Comparison of methods to asses mineral bioavailability (in vitro vs in vivo)
|
|
- Jeffery Miles
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Comparison of methods to asses mineral bioavailability (in vitro vs in vivo) Ann-Sofie Sandberg Dept of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Food Science Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
2 Assessment of mineral bioavailability In vitro screening, predictors of absorption Animal models Humans Mineral content, inhibitors, enhancers Dialysability/solubility Caco-2 cell model Rat hemoglobin repletion (Fe) Rat 55 Fe, 59 Fe Suckling rat ( 65 Zn) Pig Hb repletion Pig radio or stable isotopes Radio isotope Stable isotope Efficacy
3 In vitro methods first screening Analyse content of minerals (Fe, Zn, Ca) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or HPLC Inhibitors (polyphenols, phytate) by e.g.hplc Enhancers (ascorbic acid) by HPLC Screening of cereal, legumes and other crops
4 Bioavailability of minerals: the absorption and utilization of minerals for normal metabolic processes 1. Digestion (soluble/dialysable mineral) 2. Uptake (intestinal enterocytes) 3. Transport into the circulation 4. Retention, utilization, storage
5 Iron absorption Food factors Iron solubility/complex (phytate, polyphenols ascorbic acid, organic acids) Host factors Iron status (hepcidin) Infection, inflammation Lumen Hunt JR. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2005;75: Food factors (Fe, AA, Ca,polyphenols) Enterocyte Blood
6 In vitro methods: Dialysis techniques (based on Miller et al 1981) Two step digestion at simulated physiological conditions: gastric phase (pepsin, HCl, ph2) intestinal phase ( pancreatic enzymes, bile acids, NaHCO 3, ph 7) Soluble or dialysable mineral is measured. Development of computer-controlled gastrointestinal model. ph gradient. (Minekus et al 1995) Dialysis or solubility predictor of absorption
7 Usefulness of iron dialysability/solubility Reproducability between labs poor, needs standardization: e.g. final ph adjustment one critical parameter. Not physiological. Usually predicts correct direction of response, but there are exceptions: small polyphenolic compounds and organic acid complexes is dialysable but not bioavailable Large molecules e.g ferritin can be absorbed but is not dialysable Useful to identify enhancers, inhibitors, (phytate and degradation products, polyphenols, ascorbic acid) but does not predict same magnitude of response as in humans.
8 Computer controlled model of the gastro intestinal tract (TIM). In each compartment simulation of: mixing of the meal. physiological conditions (ph regulation, secretion of digestive fluids enzymes, electrolytes, bile salts, based on literature data from humans and animals. the transport of food/digestion (gastric emptying, peristaltic movement and transit time). the diffusable minerals and other nutrients are removed through membranes.
9 Pea protein infant formulas. Iron availability/absorption - in vitro TIM/in vivo Human Fe absorption % Human Fe absorption % TIM Dialysable Fe % Davidsson et al, 2001 Fredriksson et al, 2001 Hurrell et al, 1998
10 Dialysable Fe TIM/Fe absorption from meals with fresh/fermented vegetables 30 Percentage dialysed Fe Percentage absorbed Fe TIM:Expensive time consuming, laborous, large volumes Sandberg et al, 2004
11 In vitro methods: Caco 2 cells Caco-2 model 1. Digestion (soluble/dialysable iron) 2. Uptake (intestinal enterocytes) 3. Transport into the circulation 4. Retention, utilization, storage Combined digestion Caco-2 cells. Uptake/absorption measured
12 Caco-2 cell model for iron availability/bioaccessability (Glahn R. J Nutr 2008) Food preparation Pepsin digestion 1h, 37C, ph2 Pancreatic - bile digestion 2h, ph 7 Diffusion of soluble Fe Dialysis membrane MWCO kda Culture well Caco-2 cell monolayer Two-step in vitro digestion simulating gastric phase, intestinal phase Transfer to apical compartment Dialysis membrane Measurement of ferritin formation in Caco-2 cells after 22 h Iron uptake to predict iron bioavailability in humans
