Response of Commercial Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Varying in Protein and Energy Content in Arid Hot Climate

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 ISSN sin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Response of Commercil Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Vrying in Protein nd Energy Content in rid Hot Climte 2 M.S. iker nd S.. s Deprtment of Poultry Production, Fculty of niml Production, University of Gezir, Sudn Deprtment of Poultry Production, Fculty of niml Production, University of Khrtoum, Sudn 2 strct: 3 x 3 fctoril rrngement ws used in completely rndomized design to study three levels of protein nd three levels of energy during severl stges of pullet growing (strter, grower nd developer) nd their effect on growth nd development. The experimentl period ws divided into four phses. Phse one (strter) from 0-6 wk, phse two (grower) from 7-2 wk, phse three (developer) from 3-8 wk nd phse four (production). Dt on phse four (production) re discussed elsewhere. In ll phses of growth, control levels of protein nd energy were set ccording to NRC (994) nd the other levels were higher nd lower. totl of 9 tretments in ll phses of growing were employed nd ech tretment ws replicted three times with ten irds ech. Lysine nd methionine were dded to the diets of ll phses to meet levels recommended for irds in ech growing phse (NRC, 994). During the strter period three levels of protein (P = 6, P2 = 8 control nd P3 = 20% CP) nd Three levels of energy (E = 2650, E2 = 2850 control nd E3 = 3050 kcl of ME/kg of diet) which equivlent (E =., E2 =.9 nd 2.8 MJ/kg ME) were used. The sme protocol in phse one ws continued for the fctoril rrngement for the grower period. The levels of energy were not chnge, ut the levels of protein were chnged (P = 4%, P2 = 6% control nd P3 = 8%). For the developer period the sme protocol in phse one nd two ws continued, ut the levels of oth protein nd energy were chnged (P = 3%, P2 = 5% control nd P3 = 7%) nd (E = 2700, E2 = 2900 control nd E3 = 300 kcl of ME/kg of diet) which equivlent (E =.3, E2 = 2., nd E3 = 3.0 MJ/kg ME). ody Weights (W), ody Weight Gin (WG) nd Feed Consumption (FC) were mesured nd Feed Conversion (FCR) ws clculted t the end of ech growing phses. Higher protein levels consistently incresed WG of pullets during the strter (p<0.0) nd grower periods (p<0.05). The ody weights for pullets fed higher levels of protein (P2 nd P3) were consistently higher thn those fed lower protein level during ll growing phses (p<0.0). High protein diets P2 nd P3 during strter period resulted in improved FCR of irds compred to those pullets fed the low level of protein diet (p< 0.05). The est WG nd FCR during strter period were oserved for irds fed P2E3 diet (p<0.0). W, WG nd FCR were not influenced y dietry energy levels during ll growing periods. The only exception for the W nd WG during the strter period (p<0.05). FC ws not ffected y dietry protein nd energy levels during the growing period. Oviduct development ws ffected y dietry protein nd energy levels during the growing period (p<0.0). ges t first egg nd 50% production were dvnced (p<0.05) due to the use of high protein diets. Thus, sed on this study, irds fed high levels of protein diets (P2 nd P3) during the erly stges of growing period hd the est WG, W nd FCR nd hd well developed reproductive orgns. Key words: Dietry protein, energy, pullets, growing period INTRODUCTION Pullet's nutrition is very importnt for lyers egg production nd qulity. Poultry producers who rise their own replcement pullets hve etter control of their pullet s growth nd development. The producers re putting their fte in the hnds of others when they purchse their replcement pullets from commercil pullet growers. There is direct reltionship etween the pullet s development during rering nd susequent performnce during the lying cycle. It is very importnt to hve the correct mount nd lnce of mino cids, other nutrients nd energy in the rtion t severl stges of the growing period. Pullets should e fed in mnner tht will give the gret chnce for full expression of their growth genetic potentil during the growing period. ody weight of pullets t the ge of housing hs positive correltion with egg weight during the egg production cycle (Summers nd Leeson, 983; Keshvrz, 995). It is essentil to hve the Leghorn pullet rech the trget weight, ody composition nd possily ge, t the onset of lying (Leeson nd Cston, 99). Incresing the energy nd protein in the diet from 6-20 wk of ge did not improve the ody weight of pullets t 20 wk of ge nd egg size during the erly stges of egg production cycle (Summers nd Leeson, 993). Mny reserches suggest tht it might e importnt to egin mnipultion of nutrients in the diet t n erlier ge during the growing period to increse the ody weight t the ge of 90

