Introduction to sodium technology Neutronic characteristics of sodium and complexities
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1 Introduction to sodium technology Neutronic characteristics of sodium and complexities K.S. Rajan Professor, School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA University Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 1 of 7
2 Table of Contents 1 SODIUM- AIR REACTION SODIUM- WATER REACTION DETECTION OF HYDROGEN IN SODIUM PURIFICATION OF SODIUM REFERENCE/ADDITIONAL READING... 7 Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 2 of 7
3 This lecture will focus on the neutronic properties of sodium, apart from complexities due to sodium-air and sodium-water reactions. At the end of this lecture, learners will be able to (i) (ii) (iii) summarize the interactions between liquid sodium and neutrons list the consequences of sodium-air reaction in terms of both heat and radioactivity release list the consequences of sodium-water reaction In the previous lecture, we had performed a detailed analysis of thermo-physical properties of liquid sodium. The relative advantages of liquid sodium over other coolants make it as over-whelming choice for fast reactor coolant. Let us discuss the neutronic properties of liquid sodium. The absorption cross section for neutrons in sodium is low. The neutron interaction with sodium leads to only two isotopes: Na-24 and Na-22. Both these isotopes are unstable with the half-life of Na-24 being about 15 hours. The use of intermediate heat exchanger ensures that the radioactive sodium does not come into contact with water in steam generator. The low half-life of Na-24 ensures that any maintenance activity in the primary circuit can be carried out after 15 hours from the time of cease of neutron irradiation. The relatively longer half-life of Na-22 (2.6 years) must be taken into consideration during decommissioning. 1 Sodium-air reaction Liquid sodium burns when it is brought in contact with air. Depending upon the availability of oxygen, sodium forms various oxides like Na 2 O (limited oxygen), Na 2 O 2 (sufficient oxygen). Under higher pressures, NaO 2 (sodium super oxide) is also formed. This requires precautionary measures while handling sodium. It may be recalled that the region above the sodium free surface in pool is filled with Argon. This is one of the methods to prevent sodium contact with air. During storage of liquid sodium, similar precautionary measures are adopted. In the event of sodium-air interaction, the oxidation reaction results in the appearance of flame at the interface between sodium and air. However the flame spreads over few centimeter only in the axial direction, with the fumes being that of Na 2 O. The sodiumair interactions can be managed with relative ease due to the fact that the sodium-air reaction is a slow reaction, with lower heat of reaction. With the oxidation reaction being exothermic, the energy released will heat up the sodium at the interface. As we discussed in the previous lecture, specific heat of sodium is high. Hence its temperature does not increase appreciably. Another useful property of sodium is its Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 3 of 7
4 high boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization, due to which the rate of evaporation will be low. In literature, comparison is available for burning of liquid sodium in air with that of burning of gasoline in air. The heat of formation of Na 2 O 2 is -505 kj/mol. The negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic and hence energy is released. On the basis of unit mass of Na burnt in air, this works out to be approximately kj/g. This is approximately 4 times lower than the heat of combustion of gasoline (~ kj/g). The rate of burning of sodium in air is approximately four times lower than that of burning of gasoline. Hence over a fixed time interval, the amount of energy released due to sodium burning in air is approximately 16 times lower than the energy released due to burning of gasoline. Hence, the height of the flame zone with sodium is low, with temperatures lower than 100 C recorded at a distance of 1 m above the free surface of burning sodium. Comparing this with the burning of gasoline, flames extend to as far as 4 m with temperature of over 600 C recorded at 2 m above the surface of burning gasoline. Note: For formation of one mole of Na 2 O 2, energy released is 505 kj/mol. However, two mole of sodium is required for formation of one mole of Na 2 O 2. Hence, the energy released per mole of sodium reacted is kj/mole (~ kj/g). The products of sodium burning (Na 2 O 2 and NaO) can react with water vapor and CO 2, if present in the air to form sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate respectively. These particles may settle on the floor and are toxic. 2 Sodium-water reaction The reaction of sodium with water is exothermic, with typically around 162 kj of energy released per mole of sodium reacted. When compared to the rate of reaction of sodium with air, sodium-water reaction is fast. In a sodium cooled fast breeder reactor, contact between radioactive primary sodium and water is circumvented using intermediate heat exchanger. However secondary sodium may accidently come into contact with water in steam generator due to possible sodium leak. In the event of such a direct contact between sodium and water, the reaction between them is of two stages. In the first stage, sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen as follows: Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 4 of 7
