Choice Feeding of Two Different Broiler Strains Using Diets with Constant Energy Level 1
|
|
- Julie Harmon
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (8): , 2008 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Choice Feeding of Two Different Broiler Strins Using Diets with Constnt Energy Level 1 S. Cerrte, C. Coto, Z. Wng, F. Yn, F.G. Cost nd P.W. Wldroup 2 Deprtment of Poultry Science, University of Arknss, Fyetteville AR 72701, USA Astrct: Chicken from two roiler strins known to differ in growth rte nd feed conversion (Growth) nd in high rest met yield (Yield) were grown to 10 dys of ge on common strter diet nd from dys were provided single diets (control) or isoenergetic choices etween 15% nd 24% or 15% nd 32% crude protein (CP) diets. The Growth strin hd greter ody weight nd intke of feed, protein nd energy t ll intervls except for d of ge s well s crcss chrcteristic in weight sis thn did Yield strin. However, the ltter strin hd etter feed, protein nd energy conversion t d of ge nd rest met yield thn did the former strin. Birds fed the isoenergetic diets vrying in protein content hd similr ody weight, feed intke, feed conversion, energy intke, energy conversion nd crcss chrcteristic expressed in reltive term s did irds fed the control diets. Only for the lst period of feeding (42-49 d of ge), the protein consumption nd conversion y irds fed choice of 15 nd 24% CP were higher thn those of irds fed the control diets. The Growth strin hd slightly greter preference for the high protein diet nd consequently higher protein intke compred to Yield strin. It seems tht the selection of protein density ws determined y the growth rte rther thn the rest yield. There ws mrked preference for the low protein diet (15% CP) over the high protein diets (24 nd 32% CP), ut this preference ws reduced when the low protein diet ws offered with the 24% CP diet. The levels of selected protein of irds given the choice diets were higher thn those of control diets except for the period of d of ge nd incresed with ge. These dt indicte tht these choice feeding systems cn detect differences in protein requirement of two strins influenced y the growth rte. Key words: Broilers, choice feeding, dietry self selection, protein intke Introduction Dietry self-selection or choice feeding hs een suggested s mens of estimting nutrient needs of roilers (Hughes, 1984; Mstik nd Cumming, 1987; Rose nd Kyrizkis, 1991). As new strins of irds re developed the question frequently rises s to whether they will hve differing nutrient requirements from tht of previous strins, due to differences in growth rte, ility to convert feed to gin, incresed fethering, greter rest met yield, or other chrcteristics. In previous studies from our lortory (Cerrte et l., 2007,,c) it ppered the driving force in dietry self selection for roilers ws the dietry energy level. Birds would consume diets sed on meeting energy needs even if protein consumption ws not sufficient to sustin dequte growth rtes. Therefore, choice feeding progrms to estimte the protein needs should hve isoenergetic diets vrying in protein content. This technique cn detect differences in protein needs of new roiler strins ccording to the demnd for optimum growth. Thus, hevy strins of fst growth rte hve selected more protein nd less energy density thn did light strins of slow growth rte (Huey et l., 1982; Brody et l., 1984). Likewise, len strins hve chosen more protein content thn did ft strins (Mstik nd Cumming, 1981; Leclercq nd Guy, 1991). It ppers tht the rte of growth of crcss protein determines the selected protein density in roilers. However, other fctors cn ffect the selection of protein content such s the feed texture (Yo et l., 1997), fixed energy level (Cheng, 1991; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993), type of ingredient (Rose nd Michie, 1984), time (Kufmn et l., 1978; Kminsk, 1982; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; Fores nd Shritmdri, 1994; Picrd et l., 1997; Cerrte et l., 2007,,c) nd temperture (Cown nd Michie, 1977; Mstik nd Cumming, 1985, 1987; Hruy et l., 1995). It seems tht irds fed single diets try to decrese the protein density nd energy content during het stress compred to norml condition (Adms et l., 1962; Adms nd Rogler, 1968; Kuen et l., 1972; Dle nd Fuller, 1978). However, in choice feeding studies with non-isocloric diets the protein density hs een incresed s the temperture elevted (Cown nd Michie, 1977; Mstik nd Cumming, 1985, 1987; Hruy et l., 1995). Although irds fed isoenergetic diets cn select from wide, medium, or nrrow rnges of two or four protein contents for mximum growth (Shritmdri nd Fores, 1993; Kminsk, 1982; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993), irds cn efficiently select in term of energy conversion with nrrow rnge of two protein contents (15 vs 24 or 32% crude protein) (Cerrte et l., 2007c). 726
2 The ojective of the present study ws to ttempt to identify differences in nutritionl needs for protein nd evlute performnce of two different roiler strins y choice feeding system with isoenergetic diets vrying in protein content. Mterils nd Methods Strin of irds: This experiment utilized strin of irds generlly selected for growth rte nd feed conversion (Growth) nd strin of irds generlly selected for high rest met yield (Yield). Birds from the two different strins were otined from reeder flocks of two different ges, otined from two different htcheries, trnsported different distnces to the reserch fcility, nd held different times efore eing plced on feed. Therefore, comprison of performnce of the two strins is focused primrily on response to the dietry tretments rther thn differences in the two strins per se. Birds grown on two different choice systems were compred to irds fed commercil feeding schedule 3 sed on reeder recommendtions. Birds of ech strin were llowed to choose etween 1) diet contining 15% CP nd diet contining 24% CP; or 2) diet contining 15% CP nd diet contining 32% CP. Ech tretment ws fed to four pens of 25 irds. A low 2 ird density (2 ft per ird) ws utilized so tht irds could move freely within the pen nd not e impeded in their choice of feeder. Ech pen contined two feeders, one contining ech feed type nd one utomtic wter font, locted pproximtely midwy etween the two feeders. Diet formultion: One series of diets (Norml) ws formulted to provide diets tht met nutrient stndrds for growing roilers suggested y the reeder using corn nd soyen mel s intct sources of crude protein with supplementl mino cids (Diets 1, 2, 3 nd 4, Tle 1). Other diets were formulted to contin 15% CP (low protein) or 24 nd 32% CP (high protein series) while remining constnt in metolizle energy content. Within ech protein level, rtio of mino cids to dietry protein ws mintined tht hd the sme reltionship s did the NRC (1994) recommendtions for 0-3 week in reltion to 23% CP diet, with the exception tht the lysine level ws djusted to 1.25% per 23% CP. The low nd high protein diets were similr in content of supplementl vitmins, trce minerls, sodium, clcium nd ville phosphorus. Dietry tretments: The comintion of three feeding systems nd two roiler strins resulted in totl of six experimentl tretments. One group of irds of ech strin ws fed the Norml diets in chronologicl order (Diets 1 through 4). The second group of irds of ech strin ws fed the Norml strter diet for the first ten dys nd then given choice etween Diet 5 (15% CP) nd Diet 6 (24% CP). The third group of irds of ech strin ws fed the Norml strter for the first ten dys nd then given choice etween Diet 5 (15% CP) nd Diet 7 (32% CP). Diets were fed s crumles for the first ten dys nd s 3/16 pellets for the reminder of the tril. Although no quntittive studies were done on pellet qulity, visul exmintion of the pellets indicted tht the high protein diets (24 nd 32% CP) hd poor pellet qulity, primrily ecuse of the high dietry ft content; the diet contining 32% CP hd worse pellet qulity thn did the diet contining 24% CP. Mesurements: For the first 10 dys, ll irds were fed the strter diet (Diet 1) in supplementl feeder flts nd in two tue-type feeders. At the end of 10 d, feed nd irds were weighted nd feed chnged s noted ove. For ll the dietry tretments one feed ws plced in feeder ppropritely mrked nd the other feed ws plced in second feeder, lso ppropritely mrked. To void possile is s to side of pen or feeder loction, in two of the pens the A feeder ws on the side of the pen fcing west nd in two of the pens the A feeder ws on the side of the pen fcing est