2 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 housing nd consequently the erly egg size (Summers of pullet growth nd their effect on growth nd lying nd Leeson, 993; Keshvrz nd Nkjim, 995). performnce. The experimentl period ws divided into Keshvrz (998) reported tht ody weight t 8 wk of four phses. Phse one (strter) from 0-6 wk, phse two ge ws incresed y using high energy (3,036 v 2,86 (grower) from 7-2 wk, phse three (developer) from 3- kcl ME/kg) or high protein (7.5 vs 4.5%) diets from 8-8 wk nd phse four (production). Dt on phse four 8 wk of ge. lso he reveled tht ody weight t 8 wk (production) re discussed elsewhere. of ge incresed only due to the use of high protein In ll phses of growing, control levels of protein nd sequence (22, 8 nd 6% vs 8, 6 nd 4% tht were energy were set ccording to NRC (994) nd the other used during 0-6, 6-2 nd 2-8 wk of ge, respectively). levels were higher nd lower. totl of 9 tretments in However, the length of the smll intestine nd the weight ll phses of growing were employed nd ech of different ody orgns were not ffected y energy or tretment ws replicted three times with ten irds ech. protein levels used during the growing period. On the t dy old, experimentl irds were weighed other hnd ge t first egg nd 50% production were not individully nd ssigned so s to mke no ovious influenced y energy level used during the growing differences in verge weight etween experimentl period. However, these ges were dvnced y 2 nd 4 units. ll the groups were provided d liitum ccess to dys respectively, for the irds fed the high protein the feed nd wter throughout the tril. Lysine nd sequence during the growing period. Sturkie (990) methionine were dded to the diets of ll phses to rveled tht the levels of the plsm lipids re proly meet levels recommended for irds in ech growing influenced y the physiologicl nd nutritionl sttus of phse (Ntionl Reserch Council, 994). During the the ird. strter period three levels of protein (P = 6, P2 = 8 lthough reltively few strins of Leghorn ird re used control nd P3 = 20% CP) nd Three levels of energy in Sudn for egg production, there is surprising lck of (E = 2650, E2 = 2850 control nd E3 = 3050 kcl of informtion concerning the suitle levels of protein nd ME/kg of diet) which equivlent (E =., E2 =.9 nd energy for those irds during the growing period. lso in 2.8 MJ/kg ME) were used for the strter period. Tle order to resolve the confounding effect of hrsh climtic shows the compositions of strter diets. totl of 9 condition in Sudn on pullets growth nd development, tretments were employed nd ech tretment ws it seemed dvntgeous to study the protein nd energy replicted three times with ten irds ech. When ird mnipultion on pullet growth nd development. For died, it ws replced with ird from the extr replicte these resons this reserch ws conducted to chieve in order to keep the floor spce identicl for ll groups those gols. during the growing period. The sme protocol in phse one ws continued for the fctoril rrngement for the MTERILS ND METHODS grower period. The levels of energy were not chnge, ut Two hundred nd seventy, one-dy-old chicks single the levels of protein were chnged (P = 4%, P2 = 6% com Leghorn strin (Hisex) were rought from Corl control nd P3 = 8%) (Tle 2). For the developer Chick nd Feed Production Frms in Khrtoum to period the sme protocol in phse one nd two ws investigte the effect of feed mnipultion during the continued, ut the levels of oth protein nd energy were growing period on pullet growth nd lying performnce. chnged (P = 3%, P2 = 5% control nd P3 = 7%) efore chicks housing, ll pens were clened, urned, nd (E = 2700, E2 = 2900 control nd E3 = 300 kcl fumigted with