13 Caco-2 cell model for iron uptake Figure 1: Intestinal iron transport contains uptake and transport proteins Fe 3+ Solubility complex determinant of uptake DRA Fe 2+ haem Dcytb DMT1 HCP1 Fe 2+ HO ferritin Fe 3+ e - LIP e - Fe 2+ IREG1 Fe 3+ Fe 3+ Tf Hp Hepcidine control effects not measured lumen plasma Intracellular effects Iron,AA,Ca,polyphenols Sharp et al, 2003
14 Usefulness of Caco-2 cell model Benefits High through put system developed useful for screening Include iron uptake not only dialysability/solubility (and transport) Identify potential inhibitors/enhancers Molecular mechanisms of iron absorption can be studied
15 Usefulness of Caco-2 cell model Limitations Poor agreement between labs (Standardization. When to measure? How long for? ph?etc, Experienced labs) Does not have same magnitude of response as humans. Endpoint ferritin formation indirect measurement assume ferritin formation proportional to iron uptake. Problems with isotop measurements of transport - intracellular dilution of dietary iron Does not include hepcidin controlled transport
16 Differences in in vitro digestion Caco-2 cell uptake compared to human iron absorption Simulated digestion reflects in vivo situation? (No ph gradient, stomach ph2, should be 4? Digestion time?intestinal ph ? No outer mucus layer (dialysis membran, cut off 15 kda) Uptake in cell, but no blood to be transported to or if transported across basolateral membrane not controlled by hepcidin. Caco-2 cells are colon cells transport rates of hydrophilic compounds paracellular lower, less leaky, less discrimination on basis of molecular size of compounds transported parallellary compaired to duodenum cells (Duizer et al 1997).
17 Identifying enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption with Caco-2 cell model Food compound Effect Reference Ascorbic acid + Han et al. 1995, Glahn et al. 1998, Yun et al. 2004, Kalgaonkar & Lönnerdal 2007, Lei et al. 2008, Muscle tissue + Glahn et al Inositol phosphates (IP 6, IP 5 ) - Han et al. 1994, Skoglund et al. 1999, Glahn et al. 2002, Kalgaonkar & Lönnerdal et al 2007, Jin et al. 2008, Tannic acid, polyphenols - Glahn et al. 2002, Kalgaonkar & Lönnerdal 2007, Kim et al Calcium - Thompson et al. 2010, Kalgaonkar&Lönnerdal 2007 Organic acids (- +) Salovaara et al. 2002, Bergkvist et al Predicts direction of response but not magnitude
18 Comparison meal studies Caco-2 cells human absorption studies Meals containing Ascorbic acid phytic acid meat polyphenols (Au & Reddy 2000, Yun et al. 2004) Semipurified meals AA, bran, phytate, tea, different protein sources. Dose-response relationship AA, TA - replicate meals fed in human trials. Predicts direction of response but not magnitude
19 Comparison Caco-2 cells human iron absorption studies Vitamin A bread meal Caco-2 cells, fold (Gargari et al. 2006) Human absorption no effect (Walczyk et al. 2003) Oxalic acid in spinach Caco-2 cells, negative effect (Rutcke et al. 2004) Human absorption, no effect (Bonsmann et al. 2008) Caco-2 cells method did not predict direction of response but meals not identical
20 To make comparisons - Foods should be prepared exactly as in the human study identical meals. Only one direct comparison maize and bean meals (Beiseigel et al. 2007) Conversion to relative bioavailability Ln (Human absorption ratio) = x Ln (Caco- 2 absorption ratio) (Yun et al. J Nutr 2004)
21 Comparing human and Caco-2 cell iron bioavailability in maize ACR &TZB Absorption relative to TZB Women Caco-2 Caco-2 cells predict response in humans Beiseigel et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 Beiseigel et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2007
22 Comparing human and Caco-2 cell iron bioavailability in white & colored beans Absorption relative to great northern Women Caco-2 Caco-2 cells do not predict response Beiseigel et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2007
23 Conclusions In vitro Caco-2 cell method for iron correlates in most cases with human studies in prediction of direction of response But there are exceptions More direct comparisons human-caco-2 cell studies are needed Direct measurement of iron by MS (isotopes) preferable to ferritin formation, and for basolateral transport MS.