for ech tretment. All irds were weighed t ech feed chnge intervl indicted for the Norml feeding diets (10, 22, 42 nd 49 dys) nd lso t 32 dys of ge. In pens with choice or control feeds, consumption of feed from the two different feeders ws determined. At 49 dys of ge, five mles from ech pen were processed to determine processing yield s descried y Fritts nd Wldroup (2006). The intke of ech diet in the choice feeding setting ws mesured y the consumption of ech diet expressed s percentge of totl intke. Energy nd protein intkes were clculted y multiplying the mount of feed consumed y the respective protein nd energy contents of ech diet. The selected protein content ws clculted y dividing the totl protein intke y the feed intke of ech period. The dt were nlyzed using the Generl Liner Models (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1991) nd the mens were compred y repeted t-tests using the LSMEANS option of SAS. Mortlity dt were trnsformed to the squre root of n+1 prior nlysis; dt re presented s nturl numers. Results The sic premise of this study ws tht irds would selectively choose etween two different diets when offered choice. When irds were offered the sme feed in two different feeders (Norml), they consumed pproximtely equl mounts from either feeder (Tle 2). This indictes tht there ws no innte selectivity s to which feeder tht the irds might choose from. Therefore, when offered the choice of two different feeds 727
3 Tle 1: Composition (g/kg) nd clculted nutrient content of test diets 0-10 d d d d 15% CP 24% CP 32% CP Ingredients Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Diet 5 Diet 6 Diet 7 Yellow corn Soyen mel Pro-Pk Poultry oil Ground limestone Diclcium phosphte MHA L-Lysine Hcl L-Threonine Constnt ingreedients Totl ME kcl/l ME kcl/kg CP % C % Nonphytte P % Met % Lys % Trp % Thr % Arg % TSAA % Dig Lys % Dig Trp % Dig Thr % Dig Met+Cys % Sodium % H.J. Bker nd Bro., 595 Summer Street, Stmford, CT Contins (g /kg) 5.0 sodium chloride; 5.0 vitmin premix (provides per kg of diet: vitmin A 7715 IU; choleclciferol 5511 IU; vitmin E IU; vitmin B mg; rioflvin 6.6 mg;nicin 39 mg; pntothenic cid 10 mg; mendione 1.5 mg; folic cid 0.9 mg; choline 1000 mg; thimin 1.54 mg; pyridoxine 2.76 mg; d-iotin mg; ethoxyquin 125 mg; Se 0.15 mg); 1.0 trce minerl mix (provides per kg of diet: Mn (from MnSO 4!H2O) 100mg; Zn (from ZnSO 4!7H2 O) 100 mg; Fe (from FeSO 4!7H 2 O) 50 mg; Cu (from CuSO 4!5H2 O) 10 mg; I from C(IO 3) 2!H2O), 1 mg); 0.75 Con 60 (Elnco Animl Helth division of Eli Lilly nd Co., Indinpolis, IN 46825); 0.50 BMD 50 (Alphrm, Inc., Ft. Lee, NJ 07024). Tle 2: Reltive intke of different feeding systems y two different strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml diet 15 vs 24 CP 15vs 32 CP Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Period (Dys) A B A B Period (dys) P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM P diff SEM < < < < < Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). 728
4 Tle 3: Effect of different feeding systems on ody weight of two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x Strin < < < Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). it would further suggest tht ny devition from equl The feed intke y irds of the Growth strin ws mounts of feed consumed would e due to some significntly greter thn tht of irds of the Yield strin desire of the ird to meet its nutritionl needs. t ll periods except from d of ge (Tle 4). When offered the choice etween diets with 15 nd 24% However, there ws no significnt effect of dietry CP, oth the Growth strin nd the Yield strin tretment on feed intke, nor ws there ny significnt consumed more feed from the feeder with 15% CP thn interction etween strin of ird nd dietry tretment from the feeder with 24% CP; however this ws on feed intke. This indictes tht with diets clculted significntly different only with the Growth strin nd only to e isocloric tht irds were le to selectively during the period of d. When offered the choice choose their desired protein level without etween diets with 15 nd 32% CP, however, there ws overconsumption of the overll diet. greter degree of difference in choice etween the two There were no significnt differences in feed conversion feeders. Both the Growth strin nd the Yield strin (grms feed per grm gin) due to dietry tretment consumed significntly greter mount of feed from (Tle 5). This indictes tht irds offered their choice the feeder with 15% CP thn from the feeder with 32% etween diets with widely different levels of crude protein CP over ll ge periods. These dt indicte tht were le to selectively consume the proper lnce of the irds in fct selectively chose from the two different diets to llow the irds to meet their needs for nutrients feeds when offered choice. without overconsumption of energy or protein. Strin The effects of the different feeding systems on ody differences in feed conversion were noted during the weight of two strins of mle roilers re shown in Tle periods of dys nd dys; however, these 3. The Growth strin hd significntly greter ody were not consistent s the Growth strin hd lower feed weight thn did the Yield strin t ll ge periods except conversion during the period of dys while the for d of ge. Body weight gins t ll intervls fter Yield strin hd lower feed conversion during the period ten dys of ge were not significntly influenced y the of dys. There were no significnt differences dietry tretment or y n interction etween dietry etween strins for cumultive feed conversion to 32, tretment nd strin. This indictes tht the irds of 42, or 49 dys of ge. There were no significnt either strin were le to select etween the diets with tretment y strin interctions for feed conversion. different crude protein levels sufficiently to meet their The effects of different feeding systems nd genetic needs for growth. strins on protein intke is shown in Tle 6. In generl, 729
5 Tle 4: Effect of different feeding systems on feed intke (kg/ird) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). Tle 5: Effect of different feeding systems on feed conversion (feed:gin) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). protein consumption ws similr for ll tretments with choice etween diets with 15 nd 32% eing the exception of the period etween d. During this intermedite in protein consumption. Birds of the Growth time, irds given the choice etween diets with 15 nd strin consumed significntly more crude protein thn 24% CP consumed significntly more crude protein thn did irds of the Yield strin except for the period of those irds given the norml diet, with irds given the d of ge. Cumultive crude protein consumption ws 730
6 Tle 6: Effect of different feeding systems on protein intke (kg/ird) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). lwys significntly greter for irds of the Growth strin. relted to the different dietry tretments. While the However, there were no significnt interctions etween Choice diets with 15 nd 24 or 32% CP were formulted dietry tretment nd genetic strin for crude protein to e isocloric, the Norml series of diets grdully consumption. incresed in energy content s the irds ged. The efficiency of protein utiliztion, expressed s kg Therefore, it suggests tht the primry fctor tht drives protein/kg gin, is shown in Tle 7. With the exception the irds to consume feed is the energy needs of the of the period of d, there were no significnt ird. The Growth strin irds consumed significntly differences relted to either dietry tretment or genetic more energy thn did the Yield strin irds during the strin of irds. During this time, irds fed the norml diet periods of d nd from d. From nd used less protein per kg gin thn did those given the d the Growth strin irds consumed more energy choice of diets with 15 nd 24 or 32% CP. Birds of the thn the Yield strin ut the difference ws not Yield strin used less protein per kg gin thn did irds sttisticlly significnt. However, cumultively over the of the Growth strin. No tretment y strin interctions entire period the Growth strin consumed significntly were oserved t ny time during the study. The effects more energy thn did the Yield strin. There were no of different feeding systems nd genetic strin on the tretment y strin interctions for energy intke. ctul protein level (% of consumed feed) is shown in The effects of the different feeding systems nd genetic Tle 8. The mount of protein consumed y irds fed strin on energy utiliztion (ME kcl/kg gin) is shown in the Norml series ws of course predetermined nd Tle 10. There were no significnt effects of dietry sed on recommendtions of the reeder. It is tretment on energy utiliztion t ny time, lthough interesting tht, fter the period of d, protein during the initil period of d the difference nered consumption y the irds given their choice of diets ws sttisticl significnce (P = 0.058). During tht period, greter thn tht of irds given the Norml series. Agin, irds given the choice etween diets with 15 nd 32% this indictes tht given choice, irds my e le to CP did not consume energy s efficiently s did irds select the protein/mino cid level tht est sustins consuming the Norml diets or the irds given the their productivity. choice etween diets with 15 nd 24% CP. However, t The effects of different feeding systems nd genetic ll other time periods nd cumultively over the study, strin on energy intke is shown in Tle 9. There were there were no sttisticlly significnt differences in no significnt differences in verge ME intke y irds energy utiliztion mong the irds fed the different 731
