Decreasing Diet Density: Direct Fed Microbials and L-Threonine 1,2

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (): -9, 00 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 00 Decresing Diet Density: Direct Fed Microils nd L-Threonine, 4 4,4 4 6 M.T. Kidd, A. Corzo, W.A. Dozier, L. Arujo, C.D. Coufl nd B.J. Kerr Deprtment of Poultry Science, Mississippi Stte University, Mississippi Stte, MS 976, USA United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture, Agriculture Reserch Service, Poultry Reserch Unit, Mississippi Stte, MS 976, USA 6 United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture, Agriculture Reserch Service, Poultry Reserch Unit, Ames, IA 00, USA 4 Astrct: Altertions in nutritionl strtegies re ecoming more prevlent s roiler integrtors re fced with high feed costs compred to historicl verges. If roiler diets re devoid of ntimicroils nd contin lower thn verge nutrient content, could the ddition of direct fed microil ingredient id in performnce recovery? And, lthough the dietry ddition of L-Thr decreses diet cost, will inclusion of up to pound per ton result in loss of yield? Two floor pen experiments were conducted to ssess the previous questions. In experiment, roilers were fed diets vrying in mino cid nd energy density with nd without Primlc from d -48. Feeding reduced density diets decresed (p<0.0) some live performnce mesurements nd incresed (p<0.0) mortlity, ut interctions or Primlc min effects did not occur (p<0.0). In experiment, roiler performnce nd N excretion were evluted from -4 d of ge fter irds were fed vritions in dietry L-Thr. The dietry inclusion of L-Thr did not decrese ird performnce, ut reduced (p = 0.) percent N excreted. Although topics ddressed in these experiments should e further studied, these results provide possile strtegies for integrtors to reduce feed costs. Key words: Diet density, primlc, roiler, L-threonine INTRODUCTION Since the erly 000 s feed grde L-threonine hs Experiment ws to evlute live performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of roilers up to 48 d of ge fed emerged from n opportunity ingredient to diets reduced in CP nd contining L-threonine with nd commercilly used micro-ingredient in commercil roiler diets. Key fctors tht hve circumvented this include cyclic spred in the corn to soyen mel rtio, n L-threonine price etween $.00 nd $.0 USD/pound nd etter understnding of how much L- threonine to use without llowing CP to fll to insufficient without dietry ddition of direct fed microil. The ojective of experiment ws to evlute live performnce, crcss chrcteristics, nd nitrogen excretion in roilers from to 4 d of ge fed lnced diets contining 0, 0., or.0 pound of L-threonine/000 pounds of feed. levels. Although some nutritionist hve not dopted the idel protein concept in diet formultion, most gree tht MATERIALS AND METHODS threonine s digestile nutrient is est expressed Experiment : Live production mesurements, reltive to 64-67% of the digestile lysine nutrient. percentge dominl ft nd white met yield were Reserch ssessing threonine needs in roilers is mesured fter nutritionl tretments were dministered decresing nd hs een prtilly replced y from -48 d of ge. Six hundred fether sexed roilers experimenttion mesuring the impct of L-threonine on (Ross 708 cross; 00/sex) were otined from roiler performnce y identifying nd quntifying the commercil htchery nd trnsported to the Mississippi fourth limiting mino cid. As L-threonine enters lest- Stte University reserch frm. At the commercil cost diet formultion it reduces diet cost nd mino cid htchery chicks underwent norml processing nd nutrient excesses; however, cre must e tken y the vccintions, excluding Gumoro. Chickens were sorted nutritionist during formultion s its inclusion cn render in oxes (6 per sex), wing tgged, weighed, nd some mino cids (e.g., isoleucine, vline, or rginine) individul oxes were distriuted cross 48 floor pens of mrginlly deficient. Most notly, mrginl deficiencies 96 pen house (76 totl chicks). Chicks were plced of the former less limiting mino cids will decrese live in every other floor pen so tht n empty pen ws productive efficiency nd rest met yield, especilly in djcent to ech pen of irds. Ech pen mesured ft lte-mturing, high-yield roilers. Two independent nd contined uilt-up litter, pn feeder with l experiments were conducted to evlute roilers fed cpcity tue connected to the pn nd one nipple diets with reduced levels of CP tht would require drinker line tht provided three nipples/pen. House incorportion of dietry L-threonine. The ojective of heting ws ccomplished y forced ir furnces nd Corresponding Author: A. Corzo, Deprtment of Poultry Science, Mississippi Stte University, Mississippi Stte, MS 976, USA