24 Conclusions In vitro experiments with Caco-2 cells are still important tools to understand the measurements recorded in vivo and to suggest future experiments that can be performed in the whole organism. Further developement of the Caco-2 cell model is needed to make it more closely corresponding to the in vivo situation.
25 Usefulness of animal models Rat: Suckling rat models useful to predict zinc absorption in humans. Less useful for iron as inhibitors (phytate polyphenols) and enhancers (ascorbic acid) have less effect. Hb repletion can be used to rank iron compounds Pig: Pig seems to be a quite good model for humans, but cannot be used for screening. Scarcity of comparisons between pig and humans.
26 Humans: Radioisotope methods Sensitive methods to study absorption of iron, zinc, calcium etc from single meals. Standardized for some minerals. Radiotracers added to foods (extrinsic or intrinsic labelling) Retention in blood determined by whole body counting Measurement of incorporation of isotopes after 2 weeks determined in RBC. Single meal exaggerates differences, multiple meals preferred.
27 Humans: Stable isotope methods Adding stable isotopes to test meals and measure incorporation into RBC after 2 weeks using mass spektrometri Safe (no radioactivity),but quite large amount of isotopes is needed. Too expensive for intrinsic labelling Not good for studies of native mineral, as added mineral changes molar ratio of food component: mineral.
28 Conclusions In vitro studies can make useful contributions to predict bioavailability in humans. Results from in vitro studies must allways be confirmed in vivo. Evidence generated from human studies must form the bases for policy decisions.
29
Understanding dietary and fortificant iron: The devil is in the detail
Understanding dietary and fortificant iron: The devil is in the detail Sylvaine Bruggraber Nutritionist In Industry London, 4 th November 2010 Structure 1. Dietary Iron: 2. Fortificant 3. Bioavailability
More informationClaire Mouquet-Rivier & Christèle Icard-Vernière UMR 204 NUTRIPASS, IRD, France
Workshop: Improving the composition of plant foods for better mineral nutrition Food and Agriculture COST Action FA95: Mineral-improved crop production for healthy food and feed Claire Mouquet-Rivier &
More information- Most nutrients are absorbed before reaching the ileum. - Colon is responsible for final removal of electrolytes and water.
University of Jordan Department of physiology and Biochemistry Gastro-Intestinal physiology, Medical, Pt III. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Academic year:
More informationSoft palate elevates, closing off the nasopharynx. Hard palate Tongue Bolus Epiglottis. Glottis Larynx moves up and forward.
The Cephalic Phase Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth Saliva is an exocrine secretion Salivary secretion is under autonomic control Softens and lubricates food Chemical digestion: salivary
More informationSection Coordinator: Jerome W. Breslin, PhD, Assistant Professor of Physiology, MEB 7208, ,
IDP Biological Systems Gastrointestinal System Section Coordinator: Jerome W. Breslin, PhD, Assistant Professor of Physiology, MEB 7208, 504-568-2669, jbresl@lsuhsc.edu Overall Learning Objectives 1. Characterize
More informationThis is my research notes for this section which I ve left in incase they re useful. References are at the end.
Inhibitors This is my research notes for this section which I ve left in incase they re useful. References are at the end. 1.1. General information (Aragón, Ortiz, and Pachón 2012) On the other hand, phytates,
More informationPhysiologically relevant in vitro methodology to determine true digestibility of carbohydrates and to predict the glycaemic response
Physiologically relevant in vitro methodology to determine true digestibility of carbohydrates and to predict the glycaemic response TNO Quality of Life, Zeist, The Netherlands TIM-Carbo Robert Havenaar
More informationSeries Editors: Daniel Kamin, MD and Christine Waasdorp Hurtado, MD
NASPGHAN Physiology Lecture Series GI Physiology Module: Absorption of Water and Ions Jason Soden, MD Reviewers: George Fuchs MD: UAMS College of Medicine / Arkansas Children s Hospital Wayne Lencer MD:
More informationDigestion and Absorption
Digestion and Absorption General Considerations - No absorption in esophagus, little in the stomach and vast majority of absorption occurs in small intestine. - The small intestine has specialized structures
More informationDIGESTION & MEMBRANE TRANSPORT. You eat a meal of pasta and meatballs in tomato sauce and drink a glass of sweet tea.
