2. Complete this table to give the function of the following organelles:

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Elijah Banks
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1. Label these diagrams of cells: 2. Complete this table to give the function of the following organelles: Organelle Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole 3.

What does an antiseptic do? 8. Describe mitosis 9. What is the main source of stem cells in research? What ethical issue is associated with this source? 10. Describe how a vaccination works 11.

1 1. Label these diagrams of cells: 2. Complete this table to give the function of the following organelles: Organelle Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole 3. State 2 differences between a bacterial cell and an animal cell. 4. What does the term carcinogen mean? 5. Name three defences the body has to disease 6. Name three groups of pathogens 7. What does an antiseptic do? 8. Describe mitosis 9. What is the main source of stem cells in research? What ethical issue is associated with this source? 10. Describe how a vaccination works 11. Describe how the white blood cells defend the body 12. Describe the steps in drug development 13. What is a placebo? 14. What is a double blind trial? 15. What is an enzyme? 16. How does temperature affect enzyme activity? 17. How does ph affect enzyme activity? 18. Where in the enzyme does the reaction take place? 19. Define diffusion 20. Define osmosis 21. Define active transport 22. Write a word equation for anaerobic respiration. 23. Describe three adaptations of a leaf for photosynthesis. 24. Write the word equation for photosynthesis. 25. State the three limiting factors for photosynthesis. 26. Define transpiration. 27. Describe how mineral ions are absorbed into the root.

2 28. Describe how water enters the root and then moves through the plant. 29. What is the function of the phloem? 30. How are root hair cells adapted to their function? 31. Complete this table to describe the function of the different parts of the blood: Component Red Blood Cell White Blood Cell Plasma Platelets 32. Complete the table by putting each of these parts of the heart under the appropriate heading Pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta, vena cava, left ventricle, left atrium, right ventricle, right atrium, Carries oxygenated blood Carries deoxygenated blood 33. How is backflow of blood prevented in the heart? 34. Describe the function of the following vessels artery, vein, capillary. 35. Describe the function of each of the following parts of the digestive system: Organ Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Pancreas Liver Gall bladder 36. Complete this table about digestive enzymes: Enzyme

3 Breaks protein into amino acids Lipase 37. State the two functions of bile. 38. How and why is the villi adapted? 39. What happens to the heart rate in exercise and why? 40. Name the two types of microscopes 41. Which has a higher resolution 42. How can the magnification of a lens be calculated? 43. Describe how a bacterial plate can be made. 44. Describe the difference between a benign and malignant tumour 45. Describe the difference between a communicable and non-communicable disease 46. Describe how CHD can be treated

4 Answers 1. Label these diagrams of cells: Cell membrane Chloroplast Nucleus Nucleus Cell membrane Vacuole Cell wall Cytoplasm Cytoplasm 2., Organelle Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell. Supports the cell. Absorbs LIGHT. Where photosynthesis takes place Where respiration occurs. Helps support the plant by keeping the cell rigid 3. Bacterial cell has plasmids, animal cell does not, bacterial cell has a flagellum, animal cell does not, bacterial cell has a cell wall, animal cell does not, bacterial cell has a circular loop of DNA, animal cell has DNA in chromosomes, animal cell has a nucleus, bacterial cell does not. 4. Something that can cause cancer 5. Tears (lyozymes), mucus, cilia, skin, stomach acid 6. Bacteria, fungus, viruses 9. Kills bacteria on surfaces 10. Inactive or dead pathogen is injected. This stimulates white blood cells to generate antibodies which can fight the antigen. When infected, lymphocytes are able to quickly release the correct antibodies 11. Phagocytosis, antibodies, antitoxins. 12. Take specific antigen and inject into mice or rats - antibodies are produced by animals lymphocytes, then removed from the animal. 13. New drugs are extensively tested for toxicity, efficacy and dose. Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals. Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients. Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial. If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug. 14. A tablet that does not contain the drug. 15. Patients are allocated randomly to groups so that neither the doctors nor the patients know who has received a placebo and who has received the drug until the trial is complete

5 16. Division of body cells to produce cloned cells which are diploid. 17. Embryo- use of life 18. A biological catalyst 19. Increasing the temperature increases rate up to a point as there are more substrate enzyme collisions until the active site becomes denatured. 20. Dependent on the enzyme, some have an acidic optimum, some may have an alkaline optimum. 21. Active site 22. Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration 23. Movement of water from an area of high water concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane 24. Movement of substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration, energy is required 25. Glucose à Lactic Acid 26. Large surface area, contains chlorophyll to absorb light, stomata for gas exchange. 27. Water + Carbon dioxide à glucose + oxygen 28. Light intensity, CO 2 concentration, temperature. 29. The movement of water through a plant. 30. By active transport using energy from the soil to the cells of the root 31. By osmosis from the soil to the cells of the root then up the xylem. 32. To transport glucose up and down the plant. 33. Large surface area to increase water absorption Component Red Blood Cell White Blood Cell Plasma Platelets Transport oxygen Fight infection Transport CO 2, hormones, glucose Blood clotting 35.. Carries oxygenated blood pulmonary vein, aorta, left ventricle, left atrium Carries deoxygenated blood Pulmonary artery, vena cava right ventricle, right atrium, 36. Valves 37. Thicker wall 38. Artery carries blood away from the heart, vein carries blood to the heart, capillary exchange of substances between tissues. 39. : Organ Mouth Food broken up into smaller pieces, mixed with saliva, starch digestion

6 Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Moves food to stomach by peristalsis Mixes food with enzymes and acid Absorption of food Absorption of water Makes enzymes Makes bile, breaks down some substances Stores bile 40. Pushes food along the digestive system by muscular contraction. Peristalsis 41. Complete this table about digestive enzymes: Enzyme Group Example Carbohydrases Amylase Breaks starch into glucose Proteases Pepsin Breaks protein into amino acids Lipase Digests fat into glycerol and fatty acid 42. Emulsifying fats, neutralising stomach acid. 43. Large surface area, good blood supply, one layer of cells thick for efficient absorption 44. Increases as more oxygen, which is transported in the blood, is required in the muscles for respiration. The waste products of respiration also need to be removed by the blood. 45. Electron and light 46. Electron 47. Image/Object size 48. Sterilise an inoculating loop using ethanol and then place this in a Bunsen burner flame. Keep the culture container until needed. Spread the loop in the culture and spread it carefully across the agar in an agar plate. Close the plate and place Sellotape around the plate to close it but not completely leave some gaps. Disinfect the surfaces and leave the plate in a mild area for a few days. 49. Benign- does not spread or cause secondary tumours, malignant tumours do. 50. Communicable- can be spread, non-communicable cannot be spread. 51. Stents, statins

Organisation. AQA Biology topic 2

Organisation. AQA Biology topic 2 Organisation AQA Biology topic 2 2.1 Principles of Organisation Cells, tissues, organs and systems Basically, all living things are made up of cells A group of CELLS makes up a TISSUE A group of TISSUES