2 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (): -9, 00 Tle : Experiment diets (%) nd clculted composition Grower, d 6-9 Withdrwl, d 0-4 Finl withdrwl, d Strter, Ingredients d - Corn Soyen mel Poultry mel Poultry ft Dicl. P Limestone Slt Premix DL-Met L-Lys HCl L-Thr Filler Choline Cl Biocox Monten Nitro Clculted composition 4 CP (%) ME, kcl/l,406,40,40,40,467,40,40,48,474,474 C (%) Avil. P (%) N (%) DEB, meq/kg TSAA (%) d TSAA (%) Lys (%) d Lys (%) Thr (%) d Thr (%) Ile (%) d Ile (%) Vl (%) d Vl (%) Arg (%) d Arg (%) The design represents (Primlc) x (diet densities) fctoril rry. The strter diet represents with or without Primlc only (inclusion of pounds per ton in plce of the filler). Susequent diets contin Primlc t n inclusion of pound per ton nd diet series represents control; represents djusted control; nd represents djusted nd reduced control; Premix provided the following per kg of diet: Vitmin A (Vitmin A cette) 7,78 IU; choleclciferol,00 IU; Vitmin E (source unspecified) 0 IU; mendione, 0.9 mg; B, µg; choline, 79 mg; rioflvin,.0 mg; nicin, mg; D-iotin, 0.06 mg; pyridoxine, 0.9mg; ethoxyquin, 8 mg; mngnese, mg; zinc, 0 mg; iron, 8 mg; copper,7 mg; iodine, mg; selenium, 0. mg; Filler represents ply snd to which Primlc or the drug progrm (BMD-0 in the grower nd Stfc-0 in the finl WD) ws dded 4 in plce of; d = digestile; DEB = Dietry Electrolyte Blnce cooling ws ccomplished y negtive pressure Pen BW ws otined t d, nd 48. Feed ventiltion using two 48 inch fns pulling ir through consumption ws mesured from the - nd -48 d evportive cooling pds. periods. If mortlity occurred, ded irds were removed The experimentl design consisted of six tretments ( from pens, weighed, nd recorded twice dily. At 48 d of diet density regimes with nd without Primlc; 8 ge ll mle roilers (6/pen) were processed in pilot replictions/trt). Primlc ws dministered t level of processing fcility. After crcsses chilled for four h, l/ton in the strter diet (- d) nd t level of rest met ws otined through cone deoning. l/ton in susequent diets (6-9, 0-4 nd d) (Tle ). In the ltter three diets, nutrient density (mino Experiment : Live production performnce, percentge cids nd energy) were fed from dequcy (Bushong, white met nd dominl ft nd N excretion were 006) to the extent to which some nutrients would e mesured in mle roilers from -4 d of ge. Stright mrginl. Hence, only two tretments (with nd without run roilers (Co 00 fst-fether cross) were otined Primlc) were dministered in the strter (- d) from commercil htchery fter stndrd vccintions period. (excluding Gumoro), trnsported to the Mississippi 6

3 Stte University reserch frm, plced in floor pens nd rered on common feeds known to support good growth (Johnson, 007). At d 4, irds were phenotypiclly sexed, with only mles eing plced, nd mles were plced in 4 floor pens (6 irds/pen) of 48 pen locks. This locking rrngement ws done so tht irds were plced in every other pen to void possile contmintion during excret collection. Ech pen consisted of one pn feeder with l tue reservoir, one nipple drinker line ( nipples per pen), nd uilt up litter. The floor spce in ech pen ws ft. Although the llotted spce ws over twice tht used in prctice, it ided in the collection of excret. Heting during rooding ws provided with forced ir furnces nd evportive cooling ws used during ventiltion. Birds were fed one of three diets (Tle ) resulting in eight replictions per tretment. Tretments were derived y mixing nd stem-pelleting two diets: one devoid of L-Thr nd one lest cost formulted to contin one pound of L-Thr. The dditionl tretment ws derived y lending equl portions of the former diets post pelleting. Tle : Experiment diets (%) fed from -4 d of ge nd clculted composition No L-Thr L-Thr/ton Ingredients per ton (.0 pound) Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (): -9, 00 Corn Soyen mel 6..4 Poultry mel Poultry ft.6.06 Diclcium P.0. Limestone NCl Promix L-Lys SO DL-Met L-Thr Scox Clculted composition CP (%) ME, kcl/l,40,40 C (%) Avil. P (%) N (%) DEB, meq/kg 88 7 d TSAA (%) d Lys (%) d Thr (%) d Ile (%) d Vl (%) d Arg (%).0.0 Equl mounts of these diets were lended to otin the diet contining 0. pounds of L-Thr per,000 pounds of feed. Premix provided the following per kg of diet: Vitmin A (Vitmin A cette) 7,78 IU; choleclciferol,00 IU; Vitmin