Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Introductory Concepts Definitions and Context Chronological Age and Age Groups Why Study These Phenomena?

Transcription

1 Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Introductory Concepts Definitions and Context Chronological Age and Age Groups Why Study These Phenomena? Types of Studies Principles of Measurement and Observation Overview of Postnatal Growth: Scammon's Curves General Regulation of Growth and Maturation Sources of Growth, Performance, and Activity Data Prenatal Growth and Functional Development Stages of Prenatal Growth Sex Differentiation Twins and Twinning Prenatal Loss Congenital Malformations Fetal Growth Fetal Motor Activity Factors That Affect Birth Weight Overview of the Prenatal Period Fetal Origins of Adult Diseases Postnatal Growth Somatic Growth Measurements Commonly Used in Growth Studies Growth in Stature and Body Weight Growth of the Body Mass Index Growth Patterns in Other Body Dimensions Changes in Body Proportions Adjusting for Variation in Body Size-Scaling Development of Physique Concept of Somatotype Methods in the Assessment of Physique

2 Somatotyping Children and Adolescents Examples of Somatotypes of Individuals During Growth Distributions of Somatotypes Change in Somatotype During Growth Body Composition Models of Body Composition Methods for Estimating Body Composition Applications to Children and Adolescents Concept of Chemical Maturity Composition of the Fat-Free Mass in Children and Adolescents Changes in Body Density and Total-Body Water During Growth Growth in Fat-Free Mass, Fat Mass, and Percent Fat Bone Tissue in Skeletal Growth and Body Composition Bone Cells Bone Formation Growth of a Long Bone Bone As a Component of Body Composition Skeletal Muscle Tissue Muscle As a Tissue Myogenesis Muscle Fiber Types Muscle Fiber Size Contractile Properties of Muscle Metabolic Properties of Muscle Assessing Muscle Mass of the Body Development of Muscle Tissue by Bodily Region Adipose Tissue The Fat Cell As a Complex Structure Stages and Mechanisms of Adipogenesis White and Brown Adipose Cells

3 White Adipose Tissue in Prenatal Life White Adipose Tissue in Postnatal Life Subcutaneous Fat Distribution During Growth Abdominal Visceral Fat During Growth Stability of Body Fat During Growth Functional Development Heart, Blood, and Lungs Features of Fetal Circulation Cardiopulmonary Adjustments at Birth Changes in Heart Size Changes in Heart Functions Changes in Features of Blood During Growth Changes in Lungs and Respiratory Functions During Growth Motor Development What Is Motor Development? Motor Pattern and Skill Classifications of Motor Activities The Newborn Infant and the Reflexes of Infancy Motor Development -Birth to 2 Years of Age Development of Independent Walking Development of Fundamental Motor Skills Early Motor Development and Growth of the Brain Status at Birth and Subsequent Motor Development Early Postnatal Growth and Motor Development Overview of Motor Development Strength and Motor Performance Physical Fitness Measures of Strength and Motor Performance Performance in Early Childhood Performance in Middle Childhood and Adolescence Relationships of Strength and Motor Performance to Size, Physique, and Body Composition Scaling of Strength and Motor Performance

4 Aerobic Performance Measurement Issues Growth-Related Adaptations in Aerobic Performance Anaerobic Performance Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Energy Turnover Determinants of Anaerobic Performance Measurement Issues Growth and the Determinants of Anaerobic Performance Thermoregulation During Growth The Physics of Heat Transfer Physiologic Means of Thermoregulation Responses to Heat Associated With Growth and Maturation Acclimatization and Acclimation Responses to Cold Climates Biological Maturation Biological Maturation: Concepts and Assessment Assessing Skeletal Maturity Assessing Sexual Maturity Assessing Somatic Maturity Assessing Dental Maturity Interrelationships Among Maturity Indicators Timing and Sequence of Changes During Adolescence Adolescent Growth Spurt Sexual Maturity Sequence of Sexual and Somatic Maturity Growth Spurts in Other Dimensions Body Dimensions and Composition Relative to Peak Height Velocity Growth Spurts in Performance Performance Relative to Menarche Maturity-Associated Variation in Growth and Performance Classifying Children by Maturity Status

