Carbohydrates. Lecture2

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Carbohydrates. Lecture2"

Transcription

1 Carbohydrates Lecture2

2 Disaccharides

3 Consist of two monosaccharides covalently bound to each other. All of which are isomers with the molecular formula C O 11. The differences in these disaccharides are due to atomic arrangements within the molecule. In disaccharides the chemical bond that joins the two monosaccharide units is called a glycosidic bond. Glycosidic bond characteristics: Is readily hydrolyzed by acid. It resists cleavage by base.

4 Glycosidic Bonds The anomeric hydroxyl and a hydroxyl of another sugar or some other compound can join together, splitting out water to form a glycosidic bond: R-O + O-R' R-O-R' + 2 O

5 Naming glycosidic bonds Glycosidic bonds between sugars are named According: 1. To the numbers of the connected carbons 2. To the position of the anomeric hydroxyl group of the sugar involved in the bond. If this anomeric hydroxyl group is in the α configuration, the linkage is an α-bond. If it is in the β configuration, the linkage is a β-bond.

6 Major Disaccharides 1. Maltose, it is a disaccharide with an a(1 4) glycosidic link between C1 - C4 O of 2 glucoses. It is the a anomer (C1 O points down). Maltose is a sugar not naturally found in high quantities in the food supply, but your body can generate it when you digest starchy foods. Although maltose is a small sugar, it is actually made of two smaller glucose sugars. Maltose is a bit too big for people to absorb, so your body must break it down into glucose in order to transport it to other parts of the body for use as fuel and for storing energy. 6 C 2 O 6 C 2 O 4 5 O O O O 1 O 3 2 O 3 2 O O maltose O

7 2. Cellobiose, a product of cellulose breakdown, is the otherwise equivalent b anomer (O on C1 points up). The b(1 4) glycosidic linkage is represented as a zig-zag, but one glucose is actually flipped over relative to the other. 6 C 2 O 6 C 2 O 4 O 5 O 3 O 2 1 O 4 5 O 3 O 2 1 O O cellobiose O

8 Sucrose (table sugar) is composed of glucose & fructose, with α(1 2) linkage from the anomeric O of glucose; (O points down from ring). It is known as beet sugar, cane sugar, table sugar. In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by sucrase, which are located in the membrane of the microvilli lining the duodenum. The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream.

9 4. Lactose (milk sugar), is composed of galactose & glucose, with b(1 4) linkage from the anomeric O of galactose. It is found in milk and other dairy products. It makes up around 2 8% of milk (by weight).

10 ydrolysis Addition of WATER to a compound to split it into smaller subunits or by boiling with dilute acid. Also called chemical digestion. Example: disaccharide + 2O monosaccharide + monosaccharide

11

12 Disaccharides major characteristics: just like monosaccharide; they are white crystalline solids at room temperature and are soluble in water. Sucrose very soluble in water Maltose fairly soluble Lactose only slightly soluble The disaccharides, owever, even though they are soluble in water, they are too large to pass through cell membranes.

13 Oligosaccharides

14 oligosaccharide From the Greek: olígos means "a few", and sácchar means "sugar It is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (up to ten) of simple sugars (monosaccharides). A large number of oligosaccharides have been prepared by partially breaking down more complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). Most of the few naturally occurring oligosaccharides are found in plants.

15 oligosaccharide Oligosaccharides, except maltotriose, are indigestible, which means humans lack enzymes to break them down in the small intestine. >> so they reach the large intestine, where beneficial colonic bacteria break them down (ferment) to absorbable nutrients, which provide some energy about 2 Calories (kilocalories) per gram in average >> Certain breakdown products of oligosaccharides namely short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may have beneficial effect on large intestinal lining. Most oligosaccharides act as a soluble fiber, which may help prevent constipation. Ingestion of large amount of oligosaccharides can result in abdominal bloating and excessive gas (flatulence).

16 oligosaccharide Example: Raffinose It is a tri-saccharide found in many plants, consists of galactose, glucose and fructose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains.