E (source unspecified) 0 IU; mendione, 0.9 mg; B, µg; choline, 79mg; rioflvin,.0mg; nicin, mg; D-iotin, 0.06mg; pyridoxine, 0.9mg; ethoxyquin, 8mg; mngnese, mg; zinc, 0mg; iron, 8mg; copper, 7mg; iodine, mg; selenium, 0.mg. 4 d = digestile, DEB = Dietry Electrolyte Blnce 7 At d, irds were removed from pens nd polyethylene sheets were plced on litter nd stpled to pen frming. Feed weight ws recorded nd irds were rellocted to pens on polyethylene sheets. After 4 h, irds were removed, feed weight ws recorded nd sheets were removed to collect excret. Excret ws collected under well illuminted re so tht fethers, feed, nd litter ws not collected with excret. Excret ws nlyzed for N in duplicte using comustion nlysis. Percent N excretion ws clculted [(N excreted/n intke) x 00] with the % N excretion dt eing reported. The BW of irds in ech pen ws otined t d nd 4. Feed consumption ws mesured for the -4 d period. All irds were processed t d 4 mimicking commercil conditions, except for lengthened crcss chilling time (4 h). All rest met ws removed vi cone deoning. Sttisticl nlysis: Pen ws the experimentl unit in oth experiments. All dt were nlyzed y ANOVA using the Generl Liner Models procedure of SAS (006). Repeted t test ws used to seprte (p<0.0) min effects nd interction mens in experiment nd tretment effects in experiment. In experiment, contrst nlysis ws performed in the reduced diet density regimes with nd without Primlc. Anlysis of covrince ws used for initil (d ) BW in experiment RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Both experiments followed generl theme of llowing L-Thr to enter formultion resulting in decrese in the less limiting mino cids (i.e., Vl, Ile, Arg nd Trp). In ddition, ME ws reduced in Experiment from the 0 to 48 d period. Diet smples were collected post stem pelleting, nlyzed for mino cids nd CP nd were in greement with clculted levels. Two importnt poultry trits tht processing plnts try to optimize re white met yield nd foot pd pw qulity. Both of these poultry products re tied to diet density. Diets reduced in mino cids will impir rest met yield ccretion, ut will reduce N excretion nd the potentil for litter mmoni production. Hence, rejected nd downgrded pws cn e tied to mmoni urns. Interctions etween diet density nd Primlc did not occur (Tle nd 4). Overll BW gin (d -48) ws suppressed in irds fed reduced diet density (diet ) s compred to the control. Feed conversion (d -48) ws poorer in irds fed reduced density diets (diets nd ). However, the most reduced diet regime (diet ) resulted in higher mortlity over irds fed diets (control) nd. Few processing differences occurred; however, dominl ft yields reltive to BW nd crcss weight were higher (p = 0.09 nd 0.08, respectively) in the reduced diet density diets. The effects of feeding suoptiml mino cid levels on productive efficiency of roilers is documented (Fncher nd Jensen, 989). Dietry lnce of mino cids cn help mitigte the

4 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (): -9, 00 Tle : Nutrient density y primlc dietry effects on live performnce t 48 d (kg weights) Tretment - d -48 d Diet Primlc BW gin FCR Mortlity (%) BW gin FCR Mortlity SEM Source of vrition Diet Primlc Diet x Primlc The design represents (Primlc) x (diet densities) fctoril rry. The strter diet represents with or without Primlc only (inclusion of pounds per ton in plce of the filler). Susequent diets contin Primlc t n inclusion of pound per ton nd diet series represents control; represents djusted control; nd represents djusted nd reduced control. FCR = Feed Conversion Tle 4: Nutrient density y primlc dietry effects on processing 48 d (6 mle irds per pen) Yields reltive to hot crcss Tretment Yields reltive to process BW (%) weight (%) Diet Primlc Crcss Totl rest Ft Totl rest Ft SEM Source of vrition Diet Primlc Diet x Primlc The design represents (Primlc) x (diet densities) fctoril rry. The strter diet represents with or without Primlc only (inclusion of pounds per ton in plce of the filler). Susequent diets contin Primlc t n inclusion of pound per ton nd diet series represents control; represents djusted control; nd represents djusted nd reduced control negtive effects of reduced mino cid levels (Wldroup demonstrted tht reduced diets showed trend to et l., 976). It must e pointed out tht the reduced diet improve fillet yield (p = 0.) in the presence of Primlc density in Experiment did not follow lnce in terms (6.04 vs 6.68%), indicting tht some nutrient of idel protein rtios to mino cids. It my e tht the