Choice Feeding of Two Different Broiler Strains Using Diets with Constant Energy Level 1

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (8): , 2008 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Choice Feeding of Two Different Broiler Strins Using Diets with Constnt Energy Level 1 S. Cerrte, C. Coto, Z. Wng, F. Yn, F.G. Cost nd P.W. Wldroup 2 Deprtment of Poultry Science, University of Arknss, Fyetteville AR 72701, USA Astrct: Chicken from two roiler strins known to differ in growth rte nd feed conversion (Growth) nd in high rest met yield (Yield) were grown to 10 dys of ge on common strter diet nd from dys were provided single diets (control) or isoenergetic choices etween 15% nd 24% or 15% nd 32% crude protein (CP) diets. The Growth strin hd greter ody weight nd intke of feed, protein nd energy t ll intervls except for d of ge s well s crcss chrcteristic in weight sis thn did Yield strin. However, the ltter strin hd etter feed, protein nd energy conversion t d of ge nd rest met yield thn did the former strin. Birds fed the isoenergetic diets vrying in protein content hd similr ody weight, feed intke, feed conversion, energy intke, energy conversion nd crcss chrcteristic expressed in reltive term s did irds fed the control diets. Only for the lst period of feeding (42-49 d of ge), the protein consumption nd conversion y irds fed choice of 15 nd 24% CP were higher thn those of irds fed the control diets. The Growth strin hd slightly greter preference for the high protein diet nd consequently higher protein intke compred to Yield strin. It seems tht the selection of protein density ws determined y the growth rte rther thn the rest yield. There ws mrked preference for the low protein diet (15% CP) over the high protein diets (24 nd 32% CP), ut this preference ws reduced when the low protein diet ws offered with the 24% CP diet. The levels of selected protein of irds given the choice diets were higher thn those of control diets except for the period of d of ge nd incresed with ge. These dt indicte tht these choice feeding systems cn detect differences in protein requirement of two strins influenced y the growth rte. Key words: Broilers, choice feeding, dietry self selection, protein intke Introduction Dietry self-selection or choice feeding hs een suggested s mens of estimting nutrient needs of roilers (Hughes, 1984; Mstik nd Cumming, 1987; Rose nd Kyrizkis, 1991). As new strins of irds re developed the question frequently rises s to whether they will hve differing nutrient requirements from tht of previous strins, due to differences in growth rte, ility to convert feed to gin, incresed fethering, greter rest met yield, or other chrcteristics. In previous studies from our lortory (Cerrte et l., 2007,,c) it ppered the driving force in dietry self selection for roilers ws the dietry energy level. Birds would consume diets sed on meeting energy needs even if protein consumption ws not sufficient to sustin dequte growth rtes. Therefore, choice feeding progrms to estimte the protein needs should hve isoenergetic diets vrying in protein content. This technique cn detect differences in protein needs of new roiler strins ccording to the demnd for optimum growth. Thus, hevy strins of fst growth rte hve selected more protein nd less energy density thn did light strins of slow growth rte (Huey et l., 1982; Brody et l., 1984). Likewise, len strins hve chosen more protein content thn did ft strins (Mstik nd Cumming, 1981; Leclercq nd Guy, 1991). It ppers tht the rte of growth of crcss protein determines the selected protein density in roilers. However, other fctors cn ffect the selection of protein content such s the feed texture (Yo et l., 1997), fixed energy level (Cheng, 1991; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993), type of ingredient (Rose nd Michie, 1984), time (Kufmn et l., 1978; Kminsk, 1982; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; Fores nd Shritmdri, 1994; Picrd et l., 1997; Cerrte et l., 2007,,c) nd temperture (Cown nd Michie, 1977; Mstik nd Cumming, 1985, 1987; Hruy et l., 1995). It seems tht irds fed single diets try to decrese the protein density nd energy content during het stress compred to norml condition (Adms et l., 1962; Adms nd Rogler, 1968; Kuen et l., 1972; Dle nd Fuller, 1978). However, in choice feeding studies with non-isocloric diets the protein density hs een incresed s the temperture elevted (Cown nd Michie, 1977; Mstik nd Cumming, 1985, 1987; Hruy et l., 1995). Although irds fed isoenergetic diets cn select from wide, medium, or nrrow rnges of two or four protein contents for mximum growth (Shritmdri nd Fores, 1993; Kminsk, 1982; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993), irds cn efficiently select in term of energy conversion with nrrow rnge of two protein contents (15 vs 24 or 32% crude protein) (Cerrte et l., 2007c). 726

