ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 and 0.1 to 0.6 mg kg 1, respectively (Rattan and Sharma et al., 2006). However, with passage of time productivity growth of rice-wheat crops in sodic soil with full complement of NPK treatment fell and become unsuitable (Singh, 2000). To avert possible disaster, there is urgent need for a quantum jump in productivity as expansion cultivable land has become prohibiting. Taking this in view, on investigation was aims at examining the suitable dose and sequence of zinc application with key objective of identifying the most efficient one s for rice-wheat cropping system in partially reclaimed Typic Natrustalf sodic soil of U.P., India. Materials and Methods The present investigation entitled Effect of various levels and their application sequence of zinc on the ricewheat cropping system in partially amended Typic Natrustalf Sodic Soil of Uttar Pradesh, India was planted and conducted during layout to rabi as a fixed layout in sodic soil of crop production farm Bojha, Dalipnagar, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.), India; situated in sub tropical and semi arid zone using high yielding rice cultivar NDR The initial pysico-chemicai and mechanical characteristics of the partially reclaimed experimental soil was sandy 85%, silt 34.0% and clay 17.5%, ph 9.6, E.G dsm -1, exchangeable Na %, CEC c mol (P + ) kg -1 organic carbon 017 gkg -1 soil, bulk density 1.46 Mgm, partial density 2.54 Mgm -3 porosity 37.86%, hydraulic conductivity 0.28 cm hr -1, volume expansion 12.52%. The texture of the soil was clay-loam under Typic Natrustalf toxionomical class having available N, P 2 O 5, K 2 O , 28.75, 215 kg ha -1, respectively DTPA extractable Zn was 0.18 mgkg -1 soil. Zinc was applied in four levels as zinc sulphate (ZnSO 4 7H 2 O) viz. 0, 25, 50 and 75 kgha -1 in four addition sequence of each levels viz. T 1 -control (No zinc sulphate), T 2 only one in first kharif season, T 3 Alternate in kharif season, T 4 Alternate in rabi season and T 5 - Each kharif & rabi season during six crop seasons. 35 days old seedlings of rice NDR-359' was transplanted in second week of July during each year and wheat PBW-343' was sown in 4 th week of November during all experimental years. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replication. N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O were 150, 60 and 40 kgha -1, respectively through urea, DAP and MOP. Each levels of ZnSO 4, phosphorus and potash along with 1/3 dose of urea were added as basal at the time of transplanting/sowing of experimental rice and wheat crops. Remaining doses of urea (N) was applied at tillering and flowering stage of rice and wheat crops during all six crop seasons, in equal quantity. Agronomical cultural practices such as irrigation, weeding and plant protection measures have been performed as per requested. At maturity of each rice and wheat crops grain and straw yield were recorded. The content and uptake of zinc by grain and straw of both crops were determined after analysis for zinc by Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978). The average yield response, zinc use efficiency, corresponding yield response percentage of both rice and wheat crops were calculated after completion of experiment. Commulative uptake of zinc by grain and straw of both crops under the influence of levels and sequence of addition have been evaluated and Zn - Build in the experimental soil as per treatment after termination of the experiment (Rabi ) along with physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics were determined by standard procedures. Results and Discussion Data pertaining to grain and straw yield, average yield responses zinc use efficiency and parentage of corresponding yield responses of rice NDR-359 and wheat PBW-343 are illustrated in tables 1 & Grain and straw yield (i) Response of zinc sulphate level For evaluating the varietal capacity to maximizing yield potential in partially reclaimed sodic soil two genotype NDR-359 and PBW-343 showed wide variation in yield, average yield response, zinc use efficiency and percentage of corresponding yield response under the influence of various levels of zinc sulphate application Grain yield of rice and wheat varied from to qha -1 and to qha 1 with mean values and qha 1, respectively. Straw yield of both the varieties of rice and wheat ranged from to qha and to qha 1 with mean value of and qha 1, relatively. Although, increasing the levels of ZnSO 4 addition markedly increased the grain and straw yield of rice and wheat cultivars during all six crop seasons, but response was more pronounced at the level of 50kgha 1. Grain and straw yield of both cultivars significantly decreased at 75kg ZnSC 4 ha 1 addition. This trend again confirmed the earlier conclusion of Mandal et al. (2009) and Tripathi and Rawat (2002). On the perusal of yield data of rice NDR-359' and wheat PBW-343' in all kharif and rahi seasons average yield response, percentage of corresponding yield response and zinc use efficiency of both genotypes evinced on an average 9.85