7 Tle 7: Effect of different feeding systems on protein conversion (kg protein/kg gin) of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (men of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). Tle 8: Effect of different feeding systems on protein level (% of consumed feed) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP Period (dys) Norml Growth Yield Growth Yield d d d d d d d dietry tretments. Significnt strin differences in energy utiliztion were noted during the study ut these were not consistent; the Yield irds were less efficient in energy conversion during the period of d ut more efficient during the period of d. Cumultively during the study, there were no differences etween the two strins in energy utiliztion. There were no strin y tretment interctions for energy utiliztion. Mortlity during the study is shown in Tle 11. There were no significnt differences in mortlity relted to dietry tretment or to genetic strin, with no interctions etween dietry tretment nd genetic strin. The effects of the different feeding progrms nd genetic strin on vrious crcss chrcteristics is shown in Tle 12. The dietry tretment on which the irds were produced resulted in some significnt effects on processing yields nd crcss prts. Although the finl live weight of irds t 49 d did not differ significntly mong the vrious feeding tretments (Tle 3), the irds tht hd een given the choice etween diets with 15 nd 32% CP were numericlly smller thn irds given the Norml diet or the choice etween diets with 15 nd 24% CP; s result, irds selected for processing from this group weighed significntly less nd hd significntly lower crcss weight thn irds from the other dietry tretments. In ddition, irds given the choice of diets with 15 nd 32% CP hd significntly lower dressing percentge, less rest weight nd less wing weight thn did irds fed the Norml diets or choice etween 15 nd 24% CP. When expressed s percentge of the crcss, however, there were no significnt differences in rest yield, wing yield, or leg qurter yield mong the irds fed the vrious dietry tretments. Becuse there were significnt differences in ody weight etween strins t 49 d (Tle 3) there were lso significnt strin differences in the ody weight nd crcss weight of the irds selected for processing 732
8 Tle 9: Effect of different feeding systems on energy intke (ME Kcl/ird) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). Tle 10: Effect of different feeding systems on energy conversion (ME kcl/kg gin) of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (men of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). (Tle 12). Birds of the Yield strin hd higher dressing percentge (P = 0.07) nd lower wing nd leg qurter weight thn did irds of the Growth strin. No significnt difference in rest weight ws oserved etween the two strins, ut the Yield strin hd greter percentge of rest met nd smller percentge of wings thn the Growth strin with no significnt difference in yield of leg qurters. There ws no interction of dietry tretment nd genetic strin for ny processing prmeter. 733
9 Tle 11: Effect of different feeding systems on mortlity (%) y two strins of mle roilers t different feeding intervls (mens of four pens of 25 irds ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Period (dys) Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Period (dys) Tretment Strin Tret x strin Discussion The higher ody weight of Growth strin in this study is in contrst to tht found in the first tril from this lortory (Cerrte et l., 2007) in which the Yield strin hd superior growth rte. However, it should e gin mentioned tht irds from the two different strins were otined from reeder flocks of two different ges, otined from two different htcheries, trnsported different distnces to the reserch fcility nd held different times efore eing plced on feed. It is importnt to note, however, tht the differences in growth rte were reflected in the choice of diets y the two strins. Birds of the Growth strin were significntly hevier nd hd significntly higher feed intke with concomitntly higher intke of oth energy nd protein. However, the efficiency of utiliztion of oth energy nd protein did not differ significntly etween the two strins. It ppers tht the growth rte ws primry determinnt in the selection of choice diets. Only for the lst period, dys of ge, ws the feed conversion of YIELD strin etter thn tht of Growth strin. It hs een shown tht len strins hd etter feed conversion thn did ft strins (Mstik nd Cumming, 1981; Leclercq nd Guy, 1991). The lck of difference in ody weights nd feed conversion etween irds fed choice diets nd control diets found in this study is in greement with previous oservtions (Engku Azhn nd Fores, 1989; Leclercq nd Guy, 1991; Shritmdri nd Fores, 1993; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; Cerrte et l., 2007c). Further, lthough the high protein series (25 nd 32% CP) hd lower pellet qulity, the irds fed these choice feeding options responded in the sme wy s did the irds fed control diets which hd gret pellet qulity. The similrity of protein intke or conversion etween the choice diets nd control diets except for the lst period (42-49 d) found in this study is in greement with other studies; moreover, some studies hve showed tht irds offered choice feeding hd etter protein conversion thn did irds fed control diets (Leclercq nd Guy, 1991; Shritmdri nd Fores, 1993; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; Cerrte et l., 2007c). However, the degree of difference in protein intke in the cited studies my hve een due to higher crude protein levels in the control diets. The higher protein intke found herein for the lst period (42-49 d) is proly cused ecuse these choice irds tended to increse the selected protein density s they grew older nd t this lst period, the difference ws more pronounced etween irds given the control nd choice diets. It seems tht higher selected protein density y Growth strin thn did Yield strin ws influenced for the higher growth rte insted of the rest yield. Similrly, strins of high growth rte hd selected higher protein content 734
10 Tle 12: Effect of different choice feeding systems compred to norml feeding on processing prmeters of two strins of mle roilers (mens of four pens with five irds per pen ech) Norml 15 vs 24 CP 15 vs 32 CP All systems Prmeter Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield Growth Yield CV Body weight (kg) Crcss weight (kg) Dressing percentge Brest weight (kg) Wing weight (kg) Leg qurter weight (kg) Brest % of crcss Wings % of crcss Leg qurter % of crcss Prmeter Tretment Strin Tretment x Strin Body weight Crcss weight Dressing percentge Brest weight Wing weight < Leg qurter weight Brest % of crcss Wings % of crcss Leg qurter % of crcss Mens within row with common superscripts do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). thn did strins of low growth rte (Huey et l., 1982; energy/protein rtio (Cheng, 1991); however, when Brody et l., 1984). Moreover, Cerrte et l., (2007) hd the ME ws severely reduced (from found tht the Yield strin which hd higher growth rte kcl/g), the selected protein density ws incresed thn did the Growth strin hd chosen the highest ( % CP) (Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, protein density, in contrst to this study; even though, for 1993). oth studies the Yield strin hd greter rest yield (4) Type of ingredient When more fish mel ws thn did the Growth strins. included in the choice diets, the choice protein The