sorption chnges might hve occurred. reduction in some of the less limiting mino cids In experiment, s L-Thr entered formultion nd CP cused the decrese in performnce (Kidd nd ws reduced, the less limiting mino cids were Hckenhr, 00). decresed, ut were not llowed to ecome deficient s Primlc hs een shown to increse metolic digestile minimums (i.e., Ile/Lys, 66; Vl/Lys, 7; efficiencies y improving intestinl helth (Chichlowski Arg/Lys,.0) were set. Differences in live production et l., 007). Min effects due to Primlc were not performnce or rest met yield did not occur (Tle 6), oserved in this reserch (Tles nd 4). However, s expected, ecuse ll mino cid needs were met contrst nlysis of rest met yield (Tle ) However, the diet contining one pound per ton of L-Thr 8

5 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (): -9, 00 Tle : Contrst nlyses of rest yields in irds fed reduced mino cid diets (tretments nd ) with nd without Primlc t dy 48 (yields reltive to live ody weight) - Primlc + Primlc Proility Fillet yield, % Totl rest yield, % =Pectorlis mjor =Pectorlis mjor nd Pectorlis minor Tle 6: Live performnce, N excretion nd processing results of roilers fed diets vrying in L-Thr from -4 d of ge, experiment BW gin Feed conversion N excretion Brest met Adominl ft Tretments (kg/ird) (kg/kg) (%) (%) L-Thr pounds L-Thr/ton pounds L-Thr/ton SEM Proility Finl ody weights for the three tretments did not differ (p = 0.76) nd verged.8 kg/ird, Represents. g smple of excret nlyzed in duplicte. Percent N excretion = (N excreted/n intke) x 00. Reltive to live processing BW resulted in higher (p = 0.07) percentge dominl ft thn did the diet devoid of L-Thr. Although the ME of the diets ws formulted to e equl, this increse in dominl ft my e due to n increse in the diet s net energy. The ility to minimize roiler house mmoni is hevily dependent upon good grower mngement, ut the impct of dietry N should not e overlooked. Kidd et l. (00) showed tht reducing CP decresed N excretion in to d old chicks. The former experiment indicted tht for ech % decrese in dietry CP 4% reduction in N excretion ws oserved (Kidd et l., 00). In experiment, irds fed the diet contining 0.% L-Thr hd reduced (p = 0.) percentge N excretion vs irds fed the control. A further decrese in N excretion in irds fed one pound of L-Thr ws not noted. It my e tht the former lck of response ws feed intke function to compenste for n unccounted nutrient limittion (no L- Thr, 6 g/ird/d; 0. pounds L-Thr, 6 g/ird/d;.0 pounds L-Thr, 68 g/ird/d). In conclusion, integrtors using feeding progrms with miniml regulted feed dditives nd reduced diet density should evlute Primlc nd its potentil effect on rest met yield. Furthermore, integrtors using L- Thr my e enefiting from lower N excretion nd susequently reduced roiler house mmoni levels in ddition to reduced feed costs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors would like to express pprecition to Str Ls, Inc. nd Evonik Deguss Corp for funding to support Experiments nd, respectively. REFERENCES Bushong, R.D., 006. Texn Six Consulting Firm, Sn Angelo, TX Personl Communiction. Chichlowski, M., J. Croom, B.W. McBride, L.Dniel, G. Dvis nd M.D. Koci, 007. Direct-fed microil primlc nd slinomycin modulte whole-ody nd intestinl oxygen consumption nd intestinl mucosl cytokine production in the roiler chick. Poult. Sci., 86: Fncher, B.I. nd L.S. Jensen, 989. Dietry protein level nd essentil mino cid content: Influence upon femle roiler performnce during the grower period. Poult. Sci., 68: Johnson, B., 007. Tyson Foods, Inc., Mgee, MS. Personl communiction. Kidd, M.T., P.D. Gerrd, J. Heger, B.J. Kerr, D. Rowe, K. Sistni nd D.J. Burnhm, 00. Threonine nd crude protein responses in roiler chicks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 94: Kidd, M.T. nd L. Hckenhr, 00. Dietry Threonine for roilers: Dietry interctions nd feed dditive supplement use. CAB Rev.. No. 00. SAS Institute, 006. SAS proprietry softwre. Relese 9.. SAS Inst. Inc., Cry, NC. Wldroup, P.W., R.J. Mitchell, J.R. Pyne nd K.R. Hzen, 976. Performnce of chicks fed diets formulted to minimize excess levels of essentil mino cids. Poult. Sci., : 4-. This is Journl Article Numer J-4 from the Mississippi Agriculturl nd Forestry Experiment Sttion supported y MIS-0. Use of trde nmes in this puliction does not imply endorsement y the Mississippi Agriculturl nd Forestry Experiment Sttion of the products, nor similr ones not mentioned. Visiting professor from the University of So Pulo, Pirssunung, So Pulo, Brzil. 9