2 The ojective of the present study ws to ttempt to identify differences in nutritionl needs for protein nd evlute performnce of two different roiler strins y choice feeding system with isoenergetic diets vrying in protein content. Mterils nd Methods Strin of irds: This experiment utilized strin of irds generlly selected for growth rte nd feed conversion (Growth) nd strin of irds generlly selected for high rest met yield (Yield). Birds from the two different strins were otined from reeder flocks of two different ges, otined from two different htcheries, trnsported different distnces to the reserch fcility, nd held different times efore eing plced on feed. Therefore, comprison of performnce of the two strins is focused primrily on response to the dietry tretments rther thn differences in the two strins per se. Birds grown on two different choice systems were compred to irds fed commercil feeding schedule 3 sed on reeder recommendtions. Birds of ech strin were llowed to choose etween 1) diet contining 15% CP nd diet contining 24% CP; or 2) diet contining 15% CP nd diet contining 32% CP. Ech tretment ws fed to four pens of 25 irds. A low 2 ird density (2 ft per ird) ws utilized so tht irds could move freely within the pen nd not e impeded in their choice of feeder. Ech pen contined two feeders, one contining ech feed type nd one utomtic wter font, locted pproximtely midwy etween the two feeders. Diet formultion: One series of diets (Norml) ws formulted to provide diets tht met nutrient stndrds for growing roilers suggested y the reeder using corn nd soyen mel s intct sources of crude protein with supplementl mino cids (Diets 1, 2, 3 nd 4, Tle 1). Other diets were formulted to contin 15% CP (low protein) or 24 nd 32% CP (high protein series) while remining constnt in metolizle energy content. Within ech protein level, rtio of mino cids to dietry protein ws mintined tht hd the sme reltionship s did the NRC (1994) recommendtions for 0-3 week in reltion to 23% CP diet, with the exception tht the lysine level ws djusted to 1.25% per 23% CP. The low nd high protein diets were similr in content of supplementl vitmins, trce minerls, sodium, clcium nd ville phosphorus. Dietry tretments: The comintion of three feeding systems nd two roiler strins resulted in totl of six experimentl tretments. One group of irds of ech strin ws fed the Norml diets in chronologicl order (Diets 1 through 4). The second group of irds of ech strin ws fed the Norml strter diet for the first ten dys nd then given choice etween Diet 5 (15% CP) nd Diet 6 (24% CP). The third group of irds of ech strin ws fed the Norml strter for the first ten dys nd then given choice etween Diet 5 (15% CP) nd Diet 7 (32% CP). Diets were fed s crumles for the first ten dys nd s 3/16 pellets for the reminder of the tril. Although no quntittive studies were done on pellet qulity, visul exmintion of the pellets indicted tht the high protein diets (24 nd 32% CP) hd poor pellet qulity, primrily ecuse of the high dietry ft content; the diet contining 32% CP hd worse pellet qulity thn did the diet contining 24% CP. Mesurements: For the first 10 dys, ll irds were fed the strter diet (Diet 1) in supplementl feeder flts nd in two tue-type feeders. At the end of 10 d, feed nd irds were weighted nd feed chnged s noted ove. For ll the dietry tretments one feed ws plced in feeder ppropritely mrked nd the other feed ws plced in second feeder, lso ppropritely mrked. To void possile is s to side of pen or feeder loction, in two of the pens the A feeder ws on the side of the pen fcing west nd in two of the pens the A feeder ws on the side of the pen fcing est for ech tretment. All irds were weighed t ech feed chnge intervl indicted for the Norml feeding diets (10, 22, 42 nd 49 dys) nd lso t 32 dys of ge. In pens with choice or control feeds, consumption of feed from the two different feeders ws determined. At 49 dys of ge, five mles from ech pen were processed to determine processing yield s descried y Fritts nd Wldroup (2006). The intke of ech diet in the choice feeding setting ws mesured y the consumption of ech diet