vriility of the selected protein density found in density ws reduced (Rose nd Michie, 1984) this study ( % CP) nd other studies (14.9- (5) Time As the irds ged the selected protein content 22.6% CP) my e due to severl resons: ws decresed or incresed depending of the (1) Genetic Len lines hve selected higher protein environmentl condition (Kufmn et l., 1978; content thn tht of ft lines (Leclercq nd Guy, Kminsk, 1982; Steinruck nd Kirchgessner, 1993; 1991) nd irds of fst growth rte hve chosen Fores nd Shritmdri, 1994; Picrd et l., 1997; higher protein density thn did irds of slow growth Cerrte et l., 2007,, c) rte (Huey et l., 1982; Brody et l., 1984; Cerrte et (6) Temperture In free choice diets, s the l., 2007). temperture ws elevted the selected protein (2) Feed texture Pellet concentrtes were preferred to contents were incresed (Cown nd Michie, 1977; msh concentrtes nd therefore selecting more Mstik nd Cumming, 1985, 1987; Hruy et l., protein content (Yo et l., 1997) 1995). (3) Fixed energy level When the fixed metolizle However, this reduction of protein density my e energy level (ME) ws reduced (from strongly influenced y the reduction of the selected kcl/g), the selected protein density ws lso energy content s the temperture incresed since decresed ( % CP) keeping constnt these choice diets were not isocloric nd the irds my 735
11 hve selected the high protein diets for the low energy content insted of the high protein density. On the other hnd, in single diets it hs een demonstrted tht incresing protein density did not improve the ody weight s the temperture elevted (Adms et l., 1962; Adms nd Rogler, 1968; Cown nd Michie, 1978; Kuen et l., 1972). Moreover, it seems tht the dietry protein tended to e reduced t het stress compred to norml conditions (Adms nd Rogler, 1968; Kuen et l., 1972). Furthermore, it ppers tht irds under het stress select lower energy content compred to thermoneutrl condition. Thus it hs een shown tht choice-fed irds given isocloric diets in term of ME hd selected lower ft diet in hot environment thn did irds in cool environment (56 vs 65%) nd consequently the energy content ws reduced in term of net energy t het stress (Dle nd Fuller, 1978). In single diets incresing the energy content improved the ody weight in oth norml nd het stress conditions; this effect ws less mrked during het stress compred to thermoneutrl condition (Adms et l., 1962; Adms nd Rogler, 1968). In the present study, it ppers tht the choice of protein diets ws prtilly ffected y the feed texture. The low protein diet (15% CP) ws more ttrctive to the irds ecuse this diet hd very good pellet qulity compred to the high protein diets (24 nd 32% CP) which hd poor pellet qulity especilly for the 32% CP diet. Thus the lower selected protein content of the choice tht included 32% CP diet compred to tht of choice tht included 24% CP diet my e ccounted for in prt y the physicl form. Besides the physicl forms, this preference my e explined y the differences of net energy etween the three protein diets; the diet with 15% CP proly hd lower het increment nd in turn more net energy compred to the diets with 24 nd 32% CP. This difference would hve een more mrked etween the choice of 15 nd 32% CP diets. The similrity of energy conversion shown in the control diets nd choice feeding in this study ws lso oserved y Steinruck nd Kirchgessner (1993) who supplied the sme energy levels for ll the choice diets. As the irds grew older, the selected protein density tended to increse in this study, s compred to the typicl decrese in dietry protein level used in the poultry industry. Other studies hve found similr results (Cerrte et l., 2007, ). In contrst, in other reports of choice feeding the selected protein level tended to decrese s the irds ged (Kufmn et l., 1878; Kminsk, 1982; Picrd et l., 1997; Cerrte et l., 2007c). It is likely tht the tendency of this selected protein my e ccounted for the temperture condition under which the study ws conducted. For exmple, in previous reserch of similr tretments done in this lortory (15 vs 24 or 32% CP diets) conducted during the summer (Cerrte et l., 2007c), the irds hd selected lower protein content thn tht of the present study crried out during the winter ( 17.4 vs 18.7% CP). Further, in isocloric choice feeding diets it hs een demonstrted tht irds under het stress reject the high protein feed (Cheng, 1991). The results of the present study demonstrted the ility of two distinctly different strins of irds to selectively consume diets to provide for their nutrient needs when offered choices in diet selection. The choice feeding method using diets of constnt energy levels with vrying protein content ppers suitle to determine the protein needs of different genetic strins. References Adms, R.L. nd J.C. Rogler, The effects of environmentl temperture on the protein requirements nd response to energy in slow nd fst growing chicks. Poult. Sci., 47: Adms, R.L., F.N. Andrews, E.E. Grdiner, W.E. Fontine nd C.W. Crrick, The effects of environmentl temperture on the growth nd nutritionl requirements of the chicks. Poult. Sci., 41: Adms, R.L., F.N. Andrews, J.C. Rogler nd C.W. Crrick, The sulfur mino cid requirement of the chick from 4-8 weeks of ge s ffected y temperture. Poult. Sci., 41: Brody, T.B., J.A. Cherry nd P.B. Siegel, Responses to dietry selection nd clories in liquid form y weight selected lines of chickens. Poult. Sci., 63: Cerrte, S., Z. Wng, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, Choice feeding s mens of identifying differences in nutritionl needs of roiler strins differing in performnce chrcteristics. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: Cerrte, S., Z. Wng, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, Choice feeding s mens of identifying differences in nutritionl needs with two methods of mino cid formultions. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: Cerrte, S., Z. Wng, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, 2007c. Evlution of protein choice feeding progrms when diets hve constnt energy level. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: Cheng, T.K., Self-selection of diets vrying in protein content y roilers under het-stress. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesot, St. Pul, MN. Cown, P.J. nd W. Michie, Environmentl temperture nd choice feeding of the roiler. Br. J. Nutr., 40: Cown, P.J. nd W. Michie, Environmentl temperture nd roiler performnce: the use of diets contining incresed mounts of protein. Br. Poult. Sci., 19:
12 Dle, N.M. nd H.L. Fuller, Effect of mient temperture nd dietry ft on feed preference of roilers. Poult. Sci., 57: Engku Azhn, E.A. nd J.M. Fores, Growth, food intke nd energy lnce of lyer nd roiler chickens offered glucose in the drinking wter nd the effect of dietry protein content. Br. Poult. Sci., 30: Fritts, C.A. nd P.W. Wldroup, Modified phosphorus progrm for roilers sed on commercil feeding intervls to sustin live performnce nd reduce totl nd wter-solule phosphorus in litter. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15: Fores, J.M. nd F. Shritmdri, Diet selection for protein y poultry. World s Poult. Sci. J., 50: Hruy, M., M.L. Hmre nd C.N. Coon, Free-choice feeding nd three temperture tretments. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 4: Huey, D.F., J.A. Cherry, P.B. Siegel, D.M. Denow nd H.P. Vn Krey, Self-selection of dietry protein nd energy y diverse popultions of chickens. Nutr. Behv., 1: Hughes, B.O., The principles underlying choice feeding ehvior in fowls-with specil reference to production supplements. World s Poult. Sci. J., 40: Kminsk, B., Dietry selection of protein nd energy nd its effect on performnce of roilers. Zootecnic Int., 5: Kufmn, N.W., G. Collier nd R.L. Qui, Selection of n dequte protein-crohydrte rtio y the domestic chick. Physiol. Behv., 20: Kuen, L.F., J.W. Deton, F.N. Reece, J.D. My nd T.H. Vrdmn, The influence of temperture nd sex on the mino cid requirements of the roiler. Poult. Sci., 51: Leclercq, B. nd G. Guy, Further investigtions on protein requirement of geneticlly len nd ft chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 32: Mstik, I.M. nd R.B. Cumming, Performnce of two strins of roiler chickens offered free choice from different ges. Pges: in: Proc. 4 th Austrlsin Poultry nd Stock Feed Convention, Perth, Austrli. Mstik, I.M. nd R.B. Cumming, Effect of nutrition nd environmentl vritions on choice feeding of roilers. Pper 19 in: Recent Advnces in Animl Nutrition in Austrli. University of New Englnd, Armidle, Austrli. Mstik, M. nd R.B. Cumming, Effects of previous experience nd environmentl vritions on the performnce nd pttern of feed intke of choice fed nd complete fed roilers. (D.J. Frrell, ed.) Pges: , in: Recent Advnces in Animl Nutrition in Austrli. NRC, Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9 th Revised ed. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Picrd, M., P.B. Siegel, P.A. Gerert, G. Uzu nd P.E.V. Willims, Five genetic stocks of roilers of different growth rte potentil choose the sme protein/energy lnce. Anim. Choices, 20: Rose, S.P. nd I. Kyrizkis, Diet selection of pigs nd poultry. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 50: Rose, S.P. nd W. Michie, Met nd one nd fish mels in lncer feeds for choice-fed roilers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 11: SAS Institute, SAS User s Guide: Sttistics. Version 6.03 ed. SAS Institute, Inc., Cry, NC. Shritmdri, F. nd J.M. Fores, Growth nd food intke responses to diets of different protein contents nd choice etween diets contining two concentrtions of protein in roilers nd lyer strins of chicken. Br. Poult. Sci., 34: Steinruck, U. nd M. Kirchgessner, Comprison of feeding systems with different dietry protein nd energy levels during long fttening of mle nd femle roilers. Arch. Geflugelk, 57: Yo, T., P.B. Siegel, H. Guerin nd M. Picrd, Selfselection of dietry protein nd energy y roilers grown under tropicl climte: effect of feed prticle size on the feed choice. Poult. Sci., 76: Pulished with pprovl of the Director, Arknss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Fyetteville AR Mention of trde nme, proprietry product, or specific equipment does not constitute gurntee or wrrnty y the University of Arknss nd does not imply its pprovl to the exclusion of other products tht my e suitle. This reserch ws supported y grnt from Co-Vntress Inc., Silom Springs AR. 2 To whom correspondence should e ddressed. Wldroup@urk.edu, 3 Co-Vntress, Inc. Silom Springs AR. 737
THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS
THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS John F. Ptience nd Doug Gillis SUMMARY
More informationEVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1
Swine Dy 2001 Contents EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1 C. W. Hstd, S. S. Dritz 2, J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokch, nd R. D. Goodbnd Summry Two trils were
More informationEffects of Dietary Protein and Energy on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Betong Chickens (Gallus domesticus) During Growing Period
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (5): 468-472, 2010 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2010 Effects of Dietry Protein nd Energy on Growth Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of
More informationUSE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS
Swine Dy 1996 USE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS B. W. Senne, J. D. Hncock, I. Mvromichlis, S. L. Johnston, P. S. Sorrell, I. H. Kim, nd R. H. Hines Summry Two
More informationEFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS
EFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS Finl report sumitted to Dniso Animl Nutrition E. vn Heugten nd B. Frederik North Crolin Stte University, Deprtment of Animl Siene Summry The urrent
More informationRoughage Type & Level & Grain Processing Interactions with Distiller s s Grains Diets. Matt May High Plains Bio Fuels Co-Product Nutrition Conference
Roughge Type & Level & Grin Processing Interctions with Distiller s s Grins Diets Mtt My High Plins Bio Fuels Co-Product Nutrition Conference Why do we flke grin? Stem-flked corn (SFC) vs. dry-rolled rolled
More informationAmino Acid Density and L-Threonine Responses in Ross Broilers 1,2
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science (): 8-6, 00 ISSN 68-86 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 00 Amino Acid Density nd L-Threonine Responses in Ross Broilers, M.T. Kidd, W.S. Virden, A. Corzo, W.A.
More informationEFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE
Swine Dy 21 EFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokch, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, S. S. Dritz 1, J. C. Woodworth, M. J. Webster, B. W.
More informationReduction in Dietary Nutrient Density Aids in Utilization of High Protein Cottonseed Meal in Broiler Diets 1
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science (4) : 53-58, 2002 sin Network for Scientific Informtion 2002 Reduction in Dietry Nutrient Density ids in Utiliztion of High Protein Cottonseed Mel in roiler Diets
More informationThe effect of encapsulated butyric acid and zinc on performance, gut integrity and meat quality in male broiler chickens 1
The effect of encpsulted utyric cid nd zinc on performnce, gut integrity nd met qulity in mle roiler chickens 1 Astrct This study evluted the impct of encpsulted utyric cid nd zinc (ButiPEARL Z) on performnce
More informationResponse of Commercial Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Varying in Protein and Energy Content in Arid Hot Climate
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 ISSN 682-8356 sin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Response of Commercil Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Vrying in Protein nd Energy Content in
More informationDecreasing Diet Density: Direct Fed Microbials and L-Threonine 1,2
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (): -9, 00 ISSN 68-86 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 00 Decresing Diet Density: Direct Fed Microils nd L-Threonine, 4 4,4 4 6 M.T. Kidd, A. Corzo, W.A.
More informationThe Effects of Dietary Protein and Lysine Levels on Broiler Performance, Carcass Characteristics and N Excretion
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 3 (): 148-15, 004 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion 004 The Effects of Dietry Protein nd Lysine Levels on Broiler Performnce, Crcss Chrcteristics nd N Excretion
More informationOptimisation of diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) broodstock: effect of arachidonic acid on egg & larval quality
Optimistion of diets for Atlntic cod (Gdus morhu) roodstock: effect of rchidonic cid on egg & lrvl qulity Dr Gordon Bell, Ms. An Blnco, Dr Bill Roy, Dr Derek Roertson, Dr Jim Henderson nd Mr Richrd Prickett,
More informationEffect of supplemental fat from dried distillers grains with solubles or corn oil on cow performance, IGF-1, GH, and NEFA concentrations 1
Effect of supplementl ft from dried distillers grins with solules or corn oil on cow performnce, IGF-1, GH, nd NEFA concentrtions 1 Aigil Brtosh 2, Cody Wright 3, Aimee Wertz-Lutz 4, nd George Perry 5
More informationEvaluation of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production as a Feed Ingredient for Broilers 1
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (11): 1001-1007, 006 ISSN 168-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 006 Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers 1 S.
More informationIbrahim, I. Hamid Animal Production Research Center-Khartoum North, Sudan
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 13 (8): 484-488, 2014 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2014 Investigtions into the Addition of Herl Methionine (Phytonin) As Sustitute of Synthetic
More informationDigestible Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of Male Turkeys During the 12 to 18 Week Period
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science (): 8-, 00 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion 00 Digestible Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of Mle Turkeys During the to 8 Week Period D. T. Moore, K. Bker, K. Thompson,
More informationEvaluation of Lysine, Methionine and Threonine Needs of Broilers Three to Six Week of Age under Moderate Temperature Stress
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 1 (1): 16-21, 2002 sin Network for Scientific Informtion 2002 Evlution of Lysine, Methionine nd Threonine Needs of roilers Three to Six Week of ge under Moderte Temperture
More informationEvaluation of Separate and Combined Effects of Choline and Betaine in Diets for Male Broilers
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (7): 44-448, 005 ISSN 68-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 005 Evlution of Seprte nd Comined Effects of Choline nd Betine in Diets for Mle Broilers P.W.