DIGESTION & MEMBRANE TRANSPORT You eat a meal of pasta and meatballs in tomato sauce and drink a glass of sweet tea. 1. List the major biomolecules in each component of this meal. Food Pasta Biomolecules
More informationDigestion and Absorption
Digestion and Absorption Digestion and Absorption Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form. Mechanical digestion by mastication and swallowing Chemical digestion
More informationNUTRITIONAL CARE IN ANEMIA
االله الرحمن الرحيم بسم NUTRITIONAL CARE IN ANEMIA Nutrition Departement Faculty of Medicine University of North Sumatera Definition Deficit of circulating RBC associated with diminished oxygen-carrying
More informationChapter 15 Food and Digestion
Chapter 15 Food and Digestion Activity: Use Qualitative Observations (5 senses) to describe: What happens when you see candy? How does it smell? How do you chomp it into smaller pieces or swallow candy
More informationNutrition Support of Iron Deficiency
Sanford Medical Center Aunt Cathy s Guide to: Nutrition Support of Iron Deficiency Cathy Breedon PhD, RD, CSP,FADA Clinical/Metabolic Nutrition Specialist Perinatal/Pediatric Nutrition Specialist Sanford
More informationAssessing bioavailability/bioaccessibility of the dietary supplement components
Assessing bioavailability/bioaccessibility of the dietary supplement components By Dr. David D. Kitts Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia May 15, 2018 OVERVIEW FACT: Nutrients/Toxins
More informationChapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions
Chapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions 20.1 Overview of GI Processes 1. Describe the functions of digestive system. 2. List and define the four GI Processes: 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the
More informationChapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions
Chapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions 20.1 Overview of GI Processes 1. Describe the functions of digestive system. 2. List and define the four GI Processes: 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the
More informationRama Nada. -Ensherah Mokheemer. 1 P a g e
- 3 - Rama Nada -Ensherah Mokheemer - 1 P a g e Don t forget to refer to page index wherever you see * Quick revision: In the previous lecture we said that: - your body contains 4-5g of iron (4g in females
More informationInositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups influence iron absorption in humans 1 3
Inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups influence iron absorption in humans 1 3 Ann-Sofie Sandberg, Mats Brune, Nils-Gunnar Carlsson, Leif Hallberg, Erika Skoglund, and Lena Rossander-Hulthén
More informationChapter 1 & 2 All of the following are macronutrients except Carbohydrates Lipids Protein * Vitamins
Chapter 1 & 2 All of the following are macronutrients except Carbohydrates Lipids Protein * Vitamins Gram per gram blank provides the most k calories Alcohol Carbohydrates * Lipids Proteins Which of the
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author: John Williams, M.D., Ph.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationAnimal Nutrition. Chapter 41. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationBPK 312 Nutrition for Fitness & Sport. Lecture 2. Digestion & Absorption of Food Nutrients
BPK 312 Nutrition for Fitness & Sport Lecture 2 Digestion & Absorption of Food Nutrients 1. Overview of digestion & absorption of nutrients 2. Functional anatomy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract 3. Digestion
More informationEfficacy of Sodium Iron EDTA in the Fortification Programs
Efficacy of Sodium Iron EDTA in the Fortification Programs Iron fortificants WATER SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS Dissolve instantaneously ferrous sulfate ferrous gluconate RBV = 100 Ferrous bisglycinate Sodium iron
More information(*) (*) Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Uptake of nutrients by body cells (intestine)
Human Digestive System Food is pushed along the digestive tract by peristalsis the rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the canal Accessory glands. Main stages of food processing
More informationEffect of a micronutrient fortificant mixture and 2 amounts of calcium on iron and zinc absorption from a processed food supplement 1 3
Effect of a micronutrient fortificant mixture and 2 amounts of calcium on iron and zinc absorption from a processed food supplement 1 3 Concepcion Mendoza, Janet M Peerson, Kenneth H Brown, and Bo Lönnerdal
More informationNutrition and Digestion
Nutrition and Digestion Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water Macronutrients Carbon-containing compounds Energy and raw material Includes carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins
More informationWhat location in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has tight, or impermeable, junctions between the epithelial cells?