expressed s percentge of totl intke. Energy nd protein intkes were clculted y multiplying the mount of feed consumed y the respective protein nd energy contents of ech diet. The selected protein content ws clculted y dividing the totl protein intke y the feed intke of ech period. The dt were nlyzed using the Generl Liner Models (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1991) nd the mens were compred y repeted t-tests using the LSMEANS option of SAS. Mortlity dt were trnsformed to the squre root of n+1 prior nlysis; dt re presented s nturl numers. Results The sic premise of this study ws tht irds would selectively choose etween two different diets when offered choice. When irds were offered the sme feed in two different feeders (Norml), they consumed pproximtely equl mounts from either feeder (Tle 2). This indictes tht there ws no innte selectivity s to which feeder tht the irds might choose from. Therefore, when offered the choice of two different feeds 727

3 Tle 1: Composition (g/kg) nd clculted nutrient content of test diets 0-10 d d d d 15% CP 24% CP 32% CP Ingredients Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Diet 5 Diet 6 Diet 7 Yellow corn Soyen mel Pro-Pk Poultry oil Ground limestone Diclcium phosphte MHA L-Lysine Hcl L-Threonine Constnt ingreedients Totl ME kcl/l ME kcl/kg CP % C % Nonphytte P % Met % Lys % Trp % Thr % Arg % TSAA % Dig Lys % Dig Trp % Dig Thr % Dig Met+Cys % Sodium % H.J. Bker nd Bro., 595 Summer Street, Stmford, CT Contins (g /kg) 5.0 sodium chloride; 5.0 vitmin premix (provides per kg of diet: vitmin A 7715 IU; choleclciferol 5511 IU; vitmin E IU; vitmin B mg; rioflvin 6.6 mg;nicin 39 mg; pntothenic cid 10 mg; mendione 1.5 mg; folic cid 0.9 mg; choline 1000 mg; thimin 1.54 mg; pyridoxine 2.76 mg; d-iotin mg; ethoxyquin 125 mg; Se 0.15 mg); 1.0 trce minerl mix (provides per kg of diet: Mn (from MnSO 4!H2O) 100mg; Zn (from ZnSO 4!7H2 O) 100 mg; Fe (from FeSO 4!7H 2 O) 50 mg; Cu (from CuSO 4!5H2 O) 10 mg; I from C(IO 3) 2!H2O), 1 mg); 0.75 Con 60 (Elnco Animl Helth division of Eli Lilly nd Co., Indinpolis, IN 46825); 0.50 BMD 50 (Alphrm, Inc., Ft. Lee, NJ 07024). Tle 2: Reltive intke of different feeding systems y two different strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml diet 15 vs 24 CP 15vs 32 CP Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Period (Dys) A B A B Period (dys) P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM < < < < < Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). 728

4 Tle 3: Effect of different feeding systems on ody weight of two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x Strin < < < Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). it would further suggest tht ny devition from equl The feed intke y irds of the Growth strin ws mounts of feed consumed would e due to some significntly greter thn tht of irds of the Yield strin desire of the ird to meet its nutritionl needs. t ll periods except from d of ge (Tle 4). When offered the choice etween diets with 15 nd 24% However, there ws no significnt effect of dietry CP, oth the Growth strin nd the Yield strin tretment on feed intke, nor ws there ny significnt consumed more feed from the feeder with 15% CP thn interction etween strin of ird nd dietry tretment from the feeder with 24% CP; however this ws on feed intke. This indictes tht with diets clculted significntly different only with the Growth strin nd only to e isocloric tht irds were le to selectively during the period of d. When offered the choice choose their desired protein level without etween diets with 15 nd 32% CP, however, there ws overconsumption of the overll diet. greter degree of difference in choice etween the two There were no significnt differences in feed conversion feeders. Both the Growth strin nd the Yield strin (grms feed per grm gin) due to dietry tretment consumed significntly greter mount of feed from (Tle 5). This indictes tht irds offered their choice the feeder with 15% CP thn from the feeder with 32% etween diets with widely different levels of crude protein CP over ll ge periods. These dt indicte tht were le to selectively consume the proper lnce of the irds in fct selectively chose from the two different diets to llow the irds to meet their needs for nutrients feeds when offered choice. without overconsumption of energy or protein. Strin The effects of the different feeding systems on ody differences in feed conversion were noted during the weight of two strins of mle roilers