More informationThe Effects of Metabolizable Energy Inclusion Rates on Feed Efficiency in Broilers
The Effects of Metolizle Energy Inclusion Rtes on Feed Efficiency in Broilers Presented y: Molly Cutter, Kevin Ksch, Eric Frzier, Sr Ludington, Michelle Sirum, Linne Olson Astrct: An experiment ws conducted
More informationThe Ever Changing World of Feed Additives in The Poultry Industry
The Ever Chnging World of Feed Additives in The Poultry Industry B. S. Lumpkins nd G.F. Mthis Southern Poultry Reserch Inc. Athens, GA, USA Outline Southern Poultry Reserch Impct of ethnol production of
More informationEvaluation of Sun and Oven-Dried Broiler Offal Meal as Replacement for Fishmeal in Broiler and Layer Rations
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (7): 646-650, 2006 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 Evlution of Sun nd Oven-Dried Broiler Offl Mel s Replcement for Fishmel in Broiler
More informationENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY
ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY VARIATION IN THE DIETARY ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY Shwn Firbirn, John Ptience, Hnk Clssen nd Ruurd Zijlstr SUMMARY Formultion of commercil pig diets requires n incresing degree
More informationConsumer perceptions of meat quality and shelf-life in commercially raised broilers compared to organic free range broilers
Consumer perceptions of met qulity nd shelf-life in commercilly rised roilers compred to orgnic free rnge roilers C.Z. ALVARADO 1 *, E. WENGER 2 nd S. F. O KEEFE 3 1 Texs Tech University, Box 42141 Luock,
More informationMeat and Food Safety. B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikeman, L.C. Hollis, R.A. Phebus, A.N. Ray, T.A. Houser, and J.P. Grobbel
Met nd Food Sfety Needle-Free Injection Enhncement of Beef Strip Loins with Phosphte nd Slt Hs Potentil to Improve Yield, Tenderness, nd Juiciness ut Hrm Texture nd Flvor B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikemn, L.C. Hollis,
More informationPROVEN ANTICOCCIDIAL IN NEW FORMULATION
PROVEN ANTICOCCIDIAL IN NEW FORMULATION Coxidin 100 microgrnulte A coccidiosttic dditive for roilers, chickens rered for lying nd turkeys Contins 100 g of monensin sodium per kg Aville s homogenous grnules
More informationUsing Paclobutrazol to Suppress Inflorescence Height of Potted Phalaenopsis Orchids
Using Pcloutrzol to Suppress Inflorescence Height of Potted Phlenopsis Orchids A REPORT SUBMITTED TO FINE AMERICAS Linsey Newton nd Erik Runkle Deprtment of Horticulture Spring 28 Using Pcloutrzol to Suppress
More informationEffect of Mannanase on Broiler Performance, Ileal and In-vitro Protein Digestibility, Uric Acid and Litter Moisture in Broiler Feeding
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (1): 21-26, 2005 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2005 Effect of Mnnnse on Broiler Performnce, Ilel nd In-vitro Protein Digestiility, Uric Acid nd Litter
More informationReplacing Fish Meal with Soybean Meal and Brewer s Grains with Yeast in Diets for Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus
Replcing Fish Mel with Soyben Mel nd Brewer s Grins with Yest in Diets for Austrlin Red Clw Cryfish, Cherx qudricrintus Lur A. Muzinic*, Kenneth R. Thompson, & Crl D. Webster Introduction Soyben mel (SBM)
More informationThe Effects of Diet Particle Size on Animal Performance
MF-2050 Feed Mnufcturing Feed Mnufcturing Cerel grins re the primry energy source in swine nd poultry diets. Therefore, not only must producers be concerned bout the composition of the grin, but lso how
More informationEvaluation of Rovabio Max in Normal and Reduced-Nutrient Corn-Soybean Meal and Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Diets for Broilers 1
Interntionl Journl of Poultr Science 0 (0): 786-795, 20 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 20 Evlution of Rovio Mx in Norml nd Reduced-Nutrient Corn-Soen Mel nd Distillers Dried Grins
More informationInfluence of $-Adrenergic Agonist (Metaproterenol) and Lysine on Growth, Carcass Quality in Broiler Chickens
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (11): 1082-1086, 2006 ISSN 1682-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 Influence of $-Adrenergic Agonist (Metproterenol) nd Lysine on Growth, Crcss Qulity
More informationEFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE
Swine Dy 22 Contents EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE B. J. Johnson, J. P. Kyser, J. D. Dunn, A. T. Wyln, S. S. Dritz 1, J.
More informationEvaluation of Faba Beans, White Lupins and Peas as Protein Sources in Broiler Diets
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (6): 567-573, 00 ISSN 68-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 00 Evlution of F Bens, White Lupins nd Pes s Protein Sources in Broiler Diets C.L. Nlle, V.
More informationClinical Study Report Synopsis Drug Substance Naloxegol Study Code D3820C00018 Edition Number 1 Date 01 February 2013 EudraCT Number
EudrCT Number 2012-001531-31 A Phse I, Rndomised, Open-lbel, 3-wy Cross-over Study in Helthy Volunteers to Demonstrte the Bioequivlence of the Nloxegol 25 mg Commercil nd Phse III Formultions nd to Assess
More informationEffect of linear and random non-linear programming on environmental pollution caused by broiler production
Journl of Novel Applied Sciences Aville online t www.jnsci.org 24 JNAS Journl-24-3-/43-434 ISSN 2322-549 24 JNAS Effect of liner nd rndom non-liner progrmming on environmentl pollution cused y roiler production
More informationCheck your understanding 3
1 Wht is the difference etween pssive trnsport nd ctive trnsport? Pssive trnsport is the movement of prticles not requiring energy. Movement of prticles in ctive trnsport uses energy. 2 A gs tp in the
More informationShamsuddin M. Mamun, U. Focken, G. Francis and K. Becker University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. September 2004
A GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND METABOLIC RATES OF GENETICALLY IMPROVED AND CONVENTIONAL STRAINS OF NILE TILAPIA, OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS (L.) Shmsuddin M. Mmun, U. Focken, G. Frncis nd K. Becker University of
More informationProducts for weaners Benzoic acid or the combination of lactic acid and formic acid
Products for weners Benzoic cid or the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid Tril report no.: 490 Novemer, 000 Hnne Mrio, Lrs Egelund Olsen, Bent Borg Jensen 1 nd Nuri Miquel 1 The Ntionl Committee for
More informationThe Effects of High-Oil Corn or Typical Corn with or without Supplemental Fat on Diet Digestibility in Finishing Steers
Beef Reserch Report, 2000 Animl Science Reserch Reports 2001 The Effects of High-Oil Corn or Typicl Corn with or without Supplementl Ft on Diet Digestibility in Finishing Steers Crig R. Belknp Iow Stte
More informationMecadox. Improves pig performance in a wide range of health and growing conditions. (Carbadox) Talk With a Phibro Expert:
SWINE (Crbdox) Improves pig performnce in wide rnge of helth nd growing conditions The Advntge Over the yers, medicted feed dditive hs proven to be cost-effective mngement tool for improving pig performnce
More informationEffect of Mannan Oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) Addition With and Without Zinc Oxide on Performance and Immunocompetence of Weanling Pigs
Effect of Mnnn Oligoscchride (Bio-Mos) Addition With nd Without Zinc Oxide on Performnce nd Immunocompetence of Wenling Pigs E. Dvis, C. Mxwell, B. de Rods, nd D. Brown 1 Story in Brief An experiment involving
More informationInvasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report July September 2018
Invsive Pneumococcl Disese Qurterly Report July Septemer Introduction Since 17 Octoer 2008, invsive pneumococcl disese (IPD) hs een notifile to the locl Medicl Officer of Helth under the Helth Act 1956.