17 oligosaccharide Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose (glucose+fructose) by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-gal). umans do not possess the α- GAL enzyme in their digestive tract to break down Raffinose!! Therefore, these oligosaccharides pass undigested through the stomach and upper intestine. In the lower intestine, they are fermented by gas-producing bacteria that do possess the α- GAL enzyme and make carbon dioxide, methane or hydrogen leading to the flatulence commonly associated with eating beans and other vegetables.

Biochemistry: Macromolecules

Biochemistry: Macromolecules 1 Biology: Macromolecules 2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Meaning: hydrated carbon ratio of h:0 is 2:1 (same as in water) Source: plants

More information

Waseem Abu Obeida. Salsabeel Fleifal. Mamoon Ahram

Waseem Abu Obeida. Salsabeel Fleifal. Mamoon Ahram 8 Waseem Abu Obeida Salsabeel Fleifal Mamoon Ahram Anomers Anomers cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, they differ from each other in the configuration of C-1 if they are aldoses or

More information

Carbohydrates. 1. Using the terms provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of organic compounds.

Carbohydrates. 1. Using the terms provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of organic compounds. Name: Class: Date: Grade 10 Science Related Reading/Biology Carbohydrates Biology Gr10 1. Using the terms provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of organic compounds. maltose

More information

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals,

More information

Learning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic

Learning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic Learning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic compounds. What are inorganic molecules? Molecules that CANNOT

More information

Structural Polysaccharides

Structural Polysaccharides Carbohydrates & ATP Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates

More information

BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud

BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides. Most,

More information

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions. ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions.   ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml Glucose Molecule Macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers Polymers long molecules made from building blocks linked by covalent bonds Monomers the building blocks to polymers

More information

IB Biology BIOCHEMISTRY. Biological Macromolecules SBI3U7. Topic 3. Thursday, October 4, 2012

IB Biology BIOCHEMISTRY. Biological Macromolecules SBI3U7. Topic 3. Thursday, October 4, 2012 + IB Biology SBI3U7 BIOCHEMISTRY Topic 3 Biological Macromolecules Essential Questions: 1.What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells? 2.How does the

More information

Lec 3a- BPK 110 Human Nutr.:Current Iss.

Lec 3a- BPK 110 Human Nutr.:Current Iss. Lec 3a- BPK 110 Human Nutr.:Current Iss. 1. Overview Carbohydrates (CHO) 2. Types of Carbohydrates 3. Why to Include Carbohydrates in Your Diet? 4. Digestion, Absorption and Transport of Carbohydrates

More information

Carbohydrates- Disaccharides. By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan

Carbohydrates- Disaccharides. By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan Carbohydrates- Disaccharides By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan Disaccharides ofbiological importance: Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. They are crystalline, water-soluble

More information

I (CH 2 O) n or H - C - OH I

I (CH 2 O) n or H - C - OH I V. ARBYDRATE arbohydrates (glycans) have the following basic composition: I ( ) n or - - I Many carbohydrates are soluble in water. The usual chemical test for the simpler carbohydrates is heating with

More information

Carbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2

Carbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2 Carbohydrates What are they? Formula = (C 2 O) n where n > 3 Also called sugar Major biomolecule in body What do cells do with carbs? Oxidize them for energy Store them to oxidize later for energy Use

More information

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

More information

Carbohydrates Dr. Ameerah M. Zarzoor

Carbohydrates Dr. Ameerah M. Zarzoor Carbohydrates Dr. Ameerah M. Zarzoor What Are Carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth Produced by plants during photosynthesis Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyl aldehydes

More information

Introduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out?

Introduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out? Introduction to Macromolecules Macromolecules are a set of molecules that are found in living organisms. Macromolecules essentially mean big molecules as the word macro means large. The functions of these

More information

Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y

Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules

More information

Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose)

More information

Ch13. Sugars. What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0

Ch13. Sugars. What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0 Ch13 Sugars What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch13 Sugars Haworth Structures Saccharides can form rings. That creates a

More information

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds.

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds. BIOLOGY 12 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES NAME: Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds. ORGANIC MOLECULES: Organic molecules

More information

Not long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze.

Not long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze. Carbohydrates Not long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze. What was or is the problem? Why are carbohydrates so unpopular? Carbohydrates are sugar compounds that plants make when

More information

Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms which consists mainly of the following elements:

Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms which consists mainly of the following elements: Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms which consists mainly of the following elements: These elements are non-metals which combine in various ways to form biomolecules through

More information

Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title

Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.