3 Effect of Various Levels and their Application Sequence of Zinc on the Rice-Wheat Cropping System 1089 to 15.73, to 72.32% and to 9.68 of rice grain and 8.90 to 13.20, to and to 7.87 of wheat grain, respectively. By and large, under the effect of various levels of zinc sulphate corresponding above factor parameters more pounced by straw of both the crops than that of grain yield but the trends of responses showed similarity. The amplitude of variation an average yield responses and percentage of corresponding yield response of each genotype, was maximum at 50kg ZnSO 4 ha 1 application followed by 75 and 25 kgha 1. Increasing the levels of ZnSO 4 application in both grain and straw of each cultivation showed revrse trends on the percentage of zinc use efficiency. Thus, it can be concluded from the aforesaid results that the magnitude of impact of zinc sulphate levels was stupendous on rice NDR-359 followed by wheat PBW-343. The findings of the results have close conformity with those reported by Sharma et al. (2006) and Tripathi et al. (2012). (ii) Response of application sequence of zinc sulphate It is obvious from the data presented in tables 1 and 2 that grain and straw yield of rice and wheat genotypes individually varied from to 43.33gha 1 and to gha -1 with mean yield and gha 1 and to 32.78gha -1 and to 38.35gha -1 with pooled yield and 27.16gha -1, under the impact of various levels of zinc sulphate addition sequences. Though, in general, yield potential of both rice and wheat varieties significantly increased over that of control, but maximum grain and straw yield of both cultivars have been recorded under the addition of 50kg ZnSO 4 ha -1 each in kharif and rabi during all the six crop seasons followed by alternate in kharif season and each level only one in kharif season for grain and straw of both crops. Application of ZnSO 75kgha -1 through various techniques/sequence could not demonstrate beneficial impact on grain and straw-yield of rice and wheat crops. Ever so, addition of zinc sulphate from each level alternate in rahi season expressively enhanced the grain and straw yield of wheat PBW-343. Thus, evinced on an average incessantly addition of ZnSO 4 on higher 7.51 kgha in partially amended sodic soil through different sequences showed detrimental effect on yield of both crops due to occluded impact on its availability to rice and wheat as succeeding crop during all crop seasons. The emanated results provided direct evidence of appreciable response of zinc sulphate sequence in partially amended sodic soils. Similar results under RWC system in such type of soils have been reported by Singh et al. (2005), Singh and Tripathi (2008) and Kulandaivel et al. (2004). Zinc use efficiency, of grain and straw of rice and wheat genotypes varied from 2.18 to 27.87, 2.64 to and 5.08 to 6.77, 5.85 to 19.13, respectively under the influence of various levels ZnSO 4 addition sequence. Application of ZnSO 4 in all levels only in first kharif season showed maximum use efficiency of zinc followed alternate in kharif season and each in kharif and rabi season during all the years of experimentation. The minimum its use efficiency was observed at addition of ZnSCO 4 alternate in rahi season in all six crop rotation. Zinc use efficiency of rice NDR-359 was higher than wheat PBW-343 by grain and straw in such type of sodic soil (Singh and Tripathi, 2005 and Kumar et al., 2010). The emanated results received from the experiment revealed that average response and percentage of corresponding yield response by grain and straw of rice genotype varied from 3.28 to 17.18, to 78.99% and 3.96 to 21.17, to 77.25%, relatively under the influence of zinc sulphate application sequence. However, the values of aforesaid parameters of wheat PBW-343 by grain and straw both under the impact of ZnSO 4 addition system noticed lower in comparison to rice but on the other hand, application of ZnSO 4 alternate in rabi season gave reverse trend in both average yield and corresponding yield response. These finding has close conformity with those reported by Tripathi and Kumar (2013) and Tripathi et al. (2012). 