CASE 32 A 17-year-old boy presents to his primary care physician with complaints of diarrhea for the last 2 days. The patient states that he just returned to the United States after visiting relatives
More informationPhysiology Unit 4 DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology Unit 4 DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Functions Motility Ingestion Mastication Deglutition Peristalsis Secretion 7 liters/day! Exocrine/endocrine Digestion Absorption Digestion of
More informationIntroduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 35
Biology Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 35 Digestion The breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts. Lipids to fatty acids Proteins to individual amino acids
More informationSystematic review of factors influencing zinc bioavailability
Systematic review of factors influencing zinc bioavailability Dr Nicola M Lowe International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Food Safety Studies University of Central Lancashire. COST: Modifying
More information4. ABSORPTION. Transport mechanisms. Absorption ABSORPTION MECHANISMS. Active transport. Active transport uses metabolic energy
4. ABSORPTION ABSORPTION MECHANISMS Once the digestive process is completed, the nutrients have to be transferred across the digestive tract epithelium into the intracellular space and eventually into
More informationThe Digestive System
Digestive System 1 Name The Digestive System Purpose: To describe how food moves through the digestive system. To identify the parts of the digestive system. Background Information: Food provides us with
More informationSummary and general discussion
Summary and general discussion Ingestion of contaminated soil can be an important route of exposure to soil-borne contaminants, especially for children (1). To estimate the health risk associated to this
More informationGastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Functions of digestive system Digestion Breakdown of food (chemically) using enzymes, acid, and water Absorption Nutrients,
More informationNutrients and Digestion
Nutrients and Digestion Nutrition what is needed to be taken in to keep the body healthy Essential Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water Carbohydrates Types of sugars combined in
More informationTopic 6: Human Physiology
Topic 6: Human Physiology 6.1 Digestion and Absorption D.1 Human Nutrition D.2 Digestion Essential Understandings: The structure of the digestive system allows it to move, digest, and absorb food. A balanced
More informationWhy stable isotopes? The role of stable isotope-based studies in evaluating mineral metabolism. What are the micronutrients?
Mineral stable isotope studies in small children Steven Abrams, MD Professor USDA/ARS Children s Nutrition Research Center and Section of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine
More informationIron and Vitamin D: Sourcing Key Nutrients for Toddlers
For Healthcare Professional Use Only Toddler Factsheet 1.0 Iron and Vitamin D: Sourcing Key Nutrients for Toddlers An evidence-based guide to toddler nutrition for healthcare professionals Healthcare professionals
More informationContemporary Nutrition 6 th. th ed. Chapter 9 Minerals
Contemporary Nutrition 6 th th ed. Chapter 9 Minerals Minerals Various functions in the body Major Minerals Require >100 mg /day Calcium, phosphorus Trace Minerals Require < 100 mg/day Iron, zinc Bioavailability
More informationCaco-2 Cell and Animal Model Studies (Gallus gallus) Are Effective at Screening and Developing Staple Food Crops with Improved Fe Bioavailability
Caco-2 Cell and Animal Model Studies (Gallus gallus) Are Effective at Screening and Developing Staple Food Crops with Improved Fe Bioavailability Elad Tako * and Raymond Glahn * Senior Scientist Physiologist
More informationRELATIONSHIP OF EXCESS IRON TO CHRONIC DISEASE 1. The physiological role of iron and the relationship. of excess iron to chronic disease.