More information

Chemistry of Carbon. Building Blocks of Life

Chemistry of Carbon. Building Blocks of Life Chemistry of Carbon Building Blocks of Life 2007-2008 Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl,

More information

Name a property of. water why is it necessary for life?

Name a property of. water why is it necessary for life? 02.09.18 Name a property of + water why is it necessary for life? n Cohesion n Adhesion n Transparency n Density n Solvent n Heat capacity + Macromolecules (2.3 & some of 2.4) + Organic Molecules All molecules

More information

SPECIFICATION CONTINUED Glucose has two isomers, α-glucose and β-glucose, with structures:

SPECIFICATION CONTINUED Glucose has two isomers, α-glucose and β-glucose, with structures: alevelbiology.co.uk SPECIFICATION Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made. Glucose, galactose and fructose are common monosaccharides. A condensation reaction between

More information

The. Crash Course. Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O)

The. Crash Course. Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) The Biochemistry Crash Course Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) This exercise is designed to familiarize you with

More information

3.9 Carbohydrates. Provide building materials and energy storage. Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

3.9 Carbohydrates. Provide building materials and energy storage. Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio 3.9 Carbohydrates Provide building materials and energy storage Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Are of two main types Simple carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates

More information

Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol

Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol (polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhyroxyketone); their polymers,which

More information

Lecture 2 Carbohydrates

Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Sources of CHOs Wholegrains major dietary intake Vegetables, legumes ad fruit contain dietary fibre Milk products provide lactose essential for infants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate,

More information

Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1).

Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1). Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1). Why we study carbohydrates 1) carbohydrates are the

More information

OH -lactose OH O CH 2 OH O CH 2 OH OH HO OH HO O HO

OH -lactose OH O CH 2 OH O CH 2 OH OH HO OH HO O HO Compounds. C A R B Y D R A T E S. DISACARIDES and oligosaccharides Aris Kaksis 0.year Riga Stradin s University http://aris.gusc.lv/utritionbiochem/carbohydratesdisacchari.pdf Most carbohydrates in nature

More information

The Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates

The Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates The Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates Do Now: WHAT IS TABLE SUGAR MADE UP OF? Sucrose (table sugar) Composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule Please draw the structure

More information

Disaccharides. Three Important Disaccharides Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose. The formation of these three common disaccharides are:

Disaccharides. Three Important Disaccharides Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose. The formation of these three common disaccharides are: DISACCHARIDES Disaccharides Three Important Disaccharides Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose The formation of these three common disaccharides are: 2 Disaccharides Maltose (Malt Sugar) Maltose is known as malt

More information

Topic 3: Molecular Biology

Topic 3: Molecular Biology Topic 3: Molecular Biology 3.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids Essen=al Understanding: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used to supply and store energy. Carbohydrates CARBOHYDRATES CHO sugars Primarily consist

More information

Carbohydrates. Learning Objective

Carbohydrates. Learning Objective , one of the four major classes of biomolecules, are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. They function as energy stores, metabolic intermediates and important fuels for the body.

More information

Chemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates

Chemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Esters: esters are derived from carboxylic acids (the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group). The functional

More information

Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates

Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates I Types of Carbohydrates If someone told you "My carbohydrate intake is too high", what would you assume about what they're eating? A. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES:

More information

-can be classified by the number of sugars that constitute the molecules: -how to differentiate between glucose and galactose?

-can be classified by the number of sugars that constitute the molecules: -how to differentiate between glucose and galactose? Carbohydrates (Also called: saccharides) -can be classified by the number of sugars that constitute the molecules: 1- monosaccharides: -General formula: (CH2O)n -Contain one sugar molecule -Contain two

More information

CLASS 11th. Biomolecules

CLASS 11th. Biomolecules CLASS 11th 01. Carbohydrates These are the compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen having hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as that of water, i.e. 2 : 1. They are among the most widely distributed

More information

Competitive Inhibitor

Competitive Inhibitor is a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. Competitive Inhibitor Identify the following molecule: Polysaccharide

More information

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test. . Carbohydrates are

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test. . Carbohydrates are A Getting-It-n Review and Self-Test arbohydrates arbohydrates, one of the three principal classes of foods, contain only three elements: (1), (2), and (3). The name carbohydrate is derived from the French

More information

Carbs: The Staff of Life, or The Stuff of Death? Ed Cox, M.D.