re shown in Tle periods of dys nd dys; however, these 3. The Growth strin hd significntly greter ody were not consistent s the Growth strin hd lower feed weight thn did the Yield strin t ll ge periods except conversion during the period of dys while the for d of ge. Body weight gins t ll intervls fter Yield strin hd lower feed conversion during the period ten dys of ge were not significntly influenced y the of dys. There were no significnt differences dietry tretment or y n interction etween dietry etween strins for cumultive feed conversion to 32, tretment nd strin. This indictes tht the irds of 42, or 49 dys of ge. There were no significnt either strin were le to select etween the diets with tretment y strin interctions for feed conversion. different crude protein levels sufficiently to meet their The effects of different feeding systems nd genetic needs for growth. strins on protein intke is shown in Tle 6. In generl, 729

5 Tle 4: Effect of different feeding systems on feed intke (kg/ird) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). Tle 5: Effect of different feeding systems on feed conversion (feed:gin) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). protein consumption ws similr for ll tretments with choice etween diets with 15 nd 32% eing the exception of the period etween d. During this intermedite in protein consumption. Birds of the Growth time, irds given the choice etween diets with 15 nd strin consumed significntly more crude protein thn 24% CP consumed significntly more crude protein thn did irds of the Yield strin except for the period of those irds given the norml diet, with irds given the d of ge. Cumultive crude protein consumption ws 730

6 Tle 6: Effect of different feeding systems on protein intke (kg/ird) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). lwys significntly greter for irds of the Growth strin. relted to the different dietry tretments. While the However, there were no significnt interctions etween Choice diets with 15 nd 24 or 32% CP were formulted dietry tretment nd genetic strin for crude protein to e isocloric, the Norml series of diets grdully consumption. incresed in energy content s the irds ged. The efficiency of protein utiliztion, expressed s kg Therefore, it suggests tht the primry fctor tht drives protein/kg gin, is shown in Tle 7. With the exception the irds to consume feed is the energy needs of the of the period of d, there were no significnt ird. The Growth strin irds consumed significntly differences relted to either dietry tretment or genetic more energy thn did the Yield strin irds during the strin of irds. During this time, irds fed the norml diet periods of d nd from d. From nd used less protein per kg gin thn did those given the d the Growth strin irds consumed more energy choice of diets with 15 nd 24 or 32% CP. Birds of the thn the Yield strin ut the difference ws not Yield strin used less protein per kg gin thn did irds sttisticlly significnt. However, cumultively over the of the Growth strin. No tretment y strin interctions entire period the Growth strin consumed significntly were oserved t ny time during the study. The effects more energy thn did the Yield strin. There were no of different feeding systems nd genetic strin on the tretment y strin interctions for energy intke. ctul protein level (% of consumed feed) is shown in The effects of the different feeding systems nd genetic Tle 8. The mount of protein consumed y irds fed strin on energy utiliztion (ME kcl/kg gin) is shown in the Norml series ws of course predetermined nd Tle 10. There were no significnt effects of dietry sed on recommendtions of the reeder. It is tretment on energy utiliztion t ny time, lthough interesting tht, fter the period of d, protein during the initil period of d the difference nered consumption y the irds given their choice of diets ws sttisticl significnce (P = 0.058). During tht period, greter thn tht of irds given the Norml series. Agin, irds given the choice etween diets with 15 nd 32% this indictes tht given choice, irds my e le to CP did not consume energy s efficiently s did irds select the protein/mino cid level tht est sustins consuming the Norml diets or the irds given the their productivity. choice etween diets with 15 nd 24% CP. However, t The effects of different feeding systems nd genetic ll other time periods nd cumultively over the study, strin on energy intke is shown in Tle 9. There were there were no sttisticlly significnt differences in no significnt differences in verge ME intke y irds energy utiliztion mong the irds fed the different 731