RELATIONSHIP OF EXCESS IRON TO CHRONIC DISEASE 1 The physiological role of iron and the relationship of excess iron to chronic disease Alicia Cone Metro State University of Denver NUT 3140: Human Nutrition
More informationPHOSPHATE BIOAVAILABILITY IN FOOD: WHAT SHOULD WE BE TEACHING OUR PATIENTS? Lisa Gutekunst MSEd, RD, CSR, CDN
PHOSPHATE BIOAVAILABILITY IN FOOD: WHAT SHOULD WE BE TEACHING OUR PATIENTS? Lisa Gutekunst MSEd, RD, CSR, CDN Conflict of Interest I am an employee of DaVita, Inc. I am a consultant for Keryx Biopharmaceuticals.
More informationDIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010
DIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010 DIAGRAM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Mouth Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Large Intestine Appendix Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Rectum Anus STAGES OF DIGESTION: 1. INGESTION Taking
More informationIngestion Digestion- Absorption- Elimination
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1 FUNCTIONS Organization GI tract==mouth anus Accessory organs Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder Major Functions: Ingestion-mouth, teeth, tongue Digestion- chemical and mechanical
More informationThere are two groups of minerals: Major salt components: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl -, sulfate, phosphate, and HCO
MINERALS INTRODUCTION 90 elements in the earth s s crust, 25 are known to be essential to life, they are present in living cells, including in food. Food contains additional, non-essential elements. Some
More informationNOTES: CH 41 Animal Nutrition & Digestion
NOTES: CH 41 Animal Nutrition & Digestion NUTRITION *Nutrition is the study of nutrients and how the body utilizes them! *ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS: nutrients that human cells cannot synthesize (i.e. certain
More informationNutrition, part 2. Because 1 part isn t enough!
Nutrition, part 2 Because 1 part isn t enough! 4. Calories and Caloric Intake Calories per gram of our Macro and Micro nutrients Macro Carbohydrates: 4 cal/g Fats: 9 cal/g Proteins: 4 cal/g Micro Vitamins:
More information2- Minimum toxic concentration (MTC): The drug concentration needed to just produce a toxic effect.
BIOPHARMACEUTICS Drug Product Performance Parameters: 1- Minimum effective concentration (MEC): The minimum concentration of drug needed at the receptors to produce the desired pharmacologic effect. 2-
More informationChapter 15 Food and Digestion
Chapter 15 Food and Digestion 15.1A Food and Energy Functions of Nutrients 1. 2. 3. 4. Calories = amt. of energy in food RDA depends on age, gender, size and activity level Types of Nutrients (includes
More informationCh 18. Physiology of the Digestive System
Ch 18 Physiology of the Digestive System SLOs List the functions of the digestive system Distinguish and describe the different patterns of motility observed in the GI tract. Name and explain the various
More informationAN ANIMAL S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
1 ANIMAL NUTRITION 2 3 4 5 6 7 Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores eat mainly plants and algae Carnivores
More informationAFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by. broken down. the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!!
Chemical Digestion ***ANSWERS**** Name Period Date AFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!! Special
More informationThe Digestive System. 1- Carbohydrates 2- Proteins 3- Lipids 4- Water 5- Vitamins 6- Minerals 7- Fibers
I. Type of food: The Digestive System 1- Carbohydrates 2- Proteins 3- Lipids 4- Water 5- Vitamins 6- Minerals 7- Fibers 1- Carbohydrates: are energy foods (sugars). They are made of C,H, and O atoms. They
More informationMeasuring iron and zinc bioavailability in humans
Janet C. King, Carmen M. Donangelo, Leslie R. Woodhouse, Sarah D. Mertz, David M. Shames, Fernando E. Viteri, Z. Cheng, and Ross M. Welch Abstract and zinc deficiencies are common in populations dependent
More information10/23/2013 ANIMAL NUTRITION ANIMAL NUTRITION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: AMINO ACIDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter
More informationDigestive System 7/15/2015. Outline Digestive System. Digestive System
Digestive System Biology 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 15 Outline Digestive System I. Functions II. Layers of the GI tract III. Major parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
More informationAFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by broken down. the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!!
