APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS FOR POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION FROM EXHAUSTED OLIVE POMACE

Transcription

1 Processes APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS FOR POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION FROM EXHAUSTED OLIVE POMACE Ashley Sthefanía Caballero 1, Juan Miguel Romero-García 2, Eulogio Castro 2, Carlos Ariel Cardona 1 1 Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Agroindustria. Laboratorio de Equilibrios Químicos y Cinética Enzimática. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Manizales, Colombia 2 Center for Advanced Studies in Energy and Environment, University of Jaen, Spain, *Corresponding author: ccardonaal@unal.edu.co 1

2 CONTENT Introduction Methodology Results and discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments 2

3 Pruning Olive oil production process Biomass from pruning Olive leaves Olive pits Olive pomace Olive mill wastewater Bioethanol Oligosaccharides Lignin Antioxidants Nanocellulose Ceramic materials Xylitol Sugars Energy Techno-economic evaluation BIOREFINERY BASED ON OLIVE-DERIVED BIOMASS 3

4 OLIVE TREE BIOMASS from pruning Pruning OLIVE TREE FIELD Olive fruit Harvesting Olive washing wastewater (Washing)/Cleaning Leaves Crushing/Milling Malaxation Water DECANTER Three phase separation mode Two phase separation mode Waste water (3POMWW) Olive oil washing wastewater Olive pomace Olive oil WASHING Olive pomace Drying Olive stones Extra virgin OLIVE OIL Market Hexane extraction Distillation Exhausted Olive Pomace Crude Pomace Olive oil Oil refination Pomace Olive oil 4

5 Liquid Olive pomace Dry Olive pomace Rotary oven Hexane extraction Filtration Solid Miscela Distillation Exhausted Olive pomace Antioxidant valorisation PRODUCTION 300 kg exhausted olive pomace/1 hectare olive trees Hexane Olive Pomace Oil Total phenolic compouds DPPH (EC 50 ) Compound identification 5

6 INTRODUCTION: Polyphenolic compounds Anti-cancer Polyphenolic compounds are an important class of chemicals present in edible and inedible plants with interesting applications in the medical, food and cosmetic industry. Antiinflammatory Regulation of enzymatic inhibition Polyphenols Anti-toxic Anti-bacterial Oxidative stress Anti-viral Antioxidant Antiallergenic Antimutagenic Figure 1. Molecular structure of phenol. Taken from: Figure 2. Properties contributed by polyphenolic compounds. 6

7 INTRODUCTION: Extraction technologies Obtaining polyphenolic compounds requires the use of extraction processes. The traditional (conventional) methods of extraction are characterized by the application of high temperatures, decrease in the size of the material, long operating time and low yield. However, the use of high temperatures can cause the degradation of the compounds due to their sensitivity Solvent extraction Percolation Mechanical extraction Soxhlet extraction Conventional Extractions Steam extraction 5 Supercritical fluid extraction 7 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 8 9 Molecular Distillation Non-Conventional Extractions Microwave assisted extraction Figure 3. Types of conventional and non-conventional extractions. Taken from 1. goo.gl/zdxc8q, 2. goo.gl/xk4m8u, 3. goo.gl/c9qupj, 4. goo.gl/24mqpu, 5. goo.gl/g3qlrl, 6. goo.gl/5dqdnr, 7. goo.gl/pztdmn, 8. goo.gl/jq7afz, 9. goo.gl/p9osnf. 7

8 INTRODUCTION: Extraction with supercritical fluids Table 1. Solvents most commonly used in supercritical fluid extraction. Solvent P c [MPa] T c [K] Solvent P c [MPa] T c [K] Carbon dioxide Methane Ethanol Ammonia Methanol n-hexane Propylene Toluene Propane Sulfur dioxide Acetone Acetonitril Ethyl acetate Oxygen Figure 4. Triple and critical point representation. Taken from goo.gl/2zm3fu Water Carbon monoxide Bencene n-heptane Isobutane Hexane cycle Di-ethyl amine Propanediol

9 METHODOLOGY 9

10 Methodology Procedure HPLC Characterization of the raw material Extraction process -Solvent extraction Total phenolic content Antioxidant capacity Compound identification -Supercritical fluid extraction 10

11 Methodology Characterization of Olive Pomace (NREL procedure) OLIVE POMACE Ash LAP-005 (Calcination 575ºC) Biomass<1mm LAP-001 (Drying 105ºC) Total solids Elemental composition Proteins Fats Extracted biomass Hydrolysed biomass LAP-010 (Soxhlet extraction) LAP-002 (Acid hydrolysis in 2 stages) HPLC Extractives C5 and C6 sugars Total phenols (Aqueous extract) Starch Liquid Fraction Solid Fraction LAP-017 (HPLC) Acetic acid HPLC C5 and C6 sugars LAP-004 (Abs. 205 nm) LAP-003 (Drying 105ºC) LAP-005 (Calcination 575ºC) Insoluble acid lignin (IAL) Acetyl groups Cellulose Hemicellulose Soluble acid lignin (SAL) Insoluble acid ash (IAA) 11