formldehyde solution nd wshed prior of ME/kg of diet) which equivlent (E =.3, E2 = 2., to the commencement of the experiment. The floor of nd E3 = 3.0 MJ/kg ME). pens ws covered with wood shvings. The pens Tle 3 shows the composition of developer diets. Two mesured 00 x 00 x 00 cm nd ech housed 0 irds from ech experimentl unit were selected irds. The irds were housed on open sided deep litter rndomly to tke the lood smples for totl lood lipids. system in three rows of pens ech one contin nine The smples were tken t the end of ech growing pens situted on Est-West direction fcing South nd phse. The lood ws collected from ech ird into North winds. irds were kept t these pens throughout nonheprinized tues then, the lood serum ws tken the tril. The pullets were exposed to 23 h lighting nd for totl lipids nlysis. The totl lipid levels were h drk in the first 48 h. Therefter, the lighting period ws mesured y sulfo- phospho-vnillin methods (Frings et reduced grdully y 2 h weekly to 2 h t 6 wk of ge l., 972). The determintion is sed on the colour nd tht is equivlent to the dy length during summer otined y phosphor-vnillin rection. The verge seson in Sudn. The lighting period remined constnt ody weight, verge ody weight gin nd feed until 8 wk of ge. Therefter the dy length ws consumption record were mesured t the end of ech incresed y 2 h weekly until rech 6 h per dy t 20 wk growing phse. Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) ws of ge. (3 x 3) fctoril rrngement ws used in clculted t the end of ech growing phse y dividing completely rndomized design to study three levels of grms of feed consumed y grms of live ody weight protein nd three levels of energy during severl stges gin. Mortlity ws recorded s it occurred. t dy 72 9

3 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 Tle : Composition nd clculted nutritionl content (% originl mtter) of experimentl diets of strter period (0-6 wks) 2,650 kcl ME/kg (E) 2,850 kcl ME/kg (E2) 3,050 kcl ME/kg (E3) % CP 8% CP 20% CP 6% CP 8% CP 20% CP 6% CP 8% CP 20% CP Ingredients nd nlysis (P) (P2) (P3) (P) (P2) (P3) (P) (P2) (P3) Sorghum Groundnut cke Sesme cke Whet rn Diclcium phosphte Oyster shell Sodium chloride Lysine DL-methionine Vegetle oil Vitmin-minerl premix Clculted nlysis 2 Energy, kcl ME/kg 2,657 2,658 2,660 2,855 2,856 2,853 3,058 3,054 3,056 Protein Clcium ville phosphorus Lysine Methionine Vitmin-minerl premix provided the following per kilogrm of diet: vitmin (retinyle cette), 0,000 IU; choleclciferol, 2,500 IU; lph-tocopheryl cette, 60 mg; mendione sodium isulfite complex, 5 mg; thimine hydrochloride, 2 mg; rioflvine, 8 gm; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 4 mg; cynocolmin, 0.04 mg; pntothenic cid, 5 mg; nicotinic cid, 40 gm; folic cid,.5 mg; iotin, 0.2 mg; choline chloride, 200 mg; iron, 50 mg; mngnese, 50 mg; copper, 0 mg; zinc, 50 mg; clcium, 352 mg; iodine,.46 mg; 2 colt, 0.5 mg; selenium, 0.2 mg. Vlues nd metolizle energy clculted ccording to Suliemn nd Mrouk (999) Tle 2: Composition nd clculted nutritionl content (% originl mtter) of experimentl diets of grower period (7-2 wks) 2,650 kcl ME/kg (E) 2,850 kcl ME/kg (E2) 3,050 kcl ME/kg (E3) % CP 6% CP 8% CP 4% CP 6% CP 8% CP 4% CP 6% CP 8% CP Ingredients nd nlysis (P) (P2) (P3) (P) (P2) (P3) (P) (P2) (P3) Sorghum Groundnut cke Sesme cke Whet rn Diclcium phosphte Oyster shell Sodium chloride Lysine DL-methionine Vegetle oil Vitmin-minerl premix Clculted nlysis 2 Energy, kcl ME/kg 2,660 2,653 2,654 2,852 2,854 2,854 3,050 3,053 3,054 Protein Clcium ville phosphorus Lysine Methionine Vitmin-minerl premix provided the following per kilogrm of diet: vitmin (retinyle cette), 0,000 IU; choleclciferol, 2,500 IU; lph-tocopheryl cette, 60 mg; mendione sodium isulfite complex, 5 mg; thimine hydrochloride, 2 mg; rioflvine, 8 gm; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 4 mg; cynocolmin, 0.04 mg; pntothenic cid, 5 mg; nicotinic cid, 40 gm; folic cid,.5 mg; iotin, 0.2 mg; choline chloride, 200 mg; iron, 50 mg; mngnese, 50 mg; copper, 0 mg; zinc, 50 mg; clcium, 352 mg; iodine,.46 mg; 2 colt, 0.5 mg; selenium, 0.2 mg. Vlues nd metolizle energy clculted ccording to Suliemn nd Mrouk (999) three irds from ech tretment tht hve ody weights shnks were weighed together. The weights of close to the verge weight of their respective group dominl ft pd, oviduct including ovry, gizzrd, were sujected to feed withdrwl for 4 h to permit gut spleen, hert nd the gstrointestinl trct were clernce nd were slughtered to investigte the recorded. ll weights were estimted in grms. development of reproductive orgns nd crcss trits. Experimentl dt re presented s men vlues ± The individul live nd post-mortem weights were stndrd errors of the mens. Sttisticl nlysis were recorded. The irds were fether plucked nd hed nd crried out using the SPSS.0 progrm pckge 92