More informationOptimizing Metam Sodium Fumigation in Fine-Textured Soils
Optimizing Metm Sodium Fumigtion in Fine-Textured Soils Neil C Gudmestd University Distinguished Professor & Endowed Chir of Potto Pthology Deprtment of Plnt Pthology North Dkot Stte University Erly Dying
More informationAbstract ABSTRACT #69. Abstract. Introduction & Methods. Methods & Results. Results. Results & Conclusions
Effects of dietry β-glucn on Growth Performnce, Dirrhe, nd Gut Permeility of Wening Pigs Experimentlly Infected with Pthogenic E. coli Kwngwook Kim, Amy Ehrlich, Vivin Perng, Jennifer Chse, Helen Ryould,
More informationThe Effects of Decorticated Sunflower Meal as a Substitute for Groundnut Meal in Broiler Diet
The Effects of Decorticted Sunflower Mel s Sustitute for Groundnut Mel in Broiler Diet Mohmed E. Ahmed, Nivin M. Elfki nd Tlh E. As Astrct An experiment involving 160, one dy old unsexed Hurd roiler chicks
More informationThe Effect of Substituting Sugar with Artificial. Sweeteners on the Texture and Palatability of Pancakes
The Effect of Sustituting Sugr with Artificil NUTR 453 Sweeteners on the Texture nd Pltility of Pnckes Jmie Wldron, Rquel Reyes, nd Reecc Legi 1 I. Astrct The effects of replcing sugr with Stevi nd Splend
More informationEffect Of MiCroPlex Chromium Methionine And Vitamin E Supplementation On Growth Performance And Immune Status Of Stressed Beef Calves
Effect Of MiCroPlex Chromium Methionine And Vitmin E Supplementtion On Growth Performnce And Immune Sttus Of Stressed Beef Clves Z BCr - 16 Ojective Evlute MiCroPlex nd vitmin E effects on growth nd immune
More informationIntroduction. Lance Baumgard. Introduction con t. Research Emphasis at AZ. Teaching and Advising. Research Emphasis at ISU 4/29/2010
Introduction Lnce Bumgrd Associte Professor Ntive of southwest Minnesot BS: U of Minnesot MS: U of Minnesot Advisor: Brin Crooker Thesis: Effects of genetic selection for milk yield on somtotropin prmeters
More informationMeseret Girma, Berhan Tamir and Tadelle Dessie 1. Department of Animal Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia 2
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (1): 65-72, 2012 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Effects of Replcing Penut Seed Cke with Brewery Dried Yest on Lying Performnce, Egg
More informationWSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee (509) ext. 265;
FINAL REPORT WTFRC Project # AH-1-5 WSU Project # 13C-355-3 Project title: PI: Orgniztion: Coopertors: of Sunburn in Apples with RAYNOX Lrry Schrder, Horticulturist WSU Tree Fruit Reserch nd Extension
More informationFeeding state and age dependent changes in melaninconcentrating hormone expression in the hypothalamus of broiler chickens
Supplementry Mterils Epub: No 2017_23 Vol. 65, 2018 https://doi.org/10.183/bp.2017_23 Regulr pper Feeding stte nd ge dependent chnges in melninconcentrting hormone expression in the hypothlmus of broiler
More informationNot for Citation or Publication Without Consent of the Author
Not for Cittion or Puliction Without Consent of the Author AN AUTOMATED SEX PHEROMONE TRAP FOR MONITORING ADULT CM AND OFM AND THE INFLUENCE OF TRAP COLOR ON MOTH AND NON-TARGET CAPTURES Brin L. Lehmn
More informationProduction Performance of Broilers Fed with Aloe vera and Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (9): 82-8, 2008 ISSN 82-83 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Production Performnce of Broilers Fed with Aloe ver nd Curcum long (Turmeric) C. Mehl nd
More informationInternational Journal of Poultry Science 5 (8): , 2006 ISSN Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (8): 744-75, 006 ISSN 168-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 006 Effect of Adding Methionine Hydroxy Anlogue s Methionine Source t the Commercil Requirement
More informationEffect of Different Dietary Energy Sources on Induction of Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (12): 1232-1236, 2008 ISSN 1682-8356 sin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Effect of Different Dietry Energy Sources on Induction of Ftty Liver-Hemorrhgic
More informationInfluence of Supplemental Dried Whey on Broiler Performance and Cecal Flora
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (6): 58-54, 006 ISSN 68-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 006 Influence of Supplementl Dried Whey on Broiler Performnce nd Cecl Flor H. Kermnshhi nd H.
More informationEffect of Different Levels of Seaweed in Starter and Finisher Diets in Pellet and Mash Form on Performance and Carcass Quality of Ducks
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (10): 1014-1021, 2009 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Effect of Different Levels of Seweed in Strter nd Finisher Diets in Pellet nd Msh
More informationHow adaptations of substrate utilization regulate body composition
(27) 1 6 & 27 Nture Pulishing Group All rights reserved 37-565/7 $3. www.nture.com/ijo ORIGINAL ARTICLE How dpttions of sustrte utiliztion regulte ody composition KD Hll, HL Bin nd CC Chow Lortory of Biologicl
More informationEstimates of Methionine and Sulfur Amino Acid Requirements for Laying Hens using Different Models
Brzilin Journl of Poultry Science Revist Brsileir de Ciênci Avícol ISSN 1516-635X Jul - Sept 2012/ v.14 / n.3 / 159-232 Estimtes of Methionine nd Sulfur Amino Acid Requirements for Lying Hens using Different
More informationAppendix J Environmental Justice Populations
Appendix J Environmentl Justice s [This pge intentionlly left blnk] Tble of Contents REFERENCES...J-2 Pge LIST OF TABLES Pge Tble J-1: Demogrphic Overview of Bruinsburg Site Project Are... J-3 Tble J-2:
More informationUtilization of Treated Mangrof Leaves Meal in Pullet Diets and its Effect on Subsequent Hens Performance
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (7): 598-606, 2006 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 Utiliztion of Treted Mngrof Leves Mel in Pullet Diets nd its Effect on Susequent Hens
More informationIntroduction. In developing countries, children s weight gain commonly falters in relation to reference data
nd feeding of complementry foods ffects mel-specific food consumption nd mel durtion y helthy, rest fed Bngldeshi children M. Munirul Islm 1, Thmeed Ahmed 1, Jnet M. Peerson 2, M. Aid Hossin Mollh 3, Mkhdum
More informationEffect of Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya Dry Root Powder on Lactation of Albino Rats
Effect of Aqueous Extrct of Cric ppy Dry Root Powder on Lcttion of Alino Rts G. Tosswnchuntr nd S. Aritjt Deprtment of Biology Fculty of Science Ching Mi University Ching Mi 50200 Thilnd Keywords: mmmry
More informationPerformance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Graded Levels of Roxazyme G
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 6 (5): 5-9, 2007 ISSN 1682-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2007 Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Grded
More informationEFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TRYPTOPHAN AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON PINEAL GLAND HORMONE (MELATONIN) AND ITS RELATION TO PERFORMANCE IN LOCAL STRAIN.
Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol (30) (IV): (927-960) EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TRYPTOPHAN AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON PINEAL GLAND HORMONE (MELATONIN) AND ITS RELATION TO PERFORMANCE IN LOCAL STRAIN. 1- EFFECT
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF MILK THISTLE SEED CAKES ON BROILER CHICKENS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
THE INFLUENCE OF MILK THISTLE SEED CAKES ON BROILER CHICKENS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS STASTNIK ONDREJ 1, DETVANOVA LENKA 2, KARASEK FILIP 1, STENCLOVA HANA 1, KALHOTKA LIBOR 2, PAVLATA LEOS 1, MRKVICOVA
More informationInvasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report. July September 2017
Invsive Pneumococcl Disese Qurterly Report July September 2017 Prepred s prt of Ministry of Helth contrct for scientific services by Rebekh Roos Helen Heffernn October 2017 Acknowledgements This report
More informationTHE USE OF SOY PRODUCTS AND OTHER PLANT PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE FEEDS
THE USE OF SOY PRODUCTS AND OTHER PLANT PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE FEEDS by DEAN M. AKIYAMA Americn Soyben Assocition 541 Orchrd Rod, # 11-03 Lit Towers Singpore Aquculture feed production worldwide
More informationVarious dietary levels of protein and energy interaction on growth performance of white plumage japanese quails
Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.7/june-2014/7.pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Vrious dietry levels of protein nd energy interction on grow performnce of white plumge
More informationEffect of 1-Methylcyclopropene on the Physiology and Yield of Cotton. Derrick Oosterhuis Eduardo Kawakami and Dimitra Loka University of Arkansas
Effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene on the Physiology nd Yield of Cotton Derrick Oosterhuis Edurdo Kwkmi nd Dimitr Lok University of Arknss Cotton Crop Gossypium hirsutum Unique out cotton Perennil grown s
More informationNozzi Valentina, Graber Andreas, Mathis Alex, Schmautz Zala, Junge Ranka
Nozzi Vlentin, Grer ndres, Mthis lex, Schmutz Zl, Junge Rnk Interntionl conference quponics reserch mttes Ljuljn, 22-24 Mrch 216 Some nutrients from the quculture effluents re present in insufficient quntities
More informationScholars Research Library
Aville online t www.scholrsreserchlirry.com Scholrs Reserch Lirry Annls of Biologicl Reserch, 2011, 2 (5) :62-66 (http://scholrsreserchlirry.com/rchive.html) ISSN 0976-12 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW The replcement
More informationSingle-Molecule Studies of Unlabelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA
Single-Molecule Studies of Unlbelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA Philipp Nuttll, 1 Kidn Lee, 2 Pietro Ciccrell, 3 Mrco Crminti, 3 Giorgio Ferrri, 3 Ki- Bum Kim, 2 Tim Albrecht 1* 1 Imperil College
More informationEffects of physiological state, mass change and diet on plasma metabolite profiles in the western sandpiper Calidris mauri
The Journl of Experimentl Biology 28, 761-769 Pulished y The Compny of Biologists 25 doi:1.1242/je.1451 761 Effects of physiologicl stte, mss chnge nd diet on plsm metolite profiles in the western sndpiper
More informationProduction Performance of Broilers Fed with Crude Rice Bran Oil*
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (11): 106-105, 006 ISSN 168-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 006 Production Performnce of Broilers Fed wi Crude Rice Brn Oil* B. Ani, M. Moory nd K. Viswnn
More informationAquaculture protein levels
Ž. Aquculture 189 2000 287 292 www.elsevier.nlrlocterqu-online Whole-ody mino cid pttern of F4 humn growth hormone gene-trnsgenic red common crp ž Cyprinus crpio/ fed diets with different protein levels
More informationINFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS AND WAYS OF INOCULATION ON THE RABBIT S RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
Pthology nd Hygiene INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS AND WAYS OF INOCULATION ON THE RABBIT S RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA Kulcsár G. 1, Fáián K. 1 *, Brn T. 1, Virág Gy.