12 Methodology Solvent Extraction Solvent: 60% ethanol (v/v) Solid-liquid ratio: 1:20 (w/v) Temperature: 25ºC Time: 8 hours Agitation: 300 rpm Vacuum filtration 12

13 Methodology Supercritical Fluid Extraction Exhausted Olive pomace in the thimble Solvent: Carbon dioxide Co-solvent: 60% ethanol (v/v) Solid-liquid ratio: 1:3 (w/v) Pressure: 200, 250 and 300 bars Temperature: 50ºC Time: 60 minutes Extracted Olive pomace 13

14 Methodology Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidantactivity Total phenolic content Folin-Ciocalteu % Equation (1) Antioxidant activity 50 Equation (2) DPPH 1 Equation (3) 14

15 Methodology HPLC Table 1. Elution profiles of polyphenolic compounds. Figure 3. HPLC system (LC-2010A HT) with UVvisible detector. Time (min) (A) Acetic acid 0.5% v/v (B) Methanol Elution profile of chlorogenic acid Elution profile of ferulic acid Elution profile of vanillin Elution profile of hydroxytyrosol Elution profile of quercetin, caffeic acid and vanillinic acid

16 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16

17 RESULTS OLIVE POMACE TPC and Antioxidant activity Composition Total solid (%) ± 0.15 Composition (% dry matter) Extractives ± 0.61 Water-extract ± 0.45 Glucose 7.63 ± 0.26 Xylose 0.45 ± 0.09 Galactose 1.37 ± 0.04 Arabinose 1.67 ± 0.06 Mannose 0.89 ± 0.01 Mannitol 5.03 ± 0.15 Total phenols* 6.14 ± 0.14 Ethanol-extract 3.93 ± 0.22 Cellulose 9.78 ± 0.34 Hemicellulose ± 0.20 Xylose 9.90 ± 0.27 Galactose 0.98 ± 0.03 Arabinose 0.95 ± 0.01 Mannose 0.25 ± 0.04 Lignin ± 0.08 Acid-soluble lignin 1.91 ± 0.01 Acid-insoluble lignin ± 0.07 Acetyl groups 1.15 ± 0.06 Ash 8.70 ±

18 RESULTS OLIVE POMACE TPC and Antioxidant activity DPPH assay is a reliable method to determine the antioxidant capacity of biological substrates. EC50 is expressed as the amount of trolox that is quenched by 1 ml of extract Table 3. Total Phenolic Content and antioxidant activity of olive pomace Technology TPC DPPH (mg GAE/g) EC 50 (µg trolox/ml extract) SE ± ± 5.20 SFE-200 bar 9.18 ± ± 3.58 SFE-250 bar ± ± 6.41 SFE-300 bar ± ±

19 RESULTAS OLIVE POMACE Identification of HPLC Table 4. Polyphenolic compounds present in exhausted olive pomace. Technology Hydroxytyrosol (mg/g) Chlorogenic acid (mg/g) Ferulic acid (mg/g) Quercetin (mg/g) Vanillic acid (mg/g) Caffeic acid (mg/g) SE 1.02 ± ± ± ± ± ± SFE-200 bar 0.91 ± ± ± ± ± ± SFE-250 bar 0.95 ± ± ± ± ± ± SFE-300 bar 1.25 ± ± ± ± ± ±

20 CONCLUSIONS The use of olive pomace presents a high economic and environmental interest because of the the high potential for obtaining antioxidants. From the extraction of these residues, it was possible to identify the presence of a great variety of polyphenolic compounds: hydroxytyrosol, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid, which have a high antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic capacity, among others. Additionally, the effect of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was observed compared to conventional extraction (solvent extraction). In the SFE case there was a higher concentration of total polyphenolic compounds and higher antioxidant activity. Higher performance at high pressures (300 bar) was observed. In addition, the implementation of non conventional technologies such as the SFE is a promising alternative for future applications at the industrial level, requiring less time and quantity of solvent. 20

21 Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales and the Universidad de Jaén. THANK YOU!!! 21

22 Processes Biomass pretreatment and fractionation Biorefinery processes and products Economic evaluation, Sustainability and LCA Advances in Biotechnological Conversion Algal biomass and transformations Thermochemical processes Biopolymers and biomaterial Bioactive compounds from biomass Fermentation processes Green chemistry Bioeconomy 22