4 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 Tle 3: Composition nd clculted nutritionl content (% originl mtter) of experimentl diets of developer period (3-8 wks) 2,700 kcl ME/kg (E) 2,900 kcl ME/kg (E2) 3,00 kcl ME/kg (E3) % CP 5% CP 7% CP 3% CP 5% CP 7% CP 3% CP 5% CP 7% CP Ingredients nd nlysis (P) (P2) (P3) (P) (P2) (P3) (P) (P2) (P3) Sorghum Groundnut cke Sesme cke Whet rn Diclcium phosphte Oyster shell Sodium chloride Lysine DL-methionine Vegetle oil Vitmin-minerl premix Clculted nlysis 2 Energy, kcl ME/kg 2,75 2,707 2,70 2,90 2,902 2,904 3,099 3,099 3,092 Protein Clcium ville phosphorus Lysine Methionine Vitmin-minerl premix provided the following per kilogrm of diet: vitmin (retinyle cette), 0,000 IU; choleclciferol, 2,500 IU; "-tocopheryl cette, 60 mg; mendione sodium isulfite complex, 5 mg; thimine hydrochloride, 2 mg;rioflvine, 8 gm; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 4 mg; cynocolmin, 0.04 mg; pntothenic cid, 5 mg; nicotinic cid, 40 gm; folic cid,.5 mg; iotin, 0.2 mg; choline chloride, 200 mg; iron, 50 mg; mngnese, 50 mg; copper, 0 mg; zinc, 50 mg; clcium, 352 mg; iodine,.46 mg; colt, mg; selenium, 0.2 mg. Vlues nd metolizle energy clculted ccording to Suliemn nd Mrouk (999) (SPSS, 200). The significnce of the differences mong T k = The effect of time period the groups hs een determined y Duncn s multiple (MP) ij = rnge test (Petrie nd Wtson, 999). The effect due to interctions etween dietry metolizle energy nd crude protein The sttisticl model used for ody weight, ody weight (MT) ik = The effect due to interctions etween gin, feed consumption, feed conversion rtio, ge t metolizle energy nd time period onset of egg, ge t 50% egg production, slughter (PT) jk = The effect due to interctions etween dietry prmeters nd totl lipids for ech period s follows: crude protein nd time period (MPT) ijk = The interctions etween metolizle energy, crude protein nd time periods Where: Y ijkl= µ + Mi+ P j+ (MP) ij+ Rijk +γijkl Y ijkl = Response vrile from ech individul repliction µ = The overll men M i = The effect of dietry metolizle energy P j = The effect of dietry crude protein (MP) ij = The effect due to interction etween metolizle energy nd crude protein. R = The experimentl unit (replictions) error term = The experimentl unit error term ijk γ ijkl The sttisticl model used for totl lipids of growing period ws Y ijklm= µ + Mi+ Pj+ T k+ (MP) ij+ (MT) ik+ (PT) jk+ (MPT) ijk + Rijkl+γijklm Where: Y ijklm = Response vriles from ech individul repliction µ = The overll men M i = The effect of dietry metolizle energy P = The effect of dietry crude protein j R = The experimentl unit (replictions) error term = The experimentl unit error term ijkl γ ijklm RESULTS ND DISCUSSION ody weight gin of pullet fed the higher levels of protein P2 nd P3 were greter thn those fed low level of protein P t strter period (p<0.0), with no differences in feed consumption (Tle 4). High protein diets P2 nd P3 during strter period resulted in improved feed conversion rtios of irds compred to those pullets fed the low level of protein diet (p<0.05). ody weight gin ws ffected significntly y protein levels during the grower period (p<0.05). There ws significnt difference (p<0.05) etween P3 nd P levels of protein, ut there were no significnt differences etween P2 level of protein nd the oth two levels P3 nd P in their effects on ody weight gin during the grower period. Feed conversion rtio ws not influenced y protein levels used during grower period (Tle 4). ody weight gin, feed consumption nd feed conversion rtio were not significntly (p<0.05) ffected y protein levels fed to the pullets during developer period. Feed consumption, feed 93