More informationDR. MARC PAGÈS Project Manager R&D Biologicals - Coccidia Projects, HIPRA
DR. MARC PAGÈS Project Mnger R&D Biologicls - Coccidi Projects, HIPRA Dr. Mrc Pgès Bosch otined Microiology nd Genetics degree t the University of Brcelon in 1998. He otined his PhD working on the synptoneml
More informationGoal: Evaluate plant health effects while suppressing dollar spot and brown patch
Newer Fungicide Products Alone nd In Rottion on Chicgo Golf Green Reserchers: Chicgo District Golf Assoc. Derek Settle, Tim Sibicky, nd Nick DeVries Gol: Evlute plnt helth effects while suppressing dollr
More informationVitamin D and Mushrooms: Enrichment With Pulsed UV Light. Michael Kalaras Department of Food Science The Pennsylvania State University
Vitmin D nd Mushrooms: Enrichment With Pulsed UV Light Michel Klrs Deprtment of Food Science The Pennsylvni Stte University Vitmin D Synthesis Source: http://vitmind.ucr.edu/imges/chem1.gif Vitmin D In
More informationEffect of kazunoko lipid on the concentrations of plasma glucose and lipids and liver lipids in mice
Effect of kzunoko lipid on the concentrtions of plsm glucose nd lipids nd liver lipids in mice Ntionl Food Reserch Institute Tomoyuki Higuchi, Nouy Shiri nd Hirmitsu Suzuki INTRODUCTION Kzunoko, which
More informationEffect of Sources and Inclusion Levels of Zinc in Broiler Diets Containing Different Vegetable Oils During Summer Season Conditions on Meat Quality
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 13 (11): 619-626, 2014 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2014 Effect of Sources nd Inclusion Levels of Zinc in Broiler Diets Contining Different
More informationSupporting information
Supporting informtion Multiple Univrite Dt Anlysis Revels the Inulin Effects on the High-ft-diet Induced Metolic Altertions in Rt Myocrdium nd Testicles in the Pre-oesity Stte Yixun Dun #, Ynpeng An #,
More informationExtraction and Some Functional Properties of Protein Extract from Rice Bran
Ksetsrt J. (Nt. Sci.) 40 : 209-214 (2006) Extrction nd Some Functionl Properties of Protein Extrct from Rice Brn Chockchi Theerkulkit*, Siree Chiseri nd Siriwt Mongkolknchnsiri ABSTRACT Rice brn protein
More informationTHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MEAGRE (Argyrosomus regius) FEEDING BEHAVIOUR.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MEGRE (rgyrosomus regius) FEEDING EHVIOUR. Ionnis E. Ppdkis, Nikos Ppndroulkis, lkioni Sfendourki, Veronic Cmporesi 3, Mnolis Vsilkis, Constntinos C. Mylons Institute
More informationPNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended by the CDC for all your appropriate adult patients at increased risk for pneumococcal disease 1,2 :
PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended y the CDC for ll your pproprite dult ptients t incresed risk for pneumococcl disese 1,2 : Adults ged
More informationNutritional Strategies to Combat the Effect of Heat Stress in Chicken
122 Journl of Animl Science nd Technology Vol.1(2013) 57-140 Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Rjgor Bhrt, Bhgwt S.R., Pwr M.M., Kulkrni R.C., Srivstv A.K. Chhun H.D., Mkwn
More information3. DRINKING WATER INTAKE BACKGROUND KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION
3. DRINKING WATER INTAKE...1 3.1. BACKGROUND...1 3.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE 1 3.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE...9 3.4. PREGNANT AND LACTATING
More informationSYNOPSIS Final Abbreviated Clinical Study Report for Study CA ABBREVIATED REPORT
Finl Arevited Clinicl Study Report Nme of Sponsor/Compny: Bristol-Myers Squi Ipilimum Individul Study Tle Referring to the Dossier (For Ntionl Authority Use Only) Nme of Finished Product: Yervoy Nme of
More informationDigestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to 12 Weeks of Age
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (9): 69-644, 005 ISSN 68-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 005 Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to Weeks of Age K.A Thompson, K.A.
More information3/10/ Energy metabolism o How to best supply energy to the pig o How the pig uses energy for growth
Keeping Control of Feed Costs in n Uncertin Mrket Presented To: Iow Pork Producers Assocition Regionl Meetings Februry, 2009 John F. Ptience Iow Stte University Ames, IA Outline Wht s new in swine nutrition
More informationThe study of Forage Quality of Smirnovia iranica In Different phonological stages in sandy areas-case-study: Band-e-Rig-Kashan
BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, 2006. pp. 1-10 1 The study of Forge Qulity of Smirnovi irnic In Different phonologicl stges in sndy res-cse-study: Bnd-e-Rig-Kshn H. Azrnivnd 1*, H. Joneidi 2, M.
More informationMedicinal Response of Broiler Chickens to Diets Containing Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Meal, Haematology and Meat Sensory Analysis
World Applied Sciences Journl 19 (6): 800-805, 2012 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Pulictions, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wsj.2012.19.06.827 Medicinl Response of Broiler Chickens to Diets Contining Neem (Azdircht indic)
More informationSoybean Hulls as an Alternative Feed for Horses
Animl Industry Report AS 650 ASL R1931 2004 Soyben Hulls s n Alterntive Feed for Horses Josie Booth Iow Stte University Howrd Tyler Iow Stte University Peggy Miller-Auwerd Iow Stte University Jenette Moore
More informationSummary. Effect evaluation of the Rehabilitation of Drug-Addicted Offenders Act (SOV)
Summry Effect evlution of the Rehbilittion of Drug-Addicted Offenders Act (SOV) The Rehbilittion of Drug-Addicted Offenders Act (SOV) ws lunched on April first 2001. This lw permitted the compulsory plcement
More informationA FACTORIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF β CYCLODEXTRIN AND POLOXAMER 407 ON THE SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF PIROXICAM
IJRPC 20, (3) Chowdry et l. ISSN: 223 278 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Aville online t www.ijrpc.com Reserch Article A FACTORIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF β CYCLODEXTRIN AND
More informationMultiphase feeding program for broilers can replace traditional system
210 Scienti Agricol http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2014-0207 cn replce trditionl system Lucino Huschild*, Cmil Ferreir Delfim Bueno, Aline Remus, Jqueline de Pul Gobi, Renn Di Giovnni Isol, Nilv Kzue
More informationEffects of Different Sources and Levels of Selenium on Performance, Thyroid Function and Antioxidant Status in Stressed Broiler Chickens
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (6): 583-587, 2009 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Effects of Different Sources nd Levels of Selenium on Performnce, Thyroid Function
More information