1. Define Anatomy and Physiology-

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1 Name Date Anatomy and Physiology Midterm Study Guide Directions: This packet contains an extensive study guide that will help you prepare for the upcoming Midterm Exam. Pace yourself and be prepared to work on part of it on your own time. This study guide covers the majority of the material that will appear on your Midterm Exam. Topics: Homeostasis Organ systems Cuts of the Body Body Regions and directions Body cavities Cellular transport Enzymes Skeletal system Muscular system Study Suggestions: Create a concept map (or other graphic organizer) to summarize all of the important information in a chapter. Explain your concept maps to classmates or family members. Work in a small study group and assign different study tasks to different people then share all of the information. Write a summary of all of the important information in each Chapter. Write a summary of all of the important information in each section of class notes. Do not just recopy the notes, summarize the information into an easy to understand paragraph. Include important vocabulary. Write a short paragraph to summarize each handout or worksheet you received in class. Answer the questions on the chapter assessments at the end of each chapter. 1. Define Anatomy and Physiology- A. Stat whether each of the following is negative or positive feedback 1. If blood temperature rises too high, specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain sense the change. These neurons signal other nerve centers, which in turn send signals to the blood vessels of the skin. As these blood vessels dilate, more blood flows close to the body surface and excess heat radiates from the body. 2. If the blood temperature falls too low, specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain sense the change and signals are sent to the cutaneous arteries (those supplying the skin) to constrict them. Warm blood is then retained deeper in the body and less heat is lost from the surface. 3. Part of the complex biochemical pathway of blood clotting is the production of an enzyme that forms the matrix of the blood clot. This has a self-

2 catalytic, or self-accelerating effect, so that once the clotting process begins, it runs faster and faster until, ideally, bleeding stops. 4. During childbirth stretching of the uterus triggers the secretion of the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions and speeds up labor. 5. The walls of arteries stretch in the presence of high blood pressure. Baroreceptors located in these walls also stretch and as a result, a signal is sent to the brain which in turn slows down the body s heart rate. This slows the flow of blood through the arteries causing less pressure. As BP drops the baroreceptors become flaccid and a signal is sent to speed up the heart rate. B. Fill in the blanks relating to body directions from the following word list: anterior inferior posterior medial distal proximal superior lateral 1. If you can see the face, the body is. 2. If the buttocks are in view it is. 3. The wrist is to the elbow joint. 4. The pelvis is to the heart. 5. The kneecap is to the ankle. 6. The ears are to the nose. C. Label the body regions

3 D. Describe how a body would be divided by each of the following types of planes: 1. Frontal (Coronal) 2. Midsagittal 3. Sagittal 4. Transverse E. Identify the correct directional term to complete the following statements. 1. The liver is to the diaphragm. 2. Fingers are located to the wrist bones. 3. The skin on the dorsal surface of your body is said to be located on your surface. 4. The great (big) toe is to the little toe. 5. The skin on your leg is to the muscle tissue in your leg. 6. When you float face down in a pool, you are lying on your surface. 7. The lungs and the heart are located to the abdominal organs.

4 F. Identify which cavity each of the following organs are in: 1. Heart 7. Lungs 2. Liver 8. Spleen 3. Intestines 9. Kidneys 4. Spinal Cord 10. Stomach 5. Brain 11. Urinary Bladder 6. Sex Organs 12. Pancreas G. Fill in the blank completing the analogy. 1. anterior is to ventral as posterior is to 2. superficial is to external as deep is to 3. cranial is to caudal as superior is to 4. medial is to lateral as proximal is to H. Match the organs with the cavity they are in. CAVITY 1. cranial cavity 2. spinal cavity 3. thoracic cavity 4. abdominal cavity 5. pelvic cavity ORGAN A. stomach B. reproductive organs C. brain D. small intestines E. urinary bladder F. spinal cord G. liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen H. lung I. Match the following: Reproductive Nervous Respiratory Integumentary Digestive Cardiovascular Urinary Skeletal Endocrine Lymphatic Muscular

5 a. Transports oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide. b. breaks down and absorbs food. c. functions in body movement, posture, heat production. d. controls body activities through hormones. e. supports and protects the body, blood production. f. eliminates wastes and regulates water retention. g. controls body activities through electrical impulses. h. maintains proper levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. i. returns fluids to circulatory system, immunity. True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. If a cell were poisoned so it could not make ATP, osmosis through its membrane

6 would stop. 2. The Sodium/Potassium Pump is a peripheral protein. 3. Human cells swell or shrink in any solution other than an isotonic solution. 4. A hypertonic solution will cause crenation of a cell. 5. The part of the phospholipid that is attracted to water is the tail. 6. Hydrophilic means that the molecule is attracted to water. 7. Enzymes are amino acids made up of smaller units called proteins. Please form complete answers in full sentences. 1. Can diffusion occur against the concentration gradient? Explain. 2. Can active transport proceed when there is no energy available? Explain. 3. What is the most plentiful ion in the ICF? What is the most plentiful ion in the ECF? Matching Match the following: a. ATP e. simple diffusion b. Hypertonic f. active transport c. Solute g. hypotonic d. Isotonic h. solvent 24. diffusion directly through the phospholipid bilayer 25. creates a net movement of water into the cell 26. needed for active transport 27. fluid that dissolved something 28. moving materials against the gradient 29. results in no net movement of water 30. creates a net movement of water out of the cell 31. material being dissolved

7 32. the effect of temperature on an enzyme 33. the effect of ph on an enzyme 34. the effect of substrate concentration on an enzyme i. j. k. Fill in the blank: Process Movement (with or against) Proteins needed? (yes or no. If yes, what kind?) Energy required? (yes or no) Simple diffusion No Osmosis Yes: Channel Proteins No Against conc. gradient

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10 1. The figure below is a lateral view of the head. Label the following bones. After you have labeled the bones, coloring them using the following chart: maxilla yellow mandible light green nasal bone purple frontal bone red parietal bone light blue temporal bone dark blue occipital bone dark green zygomatic bone - orange 2. The figure below is an anterior view of the head. After you have labeled the bone, color them using the previous color-coding chart.

11 3. The figure below is an inferior view of the head (with mandible removed). Label the bones and color-code according to the chart below: palatine bone orange maxilla yellow occipital bone dark green 4. The figure below is a lateral view of the vertebral column. Label each of the following regions and color-code according to the chart below. thoracic dark green coccyx dark blue sacrum - red cervical orange lumbar yellow

12 5. The figure below is an anterior view of the thorax. Label the subdivisions of the rib cage and color-code according to the chart below. body purple ribs red manubrium light blue xiphoid process dark green How many pairs of ribs do women have? pairs How many pairs of ribs do men have? pairs Is the thorax shown above considered to be part of the axial skeleton or appendicular skeleton? 6. The figure below is an anterior view of the pelvis. Label the following parts and color-code according to the chart below. ischium orange pubis purple ilium dark blue sacrum - red

13 7. The figure below is a diagram of the hand. Identify the following bones and colorcode according to the chart below. phalanges light green radius - orange ulna - red carpals - purple metacarpals light blue

14 Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings: 8. Tibia Ulna Fibula Femur 9. Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Styloid process 1 0. Skull Rib cage Vertebral column Pelvis 11. Ischium Scapula Ilium Pubis 12. Frontal Zygomatic Temporal Occipital 13. Humerus Tarsals Radius Ulna 14. Identify the following bones: Color the bones of the axial skeleton blue and the bones of the appendicular skeleton red.

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18 Label the Muscles of the Body

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