2. Uptake of zinc (i) Response of ZnSO 4 level It is palpable from the data given in table 3 that cumulative zinc uptake by grain and straw of rice NDR- 359 during all three kharif seasons ranged from to gha -1 and to gha -1 with general mean value to II 2.21 gha -1 and to gha -1, respectively under the impact of various level of ZnSO 4. Increasing the levels of ZnSO 4 significantly enhanced its uptake by both grain & straw rice crop up to the levels of 50 kgha -1. Application of ZnSO 4 at the rate of 75 kgha -1 could not show positive response on the uptake of zinc by grain & straw of rice during experimental seasons and behaved oppositely. These value of results are comparable to those reported earlier by Singh and Tripathi (2008) and Rattan et al. (2008). The amplitude of variation to uptake of ziae by wheat PBW-343 varied from to and to gha -1 with general mean to and to gha -1 by grain and straw, relatively. Maximum uptake of zinc by grain and straw of wheat crops was registered up to 50kg ZnSO 4 ha -1 addition during all experimental

4 1090 B. N. Tripathi et al. Table 1 : Response of level and application sequence on the yield, average yield response, corresponding percentage yield response and zinc use efficiency of rice NDR- 359' in partially reclaimed sodic soil. (Mean value of three years ( to ) Zinc sulphate Grain yield (qha -1 ) Straw yield (qha -1 ) Average yield Corresponding Zinc use application sequence Zinc sulphate level (kgha -1 ) Zinc sulphate level (kgha -1 ) response % yield efficiency % response % Mean Mean Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw T 1 Control (no zinc) T 2 Only one in first Kharif season T 3 Alternate in kharif season T 4 Alternate in rabi season T 5 Each in kharif and rabi season Mean Zinc sulphate levels (kgha -1 ) Zn Zn Zn Zr Mean CD (P = 0.05) 1. Zinc level Application sequence

5 Effect of Various Levels and their Application Sequence of Zinc on the Rice-Wheat Cropping System 1091 Table 2 : Response of level and application sequence on the yield, yield response, corresponding percentage yield response and zinc use efficiency of wheat PBW-343 in partially reclaimed sodic soil. (Mean value of three years ( to ) Zinc sulphate Grain yield (qha -1 ) Straw yield (qha -1 ) Average yield Corresponding Zinc use application sequence Zinc sulphate level (kgha -1 ) Zinc sulphate level (kgha -1 ) response % yield efficiency % response % Mean Mean Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw T 1 Control (no zinc) _ T 2 Only one in first Kharif season T 3 Alternate in kharif season T 4 Alternate in rabi season T 5 Each in kharif and rabi season Mean Zinc sulphate levels (kgha -1 ) Zn Zn _ Zn Zn Mean CD (P = 0.05) 1. Zinc level Application sequence

6 1092 B. N. Tripathi et al. Table 3 : Response of level and application sequence of ZnSO 4 on the uptake by rice and wheat along with build up of zinc in the experimental soil. (Mean value of three years ( to ) Zinc sulphate application Zinc uptake by rice grain (gha -1 ) Zinc uptake by rice straw (gha -1 ) Cumulative Zinc depletion/ sequence/levels uptake of zinc build up in soil (gha -1 ) (mgkg -1 soil) Total Total Control (No zinc) sulphate Only in first kharif season Alternate in kharif season Mternate in rabi season Each in rabi and kharif season Total Zinc sulphate application Zinc uptake by wheat grain (gha -1 ) Zinc uptake by wheat straw (gha -1 ) sequence /levels Total Total Control (No zinc) sulphate Only in first kharif season Alternate in kharif season Mternate in rabi season Each in rabi and kharif season Total Av CD (P = 0.05) GM Zinc level Application sequence

7 Effect of Various Levels and their Application Sequence of Zinc on the Rice-Wheat Cropping System 1093 rotation. Response of ZnSO 4 levels recorded similar trends on both genotypes of rice and wheat. Evaluation of both rice and wheat genotypes and their agronomic traits for adoptability in salt affected soil ecology have been also registered by Singh et al. (2005) and Tripathi et al. (2012). (ii) Response of ZnSO 4 addition sequence Zinc uptake by grain and straw of rice NDR-359 under the effect of ZnSO 4 application system differ from to gha -1 and to gha -1, respectively. Application of ZnSO 4 to all levels each in kharif and rahi season determined maximum its uptake by both grain and straw