7 Tle 7: Effect of different feeding systems on protein conversion (kg protein/kg gin) of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (men of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). Tle 8: Effect of different feeding systems on protein level (% of consumed feed) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP Period (dys) Norml Growth Yield Growth Yield d d d d d d d dietry tretments. Significnt strin differences in energy utiliztion were noted during the study ut these were not consistent; the Yield irds were less efficient in energy conversion during the period of d ut more efficient during the period of d. Cumultively during the study, there were no differences etween the two strins in energy utiliztion. There were no strin y tretment interctions for energy utiliztion. Mortlity during the study is shown in Tle 11. There were no significnt differences in mortlity relted to dietry tretment or to genetic strin, with no interctions etween dietry tretment nd genetic strin. The effects of the different feeding progrms nd genetic strin on vrious crcss chrcteristics is shown in Tle 12. The dietry tretment on which the irds were produced resulted in some significnt effects on processing yields nd crcss prts. Although the finl live weight of irds t 49 d did not differ significntly mong the vrious feeding tretments (Tle 3), the irds tht hd een given the choice etween diets with 15 nd 32% CP were numericlly smller thn irds given the Norml diet or the choice etween diets with 15 nd 24% CP; s result, irds selected for processing from this group weighed significntly less nd hd significntly lower crcss weight thn irds from the other dietry tretments. In ddition, irds given the choice of diets with 15 nd 32% CP hd significntly lower dressing percentge, less rest weight nd less wing weight thn did irds fed the Norml diets or choice etween 15 nd 24% CP. When expressed s percentge of the crcss, however, there were no significnt differences in rest yield, wing yield, or leg qurter yield mong the irds fed the vrious dietry tretments. Becuse there were significnt differences in ody weight etween strins t 49 d (Tle 3) there were lso significnt strin differences in the ody weight nd crcss weight of the irds selected for processing 732

8 Tle 9: Effect of different feeding systems on energy intke (ME Kcl/ird) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). Tle 10: Effect of different feeding systems on energy conversion (ME kcl/kg gin) of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (men of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). (Tle 12). Birds of the Yield strin hd higher dressing percentge (P = 0.07) nd lower wing nd leg qurter weight thn did irds of the Growth strin. No significnt difference in rest weight ws oserved etween the two strins, ut the Yield strin hd greter percentge of rest met nd smller percentge of wings thn the Growth strin with no significnt difference in yield of leg qurters. There ws no interction of dietry tretment nd genetic strin for ny processing prmeter. 733

9 Tle 11: Effect of different feeding systems on mortlity (%) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Discussion The higher ody weight of Growth strin in this study is in contrst to tht found in the first tril from this lortory (Cerrte et l., 2007) in which the Yield strin hd superior growth rte. However, it should e gin mentioned tht irds from the two different strins were otined from reeder flocks of two different ges, otined from two different htcheries, trnsported different distnces to the reserch fcility nd held different times efore eing plced on feed. It is importnt to note, however, tht the differences in growth rte were reflected in the choice of diets y the two strins. Birds of the Growth strin were significntly hevier nd hd significntly higher feed intke with concomitntly higher intke of oth energy nd protein. However, the efficiency of utiliztion of oth energy nd protein did not differ significntly etween the two strins. It ppers tht the growth rte ws primry determinnt in the selection of choice diets. Only for the lst period, dys of ge, ws the feed conversion of YIELD strin etter thn tht of Growth strin. It hs een shown tht len strins hd etter feed conversion thn did ft strins (Mstik nd Cumming, 1981; Leclercq nd Guy, 1991). The lck of difference in ody weights nd feed conversion