5 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 Tle 4: The effect of the energy nd protein levels on performnce of pullets during strter, grower nd developer periods Feed consumption (g/ird) Weight gin (g) FCR (g:g)(%) Strter Grower Developer Strter Grower Developer Strter Grower Developer Tretment (kcl/kg) period period period period period period period period period Protein Energy P E E E P2 E E E P3 E E E SEM Protein effect ** * * P P P Energy Effect * E E E Protein x energy ** * ** *, Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.0),, Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.05), *p<0.05, **p<0.0 conversion rtio nd ody weight gin were not protein nd energy which gve the est feed conversion influenced y energy levels used during the whole ws P2E2 ut in contrst the inferior feed conversion growing period (Tle 4). The only exception ws the ws recorded with PE2 (Tle 4). ody weights were ody weight gin during strter period, which ws ffected significntly (p<0.0) y protein levels t strter greter for pullets fed E level from those fed E2 level of period (Tle 5). High levels of protein (P2 nd P3) energy (p<0.05). There were no significnt differences scored higher ody weights of pullets thn those ody (p<0.05) etween the effect of E3 from E2 nd E levels weights of pullets fed low level of protein (P). t of energy on ody weight gin during strter period. developer period the similr results which hve een Tle 4 shows tht there ws significnt (p<0.0) recorded were performed on pullet's ody weights fed interction etween protein nd energy levels for ody severl levels of protein (p<0.0). Tle 5 showed tht weight gin during strter period. With high energy levels there were significnt (p<0.0) effects of protein on (E2 nd E3), the weight gin significntly incresed due pullets ody weight during grower period. Tle 5 to the use of high protein levels (P2 nd P3) during the showed tht t the grower period there were significnt strter period. Tle 4 showed tht the est ody weight differences (p<0.0) etween the different levels of gin during strter period resulted from comintion protein P3, P2 nd P which gve higher, medium nd P2E3 etween protein nd energy levels (p<0.0). On lower weights, respectively. Pullets ody weights were the other hnd the lowest ody weight gin (p<0.0) on not influenced significntly (p<0.05) y the vrile strter period resulted from the comintion of PE3. energy levels during the growing period (Tle 5). The There ws n interction etween protein nd energy only exception ws ody weight t the strter period during strter period which significntly ffected the feed which ws greter for the pullets provided y lower level conversion rtio (p<0.0, Tle 4). P2E3 comintion of energy E thn those supplied y E2 level of energy. hd the est feed conversion t the sme time the On the other hnd no significnt difference etween inferior feed conversion ws recorded with PE3 pullet's ody weights fed E3 level of energy which comintion (p<0.0, Tle 4). During developer period represents the highest level of energy nd E nd E2. It there ws interction etween protein nd energy which is well documented tht dietry energy composition hs ws ffected significntly the ody weight gin (p<0.05, mjor effect on the composition of the chicken ody Tle 4). Tle 4 shows tht the est comintion (Collin et l., 2003). Wldroup et l. (990) reported tht resulted in the est ody weight gin ws P2E2. Feed incresing dietry energy promoted the growth rte. The conversion rtio t developer period ws influenced interction etween protein nd energy levels for ody significntly (p<0.05) y the interction etween protein weight were significnt (p<0.0) t strter period. With nd energy (Tle 4). The est comintion etween high energy levels (E2 nd E3), the ody weight 94