Chemical Digestion Name Period Date AFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by broken down the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!! Special
More informationDISCUSSION OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS. Presenter: Robert M. Russell
6 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silver, Vanadium, and Zinc 1 In this session, Robert Russell of Tufts
More informationCENTRE D ETUDE & DE VALORI SATI ON DES ALGUES
CENTRE D ETUDE & DE VALORI SATI ON DES ALGUES Algae Cal International Las Vega NV 89109 USA February 2007 Presqu Ile de Pen Lan, BP 3 22610 Pleubian tél : 0296229350 fax : 0296228438 algue@cevafr wwwcevafr
More informationCh 7 Nutrition in humans
Ch 7 Nutrition in humans Think about (Ch 7, p.2) 1. The stomach churns food into smaller pieces physically. The stomach wall secretes proteases to chemically digest proteins. It also releases hydrochloric
More informationD. Nagalakshmi Professor & Head Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science Korutla, Karimnagar
EFFECT OF REPLACING INORGANIC ZINC WITH A LOWER LEVEL OF ORGANIC ZINC (ZINC PROPIONATE) ON PERFORMANCE, BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND MINERAL STATUS IN BUFFALO CALVES D. Nagalakshmi Professor & Head Department
More informationSphincters heartburn diaphragm The Stomach gastric glands pepsin, chyme The Small Intestine 1-Digestion Is Completed in the Small Intestine duodenum
Sphincters are muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves. The tubes close when the sphincters contract and they open when the sphincters relax. When food or saliva is swallowed, the sphincter relaxes
More informationIron absorption from experimental infant formulas based on pea (Pisum sativum)-protein isolate: the effect of phytic acid and ascorbic acid
British Journal of Nutrition (2001), 85, 59±63 q Nutrition Society 2001 DOI: 10.1079/BJN2000232 Iron absorption from experimental infant formulas based on pea (Pisum sativum)-protein isolate: the effect
More informationNUTRIENT DIGESTION & ABSORPTION
NUTRIENT DIGESTION & ABSORPTION NUTR 2050: Nutrition for Nursing Professionals Mrs. Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: 1. Differentiate
More informationP A T I E N T H A N D B O O K
PATIENT HANDBOOK Heal Your Gut, Heal Your Body The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most sophisticated systems of the human body. We often think of the GI tract for its primary role in digesting
More informationReading Comprehension of the digestive tract
Reading Comprehension of the digestive tract Digestion is a process that break-down food into small molecule called nutrient. These small molecule called nutrients pass through the cell membrane or absorb
More informationChapter 21 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
Chapter 21 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION Stages of Food Processing 1. Ingestion: The act of eating. Usually involves placing food in mouth or oral cavity. 2. Digestion: Macromolecules in food (fats, proteins,
More information2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions What are the functions of the digestive system? How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System What is the digestive system? The digestive system is where the digestion of food and liquids occurs. Our bodies are not suited to absorbing the energy contained in food as they are
More informationDay Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed. Protein digestion and AA absorption
Day Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed 1 Tuesday 18 April 2017 Protein digestion and AA absorption D S Jairajpuri 250 256 250 256 2 Wednesday 19 April 2017 Removal of nitrogen and urea cycle D S Jairajpuri
More informationNutrition and Food Sciences Research Vol 3, No 3, Jul-Sep 2016, pages: 11-16
Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Vol 3, No 3, Jul-Sep 2016, pages: 11-16 Original Article Evaluation of Iron Bioavailability in Caco-2 cell Culture Model: Modification of the Original Method Bahareh
More informationAnimal Nutrition Human Digestion
Animal Nutrition Human Digestion 2006-2007 What do animals need to live? Animals make energy using: food food oxygen Animals build bodies using: food for raw materials amino acids, sugars, O fats, nucleotides
More informationThis section identifies the nutrients your body needs and explains why water is such an important nutrient.
Chapter 38 Digestive and Excretory Systems Section 38-1 Food and Nutrition (pages 971-977) 44P TEKS FOCUS: 9A Structure and function of biomolecules; 11 C Importance of nutrition on health This section
More informationFigure Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore
Figure 41.1 Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore Essential Nutrients: Amino acids Fatty acids Vitamins Minerals Figure 41.2 Complete vs incomplete Omnivore vs herbivore (vegetarian) Table 41.1 Table
More informationRevised Phosphorus and Calcium Guidelines for Turkeys
Revised Phosphorus and Calcium Guidelines for Turkeys REVISED PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM GUIDELINES FOR TURKEYS Following a review of current information relating to phosphorus and calcium requirements for
More informationIn Focus - Micronutrients and Obesity: iron deficiency & obesity.
