Carbohydrates. Lecture2
|
|
- Bruno Harrington
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Carbohydrates Lecture2
2 Disaccharides
3 Consist of two monosaccharides covalently bound to each other. All of which are isomers with the molecular formula C O 11. The differences in these disaccharides are due to atomic arrangements within the molecule. In disaccharides the chemical bond that joins the two monosaccharide units is called a glycosidic bond. Glycosidic bond characteristics: Is readily hydrolyzed by acid. It resists cleavage by base.
4 Glycosidic Bonds The anomeric hydroxyl and a hydroxyl of another sugar or some other compound can join together, splitting out water to form a glycosidic bond: R-O + O-R' R-O-R' + 2 O
5 Naming glycosidic bonds Glycosidic bonds between sugars are named According: 1. To the numbers of the connected carbons 2. To the position of the anomeric hydroxyl group of the sugar involved in the bond. If this anomeric hydroxyl group is in the α configuration, the linkage is an α-bond. If it is in the β configuration, the linkage is a β-bond.
6 Major Disaccharides 1. Maltose, it is a disaccharide with an a(1 4) glycosidic link between C1 - C4 O of 2 glucoses. It is the a anomer (C1 O points down). Maltose is a sugar not naturally found in high quantities in the food supply, but your body can generate it when you digest starchy foods. Although maltose is a small sugar, it is actually made of two smaller glucose sugars. Maltose is a bit too big for people to absorb, so your body must break it down into glucose in order to transport it to other parts of the body for use as fuel and for storing energy. 6 C 2 O 6 C 2 O 4 5 O O O O 1 O 3 2 O 3 2 O O maltose O
7 2. Cellobiose, a product of cellulose breakdown, is the otherwise equivalent b anomer (O on C1 points up). The b(1 4) glycosidic linkage is represented as a zig-zag, but one glucose is actually flipped over relative to the other. 6 C 2 O 6 C 2 O 4 O 5 O 3 O 2 1 O 4 5 O 3 O 2 1 O O cellobiose O
8 Sucrose (table sugar) is composed of glucose & fructose, with α(1 2) linkage from the anomeric O of glucose; (O points down from ring). It is known as beet sugar, cane sugar, table sugar. In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by sucrase, which are located in the membrane of the microvilli lining the duodenum. The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream.
9 4. Lactose (milk sugar), is composed of galactose & glucose, with b(1 4) linkage from the anomeric O of galactose. It is found in milk and other dairy products. It makes up around 2 8% of milk (by weight).
10 ydrolysis Addition of WATER to a compound to split it into smaller subunits or by boiling with dilute acid. Also called chemical digestion. Example: disaccharide + 2O monosaccharide + monosaccharide
11
12 Disaccharides major characteristics: just like monosaccharide; they are white crystalline solids at room temperature and are soluble in water. Sucrose very soluble in water Maltose fairly soluble Lactose only slightly soluble The disaccharides, owever, even though they are soluble in water, they are too large to pass through cell membranes.
13 Oligosaccharides
14 oligosaccharide From the Greek: olígos means "a few", and sácchar means "sugar It is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (up to ten) of simple sugars (monosaccharides). A large number of oligosaccharides have been prepared by partially breaking down more complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). Most of the few naturally occurring oligosaccharides are found in plants.
15 oligosaccharide Oligosaccharides, except maltotriose, are indigestible, which means humans lack enzymes to break them down in the small intestine. >> so they reach the large intestine, where beneficial colonic bacteria break them down (ferment) to absorbable nutrients, which provide some energy about 2 Calories (kilocalories) per gram in average >> Certain breakdown products of oligosaccharides namely short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may have beneficial effect on large intestinal lining. Most oligosaccharides act as a soluble fiber, which may help prevent constipation. Ingestion of large amount of oligosaccharides can result in abdominal bloating and excessive gas (flatulence).
16 oligosaccharide Example: Raffinose It is a tri-saccharide found in many plants, consists of galactose, glucose and fructose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains.
17 oligosaccharide Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose (glucose+fructose) by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-gal). umans do not possess the α- GAL enzyme in their digestive tract to break down Raffinose!! Therefore, these oligosaccharides pass undigested through the stomach and upper intestine. In the lower intestine, they are fermented by gas-producing bacteria that do possess the α- GAL enzyme and make carbon dioxide, methane or hydrogen leading to the flatulence commonly associated with eating beans and other vegetables.
Biochemistry: Macromolecules
1 Biology: Macromolecules 2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Meaning: hydrated carbon ratio of h:0 is 2:1 (same as in water) Source: plants
More informationWaseem Abu Obeida. Salsabeel Fleifal. Mamoon Ahram
8 Waseem Abu Obeida Salsabeel Fleifal Mamoon Ahram Anomers Anomers cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, they differ from each other in the configuration of C-1 if they are aldoses or
More informationCarbohydrates. 1. Using the terms provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of organic compounds.
Name: Class: Date: Grade 10 Science Related Reading/Biology Carbohydrates Biology Gr10 1. Using the terms provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of organic compounds. maltose
More informationI. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals,
More informationLearning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic
Learning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic compounds. What are inorganic molecules? Molecules that CANNOT
More informationStructural Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates & ATP Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates
More informationBCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud
BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides. Most,
More informationDehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions. ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml
Glucose Molecule Macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers Polymers long molecules made from building blocks linked by covalent bonds Monomers the building blocks to polymers
More informationIB Biology BIOCHEMISTRY. Biological Macromolecules SBI3U7. Topic 3. Thursday, October 4, 2012
+ IB Biology SBI3U7 BIOCHEMISTRY Topic 3 Biological Macromolecules Essential Questions: 1.What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells? 2.How does the
More informationLec 3a- BPK 110 Human Nutr.:Current Iss.
Lec 3a- BPK 110 Human Nutr.:Current Iss. 1. Overview Carbohydrates (CHO) 2. Types of Carbohydrates 3. Why to Include Carbohydrates in Your Diet? 4. Digestion, Absorption and Transport of Carbohydrates
More informationCarbohydrates- Disaccharides. By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan
Carbohydrates- Disaccharides By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan Disaccharides ofbiological importance: Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. They are crystalline, water-soluble
More informationI (CH 2 O) n or H - C - OH I
V. ARBYDRATE arbohydrates (glycans) have the following basic composition: I ( ) n or - - I Many carbohydrates are soluble in water. The usual chemical test for the simpler carbohydrates is heating with
More informationCarbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2
Carbohydrates What are they? Formula = (C 2 O) n where n > 3 Also called sugar Major biomolecule in body What do cells do with carbs? Oxidize them for energy Store them to oxidize later for energy Use
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
More informationCarbohydrates Dr. Ameerah M. Zarzoor
Carbohydrates Dr. Ameerah M. Zarzoor What Are Carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth Produced by plants during photosynthesis Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyl aldehydes
More informationIntroduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out?
Introduction to Macromolecules Macromolecules are a set of molecules that are found in living organisms. Macromolecules essentially mean big molecules as the word macro means large. The functions of these
More informationCarbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y
Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules
More informationCarbohydrates. Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose)
More informationCh13. Sugars. What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0
Ch13 Sugars What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch13 Sugars Haworth Structures Saccharides can form rings. That creates a
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds.
BIOLOGY 12 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES NAME: Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds. ORGANIC MOLECULES: Organic molecules
More informationNot long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze.
Carbohydrates Not long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze. What was or is the problem? Why are carbohydrates so unpopular? Carbohydrates are sugar compounds that plants make when
More informationBiomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms which consists mainly of the following elements:
Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms which consists mainly of the following elements: These elements are non-metals which combine in various ways to form biomolecules through
More informationChapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title
Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.
More informationChemistry of Carbon. Building Blocks of Life
Chemistry of Carbon Building Blocks of Life 2007-2008 Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl,
More informationName a property of. water why is it necessary for life?
02.09.18 Name a property of + water why is it necessary for life? n Cohesion n Adhesion n Transparency n Density n Solvent n Heat capacity + Macromolecules (2.3 & some of 2.4) + Organic Molecules All molecules
More informationSPECIFICATION CONTINUED Glucose has two isomers, α-glucose and β-glucose, with structures:
alevelbiology.co.uk SPECIFICATION Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made. Glucose, galactose and fructose are common monosaccharides. A condensation reaction between
More informationThe. Crash Course. Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O)
The Biochemistry Crash Course Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) This exercise is designed to familiarize you with
More information3.9 Carbohydrates. Provide building materials and energy storage. Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
3.9 Carbohydrates Provide building materials and energy storage Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Are of two main types Simple carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates
More informationDr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol
Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol (polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhyroxyketone); their polymers,which
More informationLecture 2 Carbohydrates
Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Sources of CHOs Wholegrains major dietary intake Vegetables, legumes ad fruit contain dietary fibre Milk products provide lactose essential for infants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate,
More informationCarbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1).
Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1). Why we study carbohydrates 1) carbohydrates are the
More informationOH -lactose OH O CH 2 OH O CH 2 OH OH HO OH HO O HO
Compounds. C A R B Y D R A T E S. DISACARIDES and oligosaccharides Aris Kaksis 0.year Riga Stradin s University http://aris.gusc.lv/utritionbiochem/carbohydratesdisacchari.pdf Most carbohydrates in nature
More informationThe Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates
The Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates Do Now: WHAT IS TABLE SUGAR MADE UP OF? Sucrose (table sugar) Composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule Please draw the structure
More informationDisaccharides. Three Important Disaccharides Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose. The formation of these three common disaccharides are:
DISACCHARIDES Disaccharides Three Important Disaccharides Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose The formation of these three common disaccharides are: 2 Disaccharides Maltose (Malt Sugar) Maltose is known as malt
More informationTopic 3: Molecular Biology
Topic 3: Molecular Biology 3.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids Essen=al Understanding: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used to supply and store energy. Carbohydrates CARBOHYDRATES CHO sugars Primarily consist
More informationCarbohydrates. Learning Objective
, one of the four major classes of biomolecules, are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. They function as energy stores, metabolic intermediates and important fuels for the body.
More informationChemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates
Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Esters: esters are derived from carboxylic acids (the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group). The functional
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates
Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates I Types of Carbohydrates If someone told you "My carbohydrate intake is too high", what would you assume about what they're eating? A. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES:
More information-can be classified by the number of sugars that constitute the molecules: -how to differentiate between glucose and galactose?
Carbohydrates (Also called: saccharides) -can be classified by the number of sugars that constitute the molecules: 1- monosaccharides: -General formula: (CH2O)n -Contain one sugar molecule -Contain two
More informationCLASS 11th. Biomolecules
CLASS 11th 01. Carbohydrates These are the compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen having hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as that of water, i.e. 2 : 1. They are among the most widely distributed
More informationCompetitive Inhibitor
is a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. Competitive Inhibitor Identify the following molecule: Polysaccharide
More informationA Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test. . Carbohydrates are
A Getting-It-n Review and Self-Test arbohydrates arbohydrates, one of the three principal classes of foods, contain only three elements: (1), (2), and (3). The name carbohydrate is derived from the French
More informationCarbs: The Staff of Life, or The Stuff of Death? Ed Cox, M.D.
Carbs: The Staff of Life, or The Stuff of Death? Ed Cox, M.D. Pyramid, or Paleo? Carbs defined Carbohydrates (abbrev. CHO) = saccharides Saccharide from Greek for sugar Compounds of carbon, oxygen and
More information5.2 Lipids 5.21 Triglycerides 5.22 Phospholipids 5.23 Wax 5.24 Steroids. 5.3 Proteins 5.4 Nucleic Acids
BIOCHEMISTRY Class Notes Summary Table of Contents 1.0 Inorganic and Organic Compounds 2.0 Monomers and Polymers 3.0 Dehydration (Condensation) Synthesis 4.0 Hydrolysis Reaction 5.0 Organic Compounds 5.1
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life : Learning Outcomes 2.4) Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biological
More informationBiochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa. Bio.Eng Zahraa A.A. Mousa
Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa Overview Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature Wide range of functions e.g., a significant fraction of the energy
More informationDefinition of a Carbohydrate
* Atoms held together by covalent bonds Definition of a Carbohydrate * Organic macromolecules * Consist of C, H, & O atoms * Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H : O Functions Performed by Carbohydrates Used
More informationProteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life
Proteins Biomolecules Nucleic Acids The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Biomolecules are 1. Organic molecules that are (at least 1 Carbon molecule and often chains of Carbon) They all contain.
More informationOrganic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1
Organic Molecules 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars and starches Consist of C, H, O with H:O ration 2:1 Usually classified as to sugar units Monosaccharide are single sugar
More informationCARBOHYDRATES. By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM
CARBOHYDRATES By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE By the end of this lecture, student can: Define
More informationProteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life
Proteins Biomolecules Nucleic Acids The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Biomolecules are Organic Molecules 1. Organic molecules that are Carbon based (at least 1 Carbon molecule and often
More informationLesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 2 Biological Molecules Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Carbon in Biological Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic
More informationWhat is Life? Project PART 6: The molecules of life
Name: Due Monday 9/17 (15 points) What is Life? Project PART 6: The molecules of life Read the following text and answer the questions: The Molecules of Life All living things are composed of chemical
More informationMacromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Macromolecules Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q: Which of the above are polymers? (put a star by them). Polymer literally means. Polymers are long
More informationANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Carbohydrate Chemistry
I. General structures A. D-Aldoses ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest
More informationANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES
I. General structures ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES A. D-Aldoses 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest
More informationCan you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made?
Biological molecules Can you explain that all living things have a similar biochemical basis? Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made? Can you describe polymers
More informationName: Period: Date: Testing for Biological Macromolecules Lab
Testing for Biological Macromolecules Lab Introduction: All living organisms are composed of various types of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, starches, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These
More informationCHAPTER 27 CARBOHYDRATES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
27 09/17/2013 11:12:35 Page 397 APTER 27 ARBYDRATES SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. In general, the carbohydrate carbon oxidation state determines the carbon s metabolic energy content. The more oxidized
More information2-3 Carbon Compounds 10/22/2013. The Chemistry of Carbon. More Carbon. Chemistry (cont) More Macromolecules. Macromolecules
The Chemistry of Carbon 2-3 Carbon Compounds Because of carbons 4 valence electrons it can form covalent bonds with many other elements (octet rule) 2 Chemistry (cont) Plus, it can bond with itself More
More information2/25/2015. Chapter 6. Carbohydrates. Outline. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates
Lecture Presentation Chapter 6 Carbohydrates Julie Klare Fortis College Smyrna, GA Outline 6.7 Carbohydrates and Blood The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides (mono is Greek for one, sakkhari is
More informationSix Nutrients. Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water
Nutrients Six Nutrients Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water Water Function: most essential nutrient Helps digest and absorb
More informationCarbohydrates: The Energy Nutrient Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Carbohydrates: The Energy Nutrient 2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license. CARBOHYDRATES Functions of Carbohydrates 1. Energy 2.
More informationChemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon
Ach Chemistry of Carbon All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Carbon atom with an outer shell of four electrons can form covalent bonds with four atoms. In organic molecules,
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS
BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS 1. 2. 3. 4. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS (fats) PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS We call these four main types of carbon- based molecules
More informationTopic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2
Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2 Biologically Important Monosaccharide Derivatives There are a large number of monosaccharide derivatives. A variety of chemical and enzymatic reactions produce these
More informationSome Interesting Nutritional Biochemistry of Sugars
Some Interesting Nutritional Biochemistry of Sugars 1 The Fructose Paradox: Sweet Poison Very sweet sugar Cheap to produce (high fructose corn syrup) Low Glycemic Index.but, it s a nutritional nightmare!
More informationA BEGINNER S GUIDE TO BIOCHEMISTRY
A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO BIOCHEMISTRY Life is basically a chemical process Organic substances: contain carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atom 4 classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Chemical
More information30.1 Organization of the Human Body
30.1 Organization of the Human Body Organization of the Body The levels of organization in the body include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. At each level of organization, these parts of the
More informationBiological Molecules 1
Biological Molecules 1 Overview Macromolecules Monomers and polymers The four classes of biological molecules Lipids Saturated, unsaturated, trans fats Phospholipids Steroids Carbohydrates Monosaccharides,
More informationI. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
Name: Period: Date: I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water Carbon forms
More informationChem 263 Nov 22, Carbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See Handout
hem 263 Nov 22, 2016 arbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See andout Approximately 0.02% of the sun s energy is used on this planet for photosynthesis in which organisms convert carbon dioxide
More informationCarbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates)
Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) The Chemistry of Carbon (Organic Chemistry) Organic Chemistry: The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon can bond with many
More informationMaillard browning reaction: a non-enzymatic browning. Advantages of Maillard browning
Maillard browning reaction: a non-enzymatic browning Under some conditions, reducing sugars produce brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. Other brown colors obtained upon heating
More informationMany of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry
1 2 3 4 Bio 1101 Lecture 3 Chapter 3: Molecules of Life Organic Molecules Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called
More informationBiology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life
Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Chapter 3 Outline 3.1 Why Is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? p. 38 3.2 How Are Organic Molecules Synthesized? p. 38 3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?
More informationChapter 11. Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins.
Chapter 11 Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins. Carbohydrates Fuels Structural components Coating of cells Part of extracellular matrix
More informationCARBOHYDRATES 8/25/2014. Lesson Objectives. NUTR 2050 Nutrition for Nursing Professionals. Mrs. Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD.
CARBOHYDRATES NUTR 2050 Nutrition for Nursing Professionals Mrs. Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: 1. Discuss the broad functions
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 10 Carbohydrates 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 10 Outline Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones that contain two or
More informationChapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers Copyright Student learning outcomes: At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Compare and contrast whole grains and refined sugars Compare and contrast
More informationBiological Molecules
SIM Tuition Biological Molecules I won t lie. This is probably the most boring topic you have ever done in any science. It s pretty much as simple as this: learn the material deal with it. Enjoy don t
More informationName: Class: Honors Biology Period: Question: What is the molecular formula of this molecule?
Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Exercise 1 Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules (3.1) The great variety of organic compounds results from the ability of carbon atoms to bond with four other
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) CARBOHYDRATES
AP BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) NAME DATE PERIOD CARBOHYDRATES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Polymers of simple sugars Classified according to number of simple sugars Sugars 3
More informationCarbohydrates. Chapter 12
Carbohydrates Chapter 12 Educational Goals 1. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. 2. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by
More informationCh. 5 The S & F of Macromolecules. They may be extremely small but they are still macro.
Ch. 5 The S & F of Macromolecules They may be extremely small but they are still macro. Background Information Cells join small molecules together to form larger molecules. Macromolecules may be composed
More informationUnit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School
Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School IB Syllabus Statements 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from
More informationCarbon s Bonding Pattern
Organic Compounds It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells German chemists in the 1800 s learned how to do this in the lab, showing
More information24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates
24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.). The polymer
More informationA. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. B. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule.
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 08: Carbohydrates No. 1 of 10 1. have one aldehyde (-CHO) or one keto (-C=O) group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. (A) Amino acids (B) Proteins (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Carbohydrates
More informationTopic 3.1 Nutrients. - Lipids are an essential part of the and are a part of cell in the body.
Name: Topic 3.1 Nutrients Date: IB SEHS 3.1.1. List the macronutrients and micronutrients Macronutrients: - lipid (fat) - carbohydrate - protein - water (says the book) Micronutrients: - vitamins - minerals
More informationSection 2.1: Enzymes and Digestion
Section 2.1: Enzymes and Digestion Glands produce enzymes that are used to break down large molecules into smaller ones that are ready for abortion. The digestive system provides an interface between the
More informationMetabolism is the sum of body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health.
Keeping it Simple Nutrition in General: Metabolism is the sum of body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health. The registered dietician role is to carry out major responsibilities in
More informationB. Element - each different kind of atom is a different element 1. Examples: C = carbon H = hydrogen
I. Chemistry study of what substances are made of and how they change and combine Structural Formula A. Atom fundamental unit of matter 1. Subatomic particles: n o = neutron p + = proton e - = electron
More informationFor questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name:
Chemistry 11 Fall 2009 Examination #5 ANSWER KEY For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the free response
More informationModule-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides
Paper No. 01 Paper Title: Food Chemistry Module-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides Monosaccharides The simplest form of carbohydrates is the monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are
More informationCarbohydrates 1. Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras
Carbohydrates 1 Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: NCN#343B Tel: 787-764-0000 ext. 7798 E-mail: stevenemassey@gmail.com
More informationAll living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:
Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic compounds
More informationFull file at
Tucker Chapter 2 Concepts for Lecture LEARNING OUTCOME 1 To differentiate the types of carbohydrates and list dietary sources of each. Concepts for Lecture 1. Carbohydrates are compounds that contain carbon,
More informationMacromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.
Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds
More informationBiochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes. Unit 02
Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes Unit 02 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. What is Carbon? Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds
More information