6 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 Tle 5: The effect of the energy nd protein levels on pullets ody weight during growing period ody weight Tretment (%) (kcl/kg) 6 wk 2 wk 8 wk Protein Energy P E E E P2 E E E P3 E E E SEM Protein effect ** ** ** P C P P Energy effect * E E E Protein x Energy ** -C Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common, superscript differ significntly (p<0.0). Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.05). *p<0.05, **p<0.0 incresed due to the use of high protein levels (P2 nd P3) during the strter period. Tle 5 shows tht the highest ody weight ws chieved y P2E3 comintion nd the lowest ody weight were performed y PE3. These findings of the protein effects on ody weight nd ody weight gin re in greement with the results of Keshvrz (998) who reported tht ody weight t 8 wk of ge ws incresed due to the use of high protein sequence (22, 8 nd 6% vs 8, 6 nd 4% tht were used during 0-6, 6-2 nd 2-8 wk of ge, respectively. The protein in these findings ffected significntly the ody weight during the ll growing periods, ody weight gin during strter nd grower periods nd improved the feed conversion during the strter period. Thus it is etter to use the high protein levels during the erly growing periods (strter nd grower) without insistence of using high protein levels during developer period. ecuse depending upon current report which showed tht no effect of protein levels on ody weight gin during the developer period which is lso consistent with Keshvrz nd Nkjim (995) who reported tht no eneficil effect t 8 wk ody weight ws oserved when pullets were fed n 8% s compred to 4% crude protein diet from 4-8 wk of ge. Moreover, Summers nd Leeson (993) did not oserve improvement in ody weight of pullets t 20 wk of ge due to incresed protein nd energy in the diet from 6-20 wk of ge. lthough energy hs significnt effect on ody weight nd ody weight gin only during the strter period ut the interction etween energy nd protein should e considered especilly during the strter period ecuse 90% of the frme size of the ody nd the vitl orgns will e chieved during the first 2 wk of ge. Tle 6 shows the effect of energy nd protein levels during the growing period on pullet's crcss chrcteristics. The weights of different orgns were not influenced y protein levels during the growing period. The only exception ws recorded for the oviduct weight (p<0.0) nd spleen weight (p<0.05, Tle 6). The lrger oviduct weights of irds were oserved (p<0.0) for the higher levels of protein P2 nd P3 thn those of irds fed the lowest protin level P. In contrst the lowest protein level P hd the highest weight of spleen (p<0.05). The higher protein level P2 nd P3 hd lower spleen weight without significnt difference mong them (p<0.05). The similr results were oserved for the energy effect on the weight of vrious orgns of the irds which were oviously showed tht there were no significnt influences of different energy levels. The only exception ws tht the significnt effect on oviduct (p<0.0) nd spleen (p<0.05) weights. The energy levels E nd E3 fed to the irds were resulted in incresing of oviduct weights thn those fed E2 energy level (p<0.0, Tle 6). The energy level E2 fed to the irds ws significntly higher for the spleen weight thn those fed the energy level E, while there were no significnt differences etween the weights of spleen for irds fed level E3 nd the those fed the others two levels E nd E2 (p<0.05). Tle 6 shows the interction etween protein nd energy levels. The interction etween protein nd energy for oviduct, hert nd pncres weights were significnt (p<0.05). With incresing the level of energy ove E level the oviduct weight were incresed for the ll levels of protein. The lrgest weight of the oviduct ws recorded in the comintion of P3E3, while the lowest weight of it ws resulted of the PE2 comintion (Tle 6). The hert weight ws significntly the est for irds consumed diet contined P2E3 comintion during the growing period (Tle 6). Pncres ws reltively well developed for the irds supplied with P3E2 comintion diet (Tle 6). With incresing the level of energy from E-E2 level the pncres weights were decresed y incresing the protein levels (from P-P2), then strted to incresed for E3 level. However, with incresing the level of energy the pncres weights incresed nd then strted decresing with the highest level of protein (P3). Previous report of Keshvrz (998) who reveled tht the length of the smll intestine nd the weight of different orgns were not influenced y energy nd protein levels used during the growing period, our results were not congruence with those results which indicted tht there were significnt effects on oviduct weight when high protein levels (P2 nd P3) nd high level of energy (E3) were used during the growing period. These results indicted tht it is dvisle to use the high levels of energy nd protein, ecuse 95

7 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 Tle 6: The effect of the energy nd protein levels on crcss chrcteristics of pullets t 72 dy of ge dominl Gizzrd + Hed Live Post ft proventri- nd Tretment wt mortem Crcss Oviduct pd culus Intestine Liver Hert Pncres Spleen shnks (%) (Kcl/kg) (g) P E E E P2 E E E P3 E E E SEM Protein effect ** * P P P Energy effect ** * E E E Protein x Energy * * *, Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.0)., Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.05). *p<0.05, **p<0.0 good production of eggs is depending upon the well developed oviduct. lthough there ws no significnt effect of protein levels during the growing period on shnks nd hed weights, there were reltively higher for (P2 nd P3) levels of protein which in prt, due to the lrger size of coms nd wttles resulting from good development of the oviduct. Tle 7 shows the results of totl lood lipids s influenced y protein nd energy levels. Totl lood lipids t strter period ws not significntly influenced y protein nd energy levels (p<0.05). t grower period the totl lood lipids ws ffected significntly (p<0.05) y diet protein levels. Higher levels of protein (P2 nd P3) decresed pullets totl lood lipids thn those pullets consumed the lower protein level P (p<0.05). t developer period no significnt effect of severl protein levels on pullets totl lood lipids (p<0.05). Pullets totl lood lipids ws not significntly influenced y energy levels t different growing periods (p<0.05). There ws no interction etween protein nd energy levels (p< 0.05) for the totl lood lipids. Tle 8 shows the influence of protein nd energy levels on totl lood lipids in the whole growing period. Energy nd protein levels hd no significnt effect (p<0.05) on totl lood lipids t the whole period of growing. The different ges of irds during the growing period hd highly significnt effect (p<0.0) on totl lood lipids which is oviously oserved in Tle 8. The highest level of totl lood lipids ws recorded during the developer period wheres the lowest level ws oserved t the strter period (p<0.0). ll of growing periods were differ significntly (p<0.0) from ech other in their effect on totl lood lipids. These results confirm the oservtion Tle 7: The effect of energy nd protein levels on totl lood lipids of pullets during the growing period Totl lood lipids (mg/00 ml) Tretment Strter Grower Developer (%) (kcl/kg) period period period Protein Energy P E E E P2 E E E P3 E E E SEM Protein effect * P P P Energy Effect E E E Protein x energy, Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.05), *p<0.05 of Sturkie (990) who reported tht the lood lipids concentrtion is influenced y ge, sex, nutrition, stte of helth, energy needs nd other fctors. The lood lipids in the current results ws higher in the developer period nd tht is my e due to the lipoprotein complexes tht trnsport the lipids synthesized in the liver to the ovry where they re deposited intct in the follicles. 96

8 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 Tle 8: The effect of energy nd protein levels on totl lood lipids of pullets t the whole growing period Tretment Totl lood lipids (mg/00 ml) Protein effect P P P Energy effect E 464. E E ge effect ** Strter C Grower 465. Developer Protein x Energy ge x Protein ge x Energy ge x Protein x Energy SEM of Model 2.6,C Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.0). **p<0.0 Tle 9: The effect of the energy nd protein levels on ge t first egg nd 50% production ge t ge t 50% Tretments first egg production (%) (kcl/kg) (dys) Protein Energy Protein effect * * P P P Energy effect E E E Protein x energy, Mens in column nd tretment vrile with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.05). *p<0.05 Tle 9 shows the results of the effect of the energy nd protein levels during the growing period on ge of the first egg nd 50% production. ge t first egg nd 50% production of hens were not influenced significntly (p<0.05) y energy levels during the growing period. However, these ges were ffected significntly (p< 0.05) y protein levels during the growing period. ge t first egg ws postponed y out 8 dys for