Assessing climatic effects on the reproductive performance of sows in a temperate climate

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1 Assessing climatic effects on the reproductive performance of sows in a temperate climate Christian Lambertz, Kerstin Wegner and Matthias Gauly Department of Animal Sciences Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany 64th EAAP Nantes

2 Negative effects of high temperatures on sows Weaning-to-service interval Almond & Bilkei, 2005 Prunier et al., 1997 Conception rate Almond & Bilkei, 2005 Suriyasomboon et al., 2006 Litter size Almond & Bilkei, 2005 Edwards et al., 1968 Live born piglets Omtvedt et al., 1971 Stillborn piglets Omtvedt et al.,

3 Heat stress effects during gestation Day of gestation Effect Disordered implantation of embryos, Reduced conception rates, Reduced no. of vital embryos No effects of heat stress Less live born, more stillborn piglets Omtvedt et al. (1971) 3

4 When does heat stress begin? Above 22 C (Black et al., 1993) But: temperature explains climatic effects insufficiently Development of temperature-humidity index (THI) as heat stress indicator No exact thresholds for sows described 4

5 Objectives What effects does the THI have on the reproductive performance in sows? 5

6 Materials and Methods 6 indoor sow farms in Northern Germany Juli 2011 August

7 Measurements Temperature and relative humidity recorded 2 data loggers Farrowing, Waiting, Servicing compartment 7

8 Temperature-humidity index NWSCR (1976): THI = [(1.8 T ) + 32] [0.55 (RH/100] * [((1.8 T) + 32) 58] where T is the temperature ( C) and RH the relative humidity (%) 8

9 Reproductive performance litters Herd monitoring program db-planer (BHZP, Ellringen) Mating date and no. Parity no. Farrowing and weaning date No. of live born and stillborn piglets No. of weaned piglets Preweaning mortality Weaning-to-service interval 9

10 Statistics Y ijklm = μ + P i + S j + PS k + F l + THI + e ijklm Y ijklm = reproductive parameter μ = overall mean P i = fixed effect of parity i (5 classes) S j = fixed effect of season j (4 classes) PS k = fixed effect of the interaction between parity and season F l = fixed effect of the farm (1 to 6) THI = covariate e ijklm = random residual term 10

11 THI effects After AI

12 THI effects After AI Before farrowing

13 THI effects After AI Before farrowing After farrowing

14 Results and discussion 14

15 Course of the THI T H I Farrowing 15

16 Course of the THI T H I Farrowing Servicing 16

17 Course of the THI T H I Farrowing Servicing Waiting 17

18 Course of the THI T H I Farrowing Servicing Waiting Outdoor 18

19 Fixed effect of parity Litter size 15,5 15,0 14,5 b ab c c a 14, >6 Parity p<

20 Fixed effect of parity Litter size 15,5 15,0 14,5 b ab c c a Live born piglets 14,0 15,0 14,0 13, >6 Parity c b b c a p< , >6 Parity p<

21 Fixed effect of parity Litter size 15,5 15,0 14,5 b ab c c a Live born piglets 14,0 15,0 14,0 13, >6 Parity c b b c a p<0.001 Stillborn piglets 12,0 2 1,5 1 0, >6 Parity c d b a b p< >6 Parity p<

22 Effect of THI after AI on litter size Estimated b-value 0,10 0,05 0, Day after AI 22

23 Effect of THI after AI on litter size Increased THI values had positive effects on litter size Estimated b-value 0,10 0,05 0, Day after AI * p<

24 Effect of THI before farrowing on live born piglets Estimated b-value 0,05 0-0,05 Increased THI values before farrowing had negative effects on no. of live born piglets * * -0, Day before farrowing * p<

25 Effect of THI before farrowing on stillborn piglets Estimated b-value 0,040 0,000 Increased THI values before farrowing reduced the no. of stillborn piglets * -0, Day before farrowing * p<

26 Effect of THI after farrowing on weaned piglets Estimated b-value 0,070 0,035 0,000 Increased THI after farrowing had positive effects on no. of weaned piglets * * * * * * * * Day after farrowing * p<

27 Effect of THI after farrowing on preweaning mortality Estimated b-value 0,05 0-0,05-0,1 Increased THI values after farrowing reduced the preweaning mortality * * * * p<0.05 Day after farrowing 27

28 Summary THI had effects on the reproductive performance in sows Sows: Piglets: Less live born piglets Less stillborn piglets Increased no. of weaned piglets Lower preweaning mortality 28

29 Conclusions Piglets performance increased with higher THI-values Higher THI-values negatively affected reproductive performance of the sows at the time of farrowing 29

30 We acknowledge: The studied farms. 30

31 Thanks for your attention! 31

32 Reproductive performance of the studied farms (N=6) Parameter Mean Range Farrowing rate (%) Live born piglets (n) Piglets weaned/litter (n) Piglets weaned/sow / year (n) Preweaning mortality (%) Weaning -to-service interval (d) Returns-to-service (%) Replacement rate (%) Litters per sow (n) Lactation days (d)

33 Background Heat stress in sows: combination of temp and RH! Temperature-humidity index Thresholds for heat stress in sows? Causes seasonal infertility and decreases reproductive efficiency Feed intake reduced by up to 50% (Collin et al., 2001) Effects of heat stress greatest during lactation (Williams et al., 2013) Different thermal-neutral zones of sows and piglets 33

34 Production cycle Servicing compartment Single gestation crates until 4 weeks after AI Waiting compartment Groups of 10 to 80 sows until 1 week prior to farrowing Farrowing compartment Single farrowing crates; weaning after days 34

35 35

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