Carbs: The Staff of Life, or The Stuff of Death? Ed Cox, M.D. Carbs: The Staff of Life, or The Stuff of Death? Ed Cox, M.D. Pyramid, or Paleo? Carbs defined Carbohydrates (abbrev. CHO) = saccharides Saccharide from Greek for sugar Compounds of carbon, oxygen and

More information

5.2 Lipids 5.21 Triglycerides 5.22 Phospholipids 5.23 Wax 5.24 Steroids. 5.3 Proteins 5.4 Nucleic Acids

5.2 Lipids 5.21 Triglycerides 5.22 Phospholipids 5.23 Wax 5.24 Steroids. 5.3 Proteins 5.4 Nucleic Acids BIOCHEMISTRY Class Notes Summary Table of Contents 1.0 Inorganic and Organic Compounds 2.0 Monomers and Polymers 3.0 Dehydration (Condensation) Synthesis 4.0 Hydrolysis Reaction 5.0 Organic Compounds 5.1

More information

BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules

BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life : Learning Outcomes 2.4) Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biological

More information

Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa. Bio.Eng Zahraa A.A. Mousa

Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa. Bio.Eng Zahraa A.A. Mousa Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa Overview Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature Wide range of functions e.g., a significant fraction of the energy

More information

Definition of a Carbohydrate

Definition of a Carbohydrate * Atoms held together by covalent bonds Definition of a Carbohydrate * Organic macromolecules * Consist of C, H, & O atoms * Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H : O Functions Performed by Carbohydrates Used

More information

Proteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life

Proteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life Proteins Biomolecules Nucleic Acids The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Biomolecules are 1. Organic molecules that are (at least 1 Carbon molecule and often chains of Carbon) They all contain.

More information

Organic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1

Organic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Organic Molecules 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars and starches Consist of C, H, O with H:O ration 2:1 Usually classified as to sugar units Monosaccharide are single sugar

More information

CARBOHYDRATES. By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM

CARBOHYDRATES. By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM CARBOHYDRATES By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE By the end of this lecture, student can: Define

More information

Proteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life

Proteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life Proteins Biomolecules Nucleic Acids The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Biomolecules are Organic Molecules 1. Organic molecules that are Carbon based (at least 1 Carbon molecule and often

More information

Lesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1

Lesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Lesson 2 Biological Molecules Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Carbon in Biological Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic

More information

What is Life? Project PART 6: The molecules of life

What is Life? Project PART 6: The molecules of life Name: Due Monday 9/17 (15 points) What is Life? Project PART 6: The molecules of life Read the following text and answer the questions: The Molecules of Life All living things are composed of chemical

More information

Macromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Macromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Macromolecules Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q: Which of the above are polymers? (put a star by them). Polymer literally means. Polymers are long

More information

ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Carbohydrate Chemistry

ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Carbohydrate Chemistry I. General structures A. D-Aldoses ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest

More information

ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES

ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES I. General structures ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES A. D-Aldoses 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest

More information

Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made?

Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made? Biological molecules Can you explain that all living things have a similar biochemical basis? Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made? Can you describe polymers

More information

Name: Period: Date: Testing for Biological Macromolecules Lab

Name: Period: Date: Testing for Biological Macromolecules Lab Testing for Biological Macromolecules Lab Introduction: All living organisms are composed of various types of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, starches, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These

More information

CHAPTER 27 CARBOHYDRATES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 27 CARBOHYDRATES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 27 09/17/2013 11:12:35 Page 397 APTER 27 ARBYDRATES SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. In general, the carbohydrate carbon oxidation state determines the carbon s metabolic energy content. The more oxidized

More information

2-3 Carbon Compounds 10/22/2013. The Chemistry of Carbon. More Carbon. Chemistry (cont) More Macromolecules. Macromolecules

2-3 Carbon Compounds 10/22/2013. The Chemistry of Carbon. More Carbon. Chemistry (cont) More Macromolecules. Macromolecules The Chemistry of Carbon 2-3 Carbon Compounds Because of carbons 4 valence electrons it can form covalent bonds with many other elements (octet rule) 2 Chemistry (cont) Plus, it can bond with itself More

More information

2/25/2015. Chapter 6. Carbohydrates. Outline. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates

2/25/2015. Chapter 6. Carbohydrates. Outline. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates Lecture Presentation Chapter 6 Carbohydrates Julie Klare Fortis College Smyrna, GA Outline 6.7 Carbohydrates and Blood The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides (mono is Greek for one, sakkhari is

More information

Six Nutrients. Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water

Six Nutrients. Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water Nutrients Six Nutrients Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water Water Function: most essential nutrient Helps digest and absorb

More information

Carbohydrates: The Energy Nutrient Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Carbohydrates: The Energy Nutrient Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license. Carbohydrates: The Energy Nutrient 2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license. CARBOHYDRATES Functions of Carbohydrates 1. Energy 2.

More information

Chemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon

Chemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Ach Chemistry of Carbon All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Carbon atom with an outer shell of four electrons can form covalent bonds with four atoms. In organic molecules,

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS

BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS 1. 2. 3. 4. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS (fats) PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS We call these four main types of carbon- based molecules

More information

Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2

Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2 Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2 Biologically Important Monosaccharide Derivatives There are a large number of monosaccharide derivatives. A variety of chemical and enzymatic reactions produce these

More information

Some Interesting Nutritional Biochemistry of Sugars

Some Interesting Nutritional Biochemistry of Sugars Some Interesting Nutritional Biochemistry of Sugars 1 The Fructose Paradox: Sweet Poison Very sweet sugar Cheap to produce (high fructose corn syrup) Low Glycemic Index.but, it s a nutritional nightmare!

More information

A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO BIOCHEMISTRY

A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO BIOCHEMISTRY A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO BIOCHEMISTRY Life is basically a chemical process Organic substances: contain carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atom 4 classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Chemical

More information

30.1 Organization of the Human Body

30.1 Organization of the Human Body 30.1 Organization of the Human Body Organization of the Body The levels of organization in the body include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. At each level of organization, these parts of the

More information

Biological Molecules 1

Biological Molecules 1 Biological Molecules 1 Overview Macromolecules Monomers and polymers The four classes of biological molecules Lipids Saturated, unsaturated, trans fats Phospholipids Steroids Carbohydrates Monosaccharides,

More information

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Name: Period: Date: I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water Carbon forms

More information

Chem 263 Nov 22, Carbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See Handout

Chem 263 Nov 22, Carbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See Handout hem 263 Nov 22, 2016 arbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See andout Approximately 0.02% of the sun s energy is used on this planet for photosynthesis in which organisms convert carbon dioxide

More information

Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates)

Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) The Chemistry of Carbon (Organic Chemistry) Organic Chemistry: The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon can bond with many

More information

Maillard browning reaction: a non-enzymatic browning. Advantages of Maillard browning

Maillard browning reaction: a non-enzymatic browning. Advantages of Maillard browning Maillard browning reaction: a non-enzymatic browning Under some conditions, reducing sugars produce brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. Other brown colors obtained upon heating

More information

Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry

Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry 1 2 3 4 Bio 1101 Lecture 3 Chapter 3: Molecules of Life Organic Molecules Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called

More information

Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life

Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Chapter 3 Outline 3.1 Why Is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? p. 38 3.2 How Are Organic Molecules Synthesized? p. 38 3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?

More information

Chapter 11. Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins.

Chapter 11. Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins. Chapter 11 Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins. Carbohydrates Fuels Structural components Coating of cells Part of extracellular matrix

More information

CARBOHYDRATES 8/25/2014. Lesson Objectives. NUTR 2050 Nutrition for Nursing Professionals. Mrs. Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD.