etween irds fed choice diets nd control diets found in this study is in greement with previous oservtions (Engku Azhn nd Fores, 1989; Leclercq nd Guy, 1991; Shritmdri nd Fores, 1993; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; Cerrte et l., 2007c). Further, lthough the high protein series (25 nd 32% CP) hd lower pellet qulity, the irds fed these choice feeding options responded in the sme wy s did the irds fed control diets which hd gret pellet qulity. The similrity of protein intke or conversion etween the choice diets nd control diets except for the lst period (42-49 d) found in this study is in greement with other studies; moreover, some studies hve showed tht irds offered choice feeding hd etter protein conversion thn did irds fed control diets (Leclercq nd Guy, 1991; Shritmdri nd Fores, 1993; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; Cerrte et l., 2007c). However, the degree of difference in protein intke in the cited studies my hve een due to higher crude protein levels in the control diets. The higher protein intke found herein for the lst period (42-49 d) is proly cused ecuse these choice irds tended to increse the selected protein density s they grew older nd t this lst period, the difference ws more pronounced etween irds given the control nd choice diets. It seems tht higher selected protein density y Growth strin thn did Yield strin ws influenced for the higher growth rte insted of the rest yield. Similrly, strins of high growth rte hd selected higher protein content 734

10 Tle 12: Effect of different choice feeding systems compred to norml feeding on processing prmeters of two strins of mle roilers (mens of four pens with five irds per pen ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Prmeter Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Body weight (kg) Crcss weight (kg) Dressing percentge Brest weight (kg) Wing weight (kg) Leg qurter weight (kg) Brest % of crcss Wings % of crcss Leg qurter % of crcss Prmeter Tretment Strin Tretment x Strin Body weight Crcss weight Dressing percentge Brest weight Wing weight < Leg qurter weight Brest % of crcss Wings % of crcss Leg qurter % of crcss Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). thn did strins of low growth rte (Huey et l., 1982; energy/protein rtio (Cheng, 1991); however, when Brody et l., 1984). Moreover, Cerrte et l., (2007) hd the ME ws severely reduced (from found tht the Yield strin which hd higher growth rte kcl/g), the selected protein density ws incresed thn did the Growth strin hd chosen the highest ( % CP) (Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, protein density, in contrst to this study; even though, for 1993). oth studies the Yield strin hd greter rest yield (4) Type of ingredient When more fish mel ws thn did the Growth strins. included in the choice diets, the choice protein The vriility of the selected protein density found in density ws reduced (Rose nd Michie, 1984) this study ( % CP) nd other studies (14.9- (5) Time As the irds ged the selected protein content 22.6% CP) my e due to severl resons: ws decresed or incresed depending of the (1) Genetic Len lines hve selected higher protein environmentl condition (Kufmn et l., 1978; content thn tht of ft lines (Leclercq nd Guy, Kminsk, 1982; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; 1991) nd irds of fst growth rte hve chosen Fores nd Shritmdri, 1994; Picrd et l., 1997; higher protein density thn did irds of slow growth Cerrte et l., 2007,, c) rte (Huey et l., 1982; Brody et l., 1984; Cerrte et (6) Temperture In free choice diets, s the l., 2007). temperture ws elevted the selected protein (2) Feed texture Pellet concentrtes were preferred to contents were incresed (Cown nd Michie, 1977; msh concentrtes nd therefore selecting more Mstik nd Cumming, 1985, 1987; Hruy et l., protein content (Yo et l., 1997) 1995). (3) Fixed energy level When the fixed metolizle However, this reduction of protein density my e energy level (ME) ws reduced (from strongly influenced y the reduction of the selected kcl/g), the selected protein density ws lso energy content s the temperture incresed since decresed ( % CP) keeping constnt these choice diets were not isocloric nd the irds my 735