In Focus - Micronutrients and Obesity: iron deficiency & obesity. Ana Carla Cepeda López MD PhD Universidad de Monterrey, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Monterrey,
More informationNOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2)
NOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2) PANCREAS Structure of the pancreas: The pancreas produces PANCREATIC JUICE that is then secreted into a pancreatic duct. The PANCREATIC DUCT leads to the The
More informationThe Digestive System. What is the advantage of a one-way gut? If you swallow something, is it really inside you?
The Digestive System What is the advantage of a one-way gut?! If you swallow something, is it really inside you? Functions and Processes of the Digestive System: Move nutrients, water, electrolytes from
More informationNext week in lab: Diet analysis
Next week in lab: Diet analysis Record everything you eat or drink and the amount for 24 hr (1 day) Analyze your diet using fitday.com Print out & bring to lab 1. Food list 2. Calories table & pie chart
More informationAn introduction to Liposomal Encapsulation Technology
An introduction to Liposomal Encapsulation Technology Mother Nature has the innate ability to solve problems through the most efficient and effective route possible. The problem of how to make an oil-soluble
More informationSummary of chemical breakdown of food by hydrolytic enzymes (Protein enzymes).
Biology 12 Digestive System Digestion Overview: The digestive process can be divided into 4 phases: 1. ingestion - includes swallowing and peristalsis 2. digestion - the physical (by teeth) and chemical
More informationDigestion and Nutrition. Chapter 40
Digestion and Nutrition Chapter 40 Impacts, Issues Hormones and Hunger Fat cells secrete leptin, which reduces appetite; an empty stomach secretes ghrelin, which makes you hungry the goal is healthy nutrition
More informationWhat Are Proteins? Lecture 9: Proteins. Proteins: large complex molecules composed of amino acids. Nutrition 150 Shallin Busch, Ph.D.
What Are Proteins? Lecture 9: Proteins Nutrition 150 Shallin Busch, Ph.D. Proteins: large complex molecules composed of amino acids. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Primary source of nitrogen
More information10/18/2017 ANIMAL NUTRITION ANIMAL NUTRITION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: AMINO ACIDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter
More informationHeme Iron peptide (HIP)
Heme Iron peptide (HIP) 1. Clinical trials referenced for bioavailability and side effects STUDIES SHOWING BIOAVAILABILITY MORE THAN SULFATE (Seligman, Moore, and Schleicher 2000) Study compared Japanese
More informationChapter 9: Digestion Review Assignment
_ Date: Mark: /45 Chapter 9: Digestion Review Assignment 45 Multiple Choice = 45 Marks Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following roles do
More informationCIE Biology GCSE 7: Human nutrition
CIE Biology GCSE 7: Human nutrition Notes Humans need many different nutrients to survive. To receive these nutrients in the correct quantities, a balanced diet must be eaten. A balanced diet includes
More informationExploring the Mechanisms by which Increasing Dietary Protein Induces Iron Transporter Expression and Improves Intestinal Iron Absorption
University of Connecticut DigitalCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 12-10-2013 Exploring the Mechanisms by which Increasing Dietary Protein Induces Iron Transporter
More informationAbdulrahman Alhanbali. Lojayn Salah. Mohammad Khatatbeh. 1 P a g e
7 Abdulrahman Alhanbali Lojayn Salah Mohammad Khatatbeh 1 P a g e In this lecture we will talk about digestion and absorption of food in the alimentary tract. But first of all we have some important points
More informationUNIT 5 MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS Digestive System Test Bank
UNIT 5 MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS Digestive System Test Bank Objective 5.01 Describe the basic functions of the digestive system. 1. What is the main function of the digestive system? a. Hold and receive food
More informationEffect of High Available Phosphorus Corn and Elevated Fat and Protