Malabsorption: etiology, pathogenesis and evaluation

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1 Malabsorption: etiology, pathogenesis and evaluation Peter HR Green NORMAL ABSORPTION Coordination of gastric, small intestinal, pancreatic and biliary function Multiple mechanisms Fat protein carbohydrate vitamins and minerals 1

2 NORMAL ABSORPTION Integrated and coordinated response involving different organs, enzymes, hormones, transport and secretory mechanisms Great redundancy 2

3 DIFFERENTIAL SITES OF ABSORPTION Fat, carbohydrate and protein can be absorbed along the entire length (22 feet) Vitamins and minerals are absorbed at different sites Fat Protein CHO 3

4 ABSORPTION LUMINAL MUCOSAL REMOVAL FAT ABSORPTION GASTRIC PHASE lingual lipase INTESTINAL luminal mucosal lymphatic (delivery) 4

5 Luminal phase FAT ABSORPTION chyme pancreatic secretion lipase, colipase micelle formation bile salts, lecithin Intestinal phase transport, chylomicron formation, secretion Transport (lymphatic) phase FAT MALABSORPTION Luminal phase altered motility - chyme pancreatic insufficiency - pancreatic secretion lipase, colipase micelle formation bile salts, lecithin Intestinal ti phase transport, chylomicron formation, secretion Transport (lymphatic) phase 5

Pancreas Functional Lipase Reserve Functional

chronic pancreatitis biliary tract / liver

6 Pancreas Functional Lipase Reserve Functional Lipase Reserve FAT MALABSORPTION Luminal phase altered motility - chyme pancreatic insufficiency cancer, ductal obstruction, chronic pancreatitis biliary tract / liver disease cirrhosis, bile duct cancer SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH 6

7 SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH BLIND LOOP SYNDROME JEJUNAL DIVERTICULOSIS IMPAIRED MOTILITY (sclerthoderma, celiac disease) Deconjugation bile salts Rx antibiotics FAT MALABSORPTION INTESTINAL PHASE mucosal disease celiac disease, tropical sprue, Crohn s disease, radiation, abetaliporoteinemia, chylomicron retention disease, giardiasis REMOVAL PHASE Lymphatic obstruction (lymphoma) 7

8 ABSORPTION LUMINAL MUCOSAL REMOVAL FAT MALABSORPTION CONSEQUENCES -steatorrhea, diarrhea -weight loss -vitamin deficiency K bleeding, A night blindness D bone disease, E neurological disorders ALL, OR ONLY ONE!! 8

9 PROTEIN ABSORPTION Gastric events acid, pepsin Luminal events pancreatic secretions trypsin, chymotrypsin secreted as precursors and activated by brush border enzymes, then actively transported. Rare congenital disorders of transport PROTEIN ABSORPTION LUMINAL MUCOSAL REMOVAL 9

10 CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylase - products of digestion maltose, maltotriose, and a - dextrins, some glucose - glucose actively absorbed - brush border enzymes digest oligosaccharides (lactase, sucrase) - fructose malabsorption CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION LUMINAL MUCOSAL REMOVAL 10

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12 BLIND LOOP SYNDROME ANTIBIOTICS POOR MIXING ENZYMES, CHYME ENZYMES ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME MULTIPLE MECHANISMS OF DIARRHEA AND MALABSORPTION Excessive water and acid production Acidification of duodenal contents, deconjugation bile salts, inactivation of enzymes Villous atrophy 12

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15 Consequences of resection Site of resection distal bowel present distal bowel absent Extent/severity of disease Residual disease Adaptation of residual intestine Age MALABSORPTION DUE TO INFECTIONS Giardiasis Cryptosporidiasis Strongyloides Isospora Mycobacterium avium 15

16 Upper Endoscopy Strongyloides Upper Endoscopy 16

17 Upper GI Series Histology Strongyloides Stercoralis 17

18 Isospora belli Mycobacterium avium 18

19 Malabsorption due to ileal disease/resection Crohn s ileitis MALABSORPTION Bile salts Vitamin B12 19

salt loss Renal stones are related to excess oxalate absorption as a

20 Gallstones and renal stones Gall stones are related to bile salt and phospholipid depletion as a result of fat malabsorption and bile salt loss Renal stones are related to excess oxalate absorption as a result of intraluminal soap formation and depletion of calcium ions 20

21 EVALUATION OF MALABSORPTION CONSEQUENCES weight, BMI ferritin, folate, B12 (methyl malonic acid, homocysteine) zinc, copper calcium, vitamin D, PTH 21

22 EVALUATION OF MALABSORPTION CAUSE PROXIMAL Vs DISTAL?steatorrhea (pancreas, biliary, intestinal) Radiology (small intestine, CAT, USG) Breath tests (bacterial overgrowth, lactose, fructose) Biopsy Video capsule endoscopy STOOL EVALUATION OF MALABSORPTION O&P GIARDIA ANTIGEN FECAL FAT quantitative, qualitative PANCREATIC ELASTASE 22

Digestion and Absorption

Digestion and Absorption Digestion and Absorption Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form. Mechanical digestion by mastication and swallowing Chemical digestion