11 hve selected the high protein diets for the low energy content insted of the high protein density. On the other hnd, in single diets it hs een demonstrted tht incresing protein density did not improve the ody weight s the temperture elevted (Adms et l., 1962; Adms nd Rogler, 1968; Cown nd Michie, 1978; Kuen et l., 1972). Moreover, it seems tht the dietry protein tended to e reduced t het stress compred to norml conditions (Adms nd Rogler, 1968; Kuen et l., 1972). Furthermore, it ppers tht irds under het stress select lower energy content compred to thermoneutrl condition. Thus it hs een shown tht choice-fed irds given isocloric diets in term of ME hd selected lower ft diet in hot environment thn did irds in cool environment (56 vs 65%) nd consequently the energy content ws reduced in term of net energy t het stress (Dle nd Fuller, 1978). In single diets incresing the energy content improved the ody weight in oth norml nd het stress conditions; this effect ws less mrked during het stress compred to thermoneutrl condition (Adms et l., 1962; Adms nd Rogler, 1968). In the present study, it ppers tht the choice of protein diets ws prtilly ffected y the feed texture. The low protein diet (15% CP) ws more ttrctive to the irds ecuse this diet hd very good pellet qulity compred to the high protein diets (24 nd 32% CP) which hd poor pellet qulity especilly for the 32% CP diet. Thus the lower selected protein content of the choice tht included 32% CP diet compred to tht of choice tht included 24% CP diet my e ccounted for in prt y the physicl form. Besides the physicl forms, this preference my e explined y the differences of net energy etween the three protein diets; the diet with 15% CP proly hd lower het increment nd in turn more net energy compred to the diets with 24 nd 32% CP. This difference would hve een more mrked etween the choice of 15 nd 32% CP diets. The similrity of energy conversion shown in the control diets nd choice feeding in this study ws lso oserved y Steinruck nd Kirchgessner (1993) who supplied the sme energy levels for ll the choice diets. As the irds grew older, the selected protein density tended to increse in this study, s compred to the typicl decrese in dietry protein level used in the poultry industry. Other studies hve found similr results (Cerrte et l., 2007, ). In contrst, in other reports of choice feeding the selected protein level tended to decrese s the irds ged (Kufmn et l., 1878; Kminsk, 1982; Picrd et l., 1997; Cerrte et l., 2007c). It is likely tht the tendency of this selected protein my e ccounted for the temperture condition under which the study ws conducted. For exmple, in previous reserch of similr tretments done in this lortory (15 vs 24 or 32% CP diets) conducted during the summer (Cerrte et l., 2007c), the irds hd selected lower protein content thn tht of the present study crried out during the winter ( 17.4 vs 18.7% CP). Further, in isocloric choice feeding diets it hs een demonstrted tht irds under het stress reject the high protein feed (Cheng, 1991). The results of the present study demonstrted the ility of two distinctly different strins of irds to selectively consume diets to provide for their nutrient needs when offered choices in diet selection. The choice feeding method using diets of constnt energy levels with vrying protein content ppers suitle to determine the protein needs of different genetic strins. References Adms, R.L. nd J.C. Rogler, The effects of environmentl temperture on the protein requirements nd response to energy in slow nd fst growing chicks. Poult. Sci., 47: Adms, R.L., F.N. Andrews, E.E. Grdiner, W.E. Fontine nd C.W. Crrick, The effects of environmentl temperture on the growth nd nutritionl requirements of the chicks. Poult. Sci., 41: Adms, R.L., F.N. Andrews, J.C. Rogler nd C.W. Crrick, The sulfur mino cid requirement of the chick from 4-8 weeks of ge s ffected y temperture. Poult. Sci., 41: Brody, T.B., J.A. Cherry nd P.B. Siegel, Responses to dietry selection nd clories in liquid form y weight selected lines of chickens. Poult. Sci., 63: Cerrte, S., Z. Wng, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, Choice feeding s mens of identifying differences in nutritionl needs of roiler strins differing in performnce chrcteristics. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: Cerrte, S., Z. Wng, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, Choice feeding s mens of identifying differences in nutritionl needs with two methods of mino cid formultions. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: Cerrte, S., Z. Wng, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, 2007c. Evlution of protein choice feeding progrms when diets hve constnt energy level. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: Cheng, T.K., Self-selection of diets vrying in protein content y roilers under het-stress. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesot, St. Pul, MN. Cown, P.J. nd W. Michie, Environmentl temperture nd choice feeding of the roiler. Br. J. Nutr., 40: Cown, P.J. nd W. Michie, Environmentl temperture nd roiler performnce: the use of diets contining incresed mounts of protein. Br. Poult. Sci., 19:

12 Dle, N.M. nd H.L. Fuller, Effect of mient temperture nd dietry ft on feed preference of roilers. Poult. Sci., 57: Engku Azhn, E.A. nd J.M. Fores, Growth, food intke nd energy lnce of lyer nd roiler chickens offered glucose in the drinking wter nd the effect of dietry protein content. Br. Poult. Sci., 30: Fritts, C.A. nd P.W. Wldroup, Modified phosphorus progrm for roilers sed on commercil feeding intervls to sustin live performnce nd reduce totl nd wter-solule phosphorus in litter. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15: Fores, J.M. nd F. Shritmdri, Diet selection for protein y poultry. World s Poult. Sci. J., 50: Hruy, M., M.L. Hmre nd C.N. Coon, Free-choice feeding nd three temperture tretments. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 4: Huey, D.F., J.A. Cherry, P.B. Siegel, D.M. Denow nd H.P. Vn Krey, Self-selection of dietry protein nd energy y diverse popultions of chickens. Nutr. Behv., 1: Hughes, B.O., The principles underlying choice feeding ehvior in fowls-with specil reference to production supplements. World s Poult. Sci. J., 40: Kminsk, B., Dietry selection of protein nd energy nd its effect on performnce of roilers. Zootecnic Int., 5: Kufmn, N.W., G. Collier nd R.L. Qui, Selection of n dequte protein-crohydrte rtio y the domestic chick. Physiol. Behv., 20: Kuen, L.F., J.W. Deton, F.N. Reece, J.D. My nd T.H. Vrdmn, The influence of temperture nd sex on the mino cid requirements of the roiler. Poult. Sci., 51: Leclercq, B. nd G. Guy, Further investigtions on protein requirement of geneticlly len nd ft chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 32: Mstik, I.M. nd R.B. Cumming, Performnce of two strins of roiler chickens offered free choice from different ges. Pges: in: Proc. 4 th Austrlsin Poultry nd Stock Feed Convention, Perth, Austrli. Mstik, I.M. nd R.B. Cumming, Effect of nutrition nd environmentl vritions on choice feeding of roilers. Pper 19 in: Recent Advnces in Animl Nutrition in Austrli. University of New Englnd, Armidle, Austrli. Mstik, M. nd R.B. Cumming, Effects of previous experience nd environmentl vritions on the performnce nd pttern of feed intke of choice fed nd complete fed roilers. (D.J. Frrell, ed.) Pges: , in: Recent Advnces in Animl Nutrition in Austrli. NRC, Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9 th Revised ed. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Picrd, M., P.B. Siegel, P.A. Gerert, G. Uzu nd P.E.V. Willims, Five genetic stocks of roilers of different growth rte potentil choose the sme protein/energy lnce. Anim. Choices, 20: Rose, S.P. nd I. Kyrizkis, Diet selection of pigs nd poultry. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 50: Rose, S.P. nd W. Michie, Met nd one nd fish mels in lncer feeds for choice-fed roilers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 11: SAS Institute, SAS User s Guide: Sttistics. Version 6.03 ed. SAS Institute, Inc., Cry, NC. Shritmdri, F. nd J.M. Fores, Growth nd food intke responses to diets of different protein contents nd choice etween diets contining two concentrtions of protein in roilers nd lyer strins of chicken. Br. Poult. Sci., 34: Steinruck, U. nd M. Kirchgessner, Comprison of feeding systems with different dietry protein nd energy levels during long fttening of mle nd femle roilers. Arch. Geflugelk, 57: Yo, T., P.B. Siegel, H. Guerin nd M. Picrd, Selfselection of dietry protein nd energy y roilers grown under tropicl climte: effect of feed prticle size on the feed choice. Poult. Sci., 76: Pulished with pprovl of the Director, Arknss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Fyetteville AR Mention of trde nme, proprietry product, or specific equipment does not constitute gurntee or wrrnty y the University of Arknss nd does not imply its pprovl to the exclusion of other products tht my e suitle. This reserch ws supported y grnt from Co-Vntress Inc., Silom Springs AR. 2 To whom correspondence should e ddressed. Wldroup@urk.edu, 3 Co-Vntress, Inc. Silom Springs AR. 737

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