5 Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Size Maturity-Associated Variation in Physique Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Composition Maturity-Associated Variation in Adipose Tissue Distribution Maturity-Associated Variation in Strength and Motor Performance Maturity-Associated Variation in the Adaptation to Exercise and VO2max Maturity-Associated Variation in Anaerobic Performance Influencing Factors Genetic Regulation of Growth, Maturation, and Performance The Human Genome The Human Gene From Genes to Proteins to Phenotypes Gene Expression The Special Case of Mitochondrial DNA Genetic Variation in Human Genes The Multifactorial Phenotype Genetics of Fetal Development Genetic Influences on the Newborn Genetics of Selected Growth Phenotypes Genetics of Maturation Genetics of Selected Performance Phenotypes Examples of Growth-Related Genes Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Maturation Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, and Intracrine Systems Endocrine Hormones Other Growth-Promoting Factors and Hormones Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones Growth Hormone and Related Growth Factors Thyroid Hormones Parathyroid and Calcitonin Hormones Hormones From the Adrenal Medulla and Cortex Gonadal Glands and Hormones Insulin and Glucagon Leptin Regulation of Puberty Menstrual Cycle Overview of Hormones and Their Actions

6 Energy and Nutritional Requirements Nutrients Breast-Feeding and the Infant Energy Needs Energy Requirements for Growth Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Energy Intake DRI for Protein Intake DRI for Lipid Intake Carbohydrate Requirements Vitamin Requirements Mineral Requirements Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure: Assessment, Trends, and What Is Physical Activity? What Is Energy Expenditure? Methods of Assessing Patterns or Levels of Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure Developmental Trends in Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity Levels Correlates of Physical Activity Levels in Childhood and Adolescence Physical Activity As a Factor in Growth, Maturation, and Performance Physical Activity Approaches to the Study of Physical Activity Activity and Stature Activity, Body Weight, and Body Composition Activity and Physique Activity and Specific Tissues Activity and Biological Maturity Overview of Activity, Growth, and Maturation Activity, Fitness, and Performance The Concept of Trainability Undernutrition in Childhood and Adolescence Criteria Prevalence Forms of Undernutrition

7 Undernutrition in Preschool Children Undernutrition in School-Age Children Long-Term Consequences of Undernutrition Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence Indicators Criteria and Prevalence Correlates of Overweight and Obesity Consequences of Obesity for Children and Adolescents Long-Term Consequences of Obesity Treatment Other Factors Affecting Growth, Maturation, Performance, and Activity Social Conditions, Growth, and Maturation Social Conditions, Motor Development, Performance, and Activity Ethnic Variation in Growth and Maturity Ethnic Variation in Motor Development, Performance, and Activity Climate, Growth, and Maturity Climate, Performance, and Physical Activity Applications Risk Factors During Growth and Adult Health Primary and Secondary Prevention Risk Factors for Common Metabolic Diseases Current Risk Profile of Children and Adolescents Chronic Clinical Conditions and Physical Disabilities Selected Clinical Conditions That Affect Growth and Maturation Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions Fitness and Performance of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions The Young Athlete Participation in Youth Sports Selection and Exclusion in Sport Who Is the Young Athlete? Stature and Weight of Young Athletes

8 Maturity Status and Progress of Young Athletes Age at Menarche in Athletes Physique of Young Athletes Body Composition of Young Athletes Motor Performance Characteristics of Young Athletes Physiological Characteristics of Young Athletes Does Training for Sport Influence the Growth and Maturity of Young Athletes? Gymnastics and Ballet: Special Cases? Overview Secular Trends in Growth, Maturation, and Performance Definitions Sources of Secular Trend Data Limitations and Assumptions in Secular Comparisons Secular Trends in Body Size Secular Trends in Body Proportions Secular Trends in Indicators of Maturity Secular Trends in Performance Secular Trends in Developing Countries Factors Underlying Secular Trends Suggestions for Individual and Group Activities Index About the Authors Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.