the irds fed P nd P2 thn those fed P3 level of protein (p<0.05). ge t 50% production for irds fed P3 level of protein ws dvnced y 6 nd dys from those fed P2 nd P levels of protein, respectively, wheres there ws no noticele difference in ges etween irds fed P nd P2 levels of protein. These results re consistent with previous report of Keshvrz (998) who reveled tht energy level used during the growing period hd no effect on the ge t first egg or 50% production. However, these ges were dvnced for the irds fed the high protein sequence. The results of the current experiment re in greement with the finding of EL- Zueir nd Mohmmed (993) which explin tht the ges of irds t the point of ly nd t 50% egg production were decresed y incresing the dietry protein level. The est comintion resulted in erly ge of onset of egg ws P3E followed y P3E3, wheres PE resulted in lte onset of egg. The pullets fed P3E3 during the growing period resulted in erly ge of 50% production. The result of this experiment indicted tht incresing the dietry protein levels during the growing period cn increse pullet ody weight. irds fed high levels of protein diets (P2 nd P3) during the erly stges of growing period hd the est WG, W nd FCR nd well developed reproductive orgns. Energy levels fed to the irds during the growing period hd no effect on FC nd FCR. Energy levels fed to the pullets hd significnt effects on W nd WG during grower nd developer periods. Thus, it is etter to use the higher dietry protein level t the erly stge o growing period to fulfil the needs of pullets specilly t tht time. Tht is ecuse ody weight t 6 wk of ge hs een shown to e positively correlted with lying performnce nd 90% of the frme size of the ody will develop during the first 2-4 wk of ge. The interction etween dietry protein nd energy levels should e considered. CKNOWLEDGMENT The uthors cknowledge the help of Dr. C. Kijor, Institute of niml Science, Humoldt-University of erlin, Germny. uthors lso cknowledge Prof. Mohmmed Khir dellh for his fruitful help in sttisticl nlysis. REFERENCES EL-Zueir, E.. nd O.. Mohmmed, 993. Dietry protein nd energy effects on reproductive chrcteristics of commercil egg-type pullets rered in rid hot climte. nim. Feed Sci. Technol., 4: Collin,., R.D. Mlheiros, V.M.. Mores, P. Vn s, V.M. Drrs, M. Touis, E. Decuypere nd J. uyse, Effects of dietry mcronutrient content on energy metolism nd uncoupling protein mrn expression in roiler chickens. r. J. Nutr., 90: Frings, C.S., T.W. Fendley, R.T. Dunn nd C.. Queen, 972. Improved determintion of totl serum lipids y the sulfo-phospho-vnillin rection. Clin. Chem., 8: Keshvrz, K. nd S. Nkjim, 995. The effect of dietry mnipultions of energy, protein nd ft during the growing nd lying periods on erly egg weight nd egg components. Poult. Sci., 74: Keshvrz, K., 995. Further investigtions on the effect of dietry mnipultions of nutrients on erly egg weight. Poult. Sci., 74:

9 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 Keshvrz, K., 998. The effect of light regimen, floor spce nd energy nd protein levels during the growing period on ody weight nd erly egg size. Poult. Sci., 77: Leeson, S. nd L. Cston, 99. Growth nd development of Leghorn pullet sujected to rupt chnges in environmentl temperture nd dietry energy level. Poult. Sci., 70: NRC, 994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Ntionl cdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Petrie,. nd P. Wtson, 999. Sttistics for Veterinry nd niml Science. lckwell Sci., Mlden, M. SPSS, SPSS for Windows. SPSS, Chicgo, IL. Sturkie, P.D., 990. vin physiology, 3rd Edn. Springer Verlg New York Inc. New York, US. Suliemn, Y.R. nd. d/r Mrouk, 999. The Nutrient Composition of Sudnese niml Feeds (ulletin ). niml Production Reserch Centre Pulictions. Khrtoum North, Sudn. Summers, J.D. nd S. Leeson, 983. Fctors influencing erly egg size. Poult. Sci., 62: Summers, J.D. nd S. Leeson, 993. Influence of diets vrying in nutrient density on the development nd reproductive performnce of White Leghorn pullets. Poult. Sci., 72: Wldroup, P.W., N.M. Tidwell nd.l. Izt, 990. The effect of energy nd mino cid levels on performnce nd crcss qulity of mle nd femle roilers grown seprtely. Poult. Sci., 69:

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