during all kharif seasons. Lowest uptake of zinc was found in control condition. Although, uptake of zinc by grain and straw of rice under the influence of various addition sequence of ZnSO 4 markedly differed to each other but response as more beneficial when ZnSO 4 was applied each in kharif and rabi season during six crop seasons. Response of ZnSO 4 application through various sequences on its uptake by grain and straw of wheat PBW-343 genotype varied from to gha -1 and to gha -1, relatively. Amongst ZnSO 4 application sequences the values of zinc uptake by both grain and straw of wheat crop significantly differ to each other. On the other hand, the trends of the response on zinc uptake by wheat crop under the impact of various addition sequence showed similar trends of rice. The findings of Rattan et al. (2008) and Singh & Tripathi (2005) also showed significant correlations on the uptake of zinc by rice and wheat crops though its application techniques. 3. Zinc build up/deplction in experimental sodic soil Application of ZnSO 4 in various levels and its addition sequences to rice and wheat succeeding crop during six crop seasons in partially reclaimed Typic Nautrustalf sodic soil assumed pivotal role for enhancing productivity and its uptake by both genotypes. The cumulative uptake of since by rice and wheat varieties differed from 93.3 to gha -1 and to gha -1, respectively. Total uptake of zinc through rice crop ( gha -1 ) was greater than wheat as succeeding crop ( gha -1 during all six crop season due to engulfing more and more zinc received in various levels and sequence of applications (table 3). Incessantly application zinc sulphate in differ rates and various sequences assumed to improve the residual/available zinc in such type of sodic soils. Therefore in last of kharif and rabi season crops the content of zinc increased from to mgkg -1 with average value mgkg -1 and differ this from to mg kg -1 with mean content mg kg -1 respectively. The zinc build up in the experimental soil was recorded mgkg -1 offer termination of experiment in rabi Depletion of zinc in the soil occurred in that plots which did not received zinc sulphate during all six crop seasons. The emended results provided direct evidence of appreciable gain of zinc in partially reclaimed sodic soil. These results are comparable to those obtained by Singh (2000) and Kumar et al. (2010). Conclusion From the foregoing results, it is thus evident that increasing the levels of ZnSO 4 up to 50 kgha -1 significantly enhanced the grain ad straw yield of rice and wheat genotypes in partially amended Typic Natrustalf sodic soil over that of control. The average yield response & percentage of corresponding yield of grain and straw of both kharif and rabi season crops were stupendous at the rate of 50 kg ZnSO 4 ha -1 followed by 25 and 75 kg ha -1. On the perusal of data related to zinc use efficiency of both grain and straw of each cultivars showed reverse trends at 75 kg ZnSO 4 ha -1, might be due to engulfing more and occluded as sodium zinc ate in such type of soils. Amongst various sequence of ZnSO 4 application grain and straw yield of rice was observed maximum in that sequence, which received various level of its in alternate kharif season. However, response of this sequence could not differ to those obtained in addition of ZnSO 4 of ZnSO 4 each in kharif and rabi seasons. Amplitude of yeld variation of wheat crop was differ to that of rice crop under the influence of ZnSO 4 addition sequences. Uptake of zinc by grain and straw of both kharif and rabi crops were recorded highest quantity at the rate of 75 kg ZnSO 4 ha -1 and addition of its in each kharif and rahi season crops during all six cropping patterns. Considering the total ZnSO 4 input to the experimental soil just before cropping and apparent zinc recovery by rice and wheat crops it appears that there will be build up of zinc mgkg -1 soil after the termination of the experiment in such type of sodic soil. References Kulandaivel, S., B. N. Mishra, B. Gangaiah and P. K. Mishra (2004). Effect of levels of zinc and iron and their chelation on yield and soil micro nutrients status in hybrid ricewheat and soil micro nutrients status in hybrid rice-wheat cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 49(2) : Kumar, M., K. Kumar, G. P. Verma and O. P. Verma (2010). Combining ability analysis for yield and yield components traits under saline-alkali soil in rice. Oryza, 47(3) :

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