Identification of specific plastics which do not release estrogenic activity causing chemicals
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1 Identification of specific plastics which do not release estrogenic activity causing chemicals Thousand Oaks High School AP Research STEM
2 Introduction
3 » Chemicals which cause Estrogenic Activity (EA) were identified to leach from plastic bottles» Various adverse health effects» Increased rates of some breast, ovarian, testicular, and prostate cancers History of Estrogenicity and Plastics
4 Bisphenol A» Bisphenol A (BPA) is identified as an estrogenic chemical» Due to attention from the public is largely eradicated from plastic bottles» Present in 93% of the US population in 2005 Cooper et al. 2012
5
6 Researchers Begin to identify BPA Free Water Bottles as releasing EA» Studies begin to compare overall EA if water bottles marked BPA free and with BPA» Data shows many plastics still released EA causing chemicals
7 Research Focuses on BPA, fails to identify plastics without EA» Leaves a gap in knowledge of whether plastics are safe or not» Studies focused on proving BPA was not the only chemical which caused EA in water bottles
8 Purpose Determine there are plastics currently available which are safe for use in water bottles Identify individual plastic from different studies level of EA
9 Research Question Are there plastics currently available which do not release dangerous amounts of chemicals which cause EA?
10 Hypothesis Alternate: There are individual plastics currently available which do not release dangerous amounts of EA causing chemicals. Null: Current plastics do not exhibit safe amounts of EA causing chemicals and alternatives must be implemented in order to ensure safety.
11 Methods MCF-7 and BG1Luc bioassays Cells proliferate when estrogen is detected Tested and reliable sources of measuring EA
12 Data Collection» Systematic Literature Review was used in order to accumulate data.» Data was compared and passable plastics were identified.
13 Necessity of Different Solutions and Stresses» Plastic bottles are used to contain a variety of liquids» Properties of different liquids affect leaching» Bottles are often heated, exposed to UV light, etc.» Must be accounted for to achieve reliable data
14 » %Rme2 based on 17B Estradiol» Plastics with higher EA will have higher %Rme2 Comparison of Data between Studies
15 Results
16 %Rme2 of Plastics 1 through 5 Plastic # Type of Resin Saline Microwave EtOH Microwave Saline UV EtOH UV Saline Autoclave EtOH Autoclave 1 LDPE LDPE PET LDPE HDPE
17 %Rme2 of Plastics 6 through 11 6 PPHO PPCO Random Bottle Random Bottle Random Bottle Random Bottle
18 %Rme2 of Plastics 12 through PETG Baby Bottle PETG Baby Bottle PS COC COC p COC p
19 Various Results Charts 1-4 Show respective %Rme2 of Saline and EtOH solutions under different stress (Microwave, UV Rays, Autoclave)
20 Average %Rme2 of each Stress Mean %Rme2 Overall Mean %Rme2 Microwave Mean %Rme2 UV Rays Mean %Rme2 Autoclave All Plastics
21 Discussion
22 Averages across different stresses showed the necessity of varying tests» %Rme2 was significantly greater for UV light tests» Some plastics were assessed as safe on all but one test
23 Some Tested Plastics showed safe amounts of EA released» 15%Rme2 or less is considered EA free by the EPA» Several plastics had less than 15%Rme2 on all tests
24 Examples of Safe Plastics %Rme2
25 Conclusion» Most plastics do release EA causing chemicals» There are plastics currently available which do not release EA causing chemicals
26 Further Work» More plastics tested would allow for a wider scope of research» Studies which do not account for differing solutions and stresses could be redone
27 Acknowledgements» Dr. Nikki Malhotra» Michelle Magnusson
28 References» Bittner et al.: Estrogenic chemicals often leach from BPA-free plastic products that are replacements for BPA-containing polycarbonate products. Environmental Health :41.» Chun Z. Yang, Stuart I. Yaniger, V. Craig Jordan, Daniel J. Klein, and George D. Bittner (2011). Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem that Can Be Solved. Environ Health Perspect 119: (2011)» Cooper JE, Kendig EL, Belcher SM. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles.» Kabuto H, Amakawa M, Shishibori T Exposure to bisphenol A during embryonic/fetal life and infancy increases oxidative injury and causes underdevelopment of the brain and testis in mice. Life Sci 74: » Kavlock RJ, Daston GP, DeRosa C, Fenner-Crisp P, Gray LE, Kaattari S, et al Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: a U.S. EPA-sponsored workshop. Environ Health Perspect (suppl 104): » Leusch FD, de Jager C, Levi Y, Lim R, Puijker L, Sacher F, Tremblay LA, Wilson VS, Chapman HF: Comparison of five in vitro bioassays to measure estrogenic activity in environmental waters. Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44(10): » Meeker JD, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: » Natarajan N, Shambaugh GE III, Elseth KM, Haines GK, Radosevich JA Adaptation of the diphenylamine (DPA) assay to a 96-well plate tissue culture format and comparison with the MTT assay. BioTechniques 17: » National Research Council Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC:National Academies Press» Routledge, E. J., Supter, J. P Estrogenic Activity of Surfactants and some of their Degradation Products Assessed Using a Recombinant Yeast Screen.» Soto AM, Sonnenschein C, Chung KL, Fernandez MF, Olea N, Serrano FO The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 103(suppl 7): » Vom Saal FS, Nagel SC, Timms BG, Welshons WV: Implications for human health of the extensive bisphenol A literature showing adverse effects at low doses: a response to attempts to mislead the public. Toxicology 2005, 212(2 3): Author reply » Wagner, M., Oehlmann, J Endocrine disruptors in bottled mineral water: total estrogenic burden and migration from plastic bottles
29 Identification of specific plastics which do not release estrogenic activity causing chemicals Thousand Oaks High School AP Research STEM
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