5 Na + H 2 O à NaOH + 0.5H 2 ; del. H=-140 kj/mole In the second stage, reaction proceeds between the products of first reaction with the sodium as follows: 2Na + NaOH à Na 2 O + NaH; Na + 0.5H 2 à NaH It may be observed that hydrogen is a product of reaction between sodium and water. Hence increase in concentration of hydrogen in sodium is an indication of sodiumwater reaction due to leakage of water into sodium. Hence detection of hydrogen in sodium is essential for detection of leakages. Rapid and early identification of water leaks facilitates the carrying out of necessary steps for repair. 2.1 Detection of hydrogen in sodium A sensor based on diffusion of hydrogen through nickel is used for the detection of hydrogen in sodium. The schematic diagram of this system is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of sensor used for the detection of hydrogen (Ref: Vivek et al., Dynamics of hydrogen in sodium in LMFBR secondary circuit, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 13, 2006, pp ) Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 5 of 7
6 Sodium passes through the nickel tube, while the region outside the nickel tube is maintained at vacuum using ion pumps. If hydrogen is present in sodium due to leakage of water from steam generator, the same will diffuse through the nickel membrane due to the concentration gradient for hydrogen between sodium side (inside nickel tube) and vacuum (outside nickel tube). The change in current of sputter ion pumps is proportional to the quantity of hydrogen diffused through the nickel tube. With the aid of a calibration chart, the quantity of hydrogen diffused and the concentration of hydrogen in the sodium side can be determined. The technology is mature with the capability to detect the leak of even <50 g of water into over 1,00,000 kg of secondary sodium. 1.2 Purification of sodium The final products of sodium reaction with water (Na 2 O and NaH) are soluble in sodium at higher temperatures. The control of oxygen and hydrogen levels in sodium is key. It may be recalled that the presence of oxygen in liquid sodium increases the rate of solubility of metals in sodium and hence the corrosion of steel components. Hence provisions are made for the removal of Na 2 O and NaH from sodium. Most of the fast reactors use a cold trap for removal of Na 2 O and NaH from sodium. The solubility of these components in sodium decreases with decreasing sodium temperature. Hence when liquid sodium containing Na 2 O and NaH is cooled, the impurities containing oxygen and hydrogen (Na 2 O & NaH) precipitate out while sodium still remains as liquid. The simplest version of cold trap consists of (i) an economizer (heat exchanger) (ii) packing of wire mesh that acts as filter (See Figure 2 for schematic diagram). The hot sodium entering the cold trap exchanges heat with the sodium leaving the trap, thereby getting cooled down partially. Modular coolers are used to reduce the sodium temperature down to the saturation temperature of Na 2 O and NaH. This reduces the solubility of Na 2 O and NaH to a greater extent. NaH is retained first while the rest enters isothermal zone containing wire mesh, on which oxide is precipitated. The liquid sodium enters the central hollow compartment, from which the same is pumped to the economizer for heating. With this arrangement, the concentration of oxygen and hydrogen in sodium can be brought down to close to the level desired (< 3 ppm). The cold trap can be regenerated by replacing the wire mesh or through in-situ cleaning of wire mesh using chemical agents. There are several designs of economizer. One of the designs uses concentric coils, with impure sodium passing through the inner tube and the pure sodium leaving the trap passing through the outer tube. The impure sodium is partly cooled by thermal contact with relatively cold pure sodium, thereby reducing the coolant required for the impure sodium and heating requirement of the cold pure sodium. Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 6 of 7
7 Fig 2. Schematic diagram of cold trap (not to scale) 2 Reference/Additional reading Sodium Fast Reactor Design: Fuels, Neutronics, Thermal-Hydraulics, Structural Mechanics and Safety, in: Vol. 21, Handbook of Nuclear Engineering, Dan Gabriel Cacucu (Ed. In Chief), Springer 3. Vivek Nema, D Sujish, B Muralidharan, M Rajan, G Vaidyanathan, Dynamics of hydrogen in sodium in LMFBR secondary circuit, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 13, 2006, pp Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 7 of 7
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