CARBOHYDRATES 8/25/2014. Lesson Objectives. NUTR 2050 Nutrition for Nursing Professionals. Mrs. Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD. CARBOHYDRATES NUTR 2050 Nutrition for Nursing Professionals Mrs. Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: 1. Discuss the broad functions

More information

Biochemistry: A Short Course

Biochemistry: A Short Course Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 10 Carbohydrates 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 10 Outline Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones that contain two or

More information

Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers Copyright Student learning outcomes: At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Compare and contrast whole grains and refined sugars Compare and contrast

More information

Biological Molecules

Biological Molecules SIM Tuition Biological Molecules I won t lie. This is probably the most boring topic you have ever done in any science. It s pretty much as simple as this: learn the material deal with it. Enjoy don t

More information

Name: Class: Honors Biology Period: Question: What is the molecular formula of this molecule?

Name: Class: Honors Biology Period: Question: What is the molecular formula of this molecule? Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Exercise 1 Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules (3.1) The great variety of organic compounds results from the ability of carbon atoms to bond with four other

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) CARBOHYDRATES

BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) CARBOHYDRATES AP BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) NAME DATE PERIOD CARBOHYDRATES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Polymers of simple sugars Classified according to number of simple sugars Sugars 3

More information

Carbohydrates. Chapter 12

Carbohydrates. Chapter 12 Carbohydrates Chapter 12 Educational Goals 1. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. 2. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by

More information

Ch. 5 The S & F of Macromolecules. They may be extremely small but they are still macro.

Ch. 5 The S & F of Macromolecules. They may be extremely small but they are still macro. Ch. 5 The S & F of Macromolecules They may be extremely small but they are still macro. Background Information Cells join small molecules together to form larger molecules. Macromolecules may be composed

More information

Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School

Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School IB Syllabus Statements 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from

More information

Carbon s Bonding Pattern

Carbon s Bonding Pattern Organic Compounds It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells German chemists in the 1800 s learned how to do this in the lab, showing

More information

24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates

24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates 24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.). The polymer

More information

A. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. B. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule.

A. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. B. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. Biochemistry - Problem Drill 08: Carbohydrates No. 1 of 10 1. have one aldehyde (-CHO) or one keto (-C=O) group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. (A) Amino acids (B) Proteins (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Carbohydrates

More information

Topic 3.1 Nutrients. - Lipids are an essential part of the and are a part of cell in the body.

Topic 3.1 Nutrients. - Lipids are an essential part of the and are a part of cell in the body. Name: Topic 3.1 Nutrients Date: IB SEHS 3.1.1. List the macronutrients and micronutrients Macronutrients: - lipid (fat) - carbohydrate - protein - water (says the book) Micronutrients: - vitamins - minerals

More information

Section 2.1: Enzymes and Digestion

Section 2.1: Enzymes and Digestion Section 2.1: Enzymes and Digestion Glands produce enzymes that are used to break down large molecules into smaller ones that are ready for abortion. The digestive system provides an interface between the

More information

Metabolism is the sum of body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health.

Metabolism is the sum of body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health. Keeping it Simple Nutrition in General: Metabolism is the sum of body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health. The registered dietician role is to carry out major responsibilities in

More information

B. Element - each different kind of atom is a different element 1. Examples: C = carbon H = hydrogen

B. Element - each different kind of atom is a different element 1. Examples: C = carbon H = hydrogen I. Chemistry study of what substances are made of and how they change and combine Structural Formula A. Atom fundamental unit of matter 1. Subatomic particles: n o = neutron p + = proton e - = electron

More information

For questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name:

For questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name: Chemistry 11 Fall 2009 Examination #5 ANSWER KEY For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the free response

More information

Module-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides

Module-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides Paper No. 01 Paper Title: Food Chemistry Module-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides Monosaccharides The simplest form of carbohydrates is the monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are

More information

Carbohydrates 1. Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras

Carbohydrates 1. Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Carbohydrates 1 Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: NCN#343B Tel: 787-764-0000 ext. 7798 E-mail: stevenemassey@gmail.com

More information

All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:

All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic compounds

More information

Full file at

Full file at Tucker Chapter 2 Concepts for Lecture LEARNING OUTCOME 1 To differentiate the types of carbohydrates and list dietary sources of each. Concepts for Lecture 1. Carbohydrates are compounds that contain carbon,

More information

Macromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.

Macromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds

More information

Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes. Unit 02

Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes. Unit 02 Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes Unit 02 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. What is Carbon? Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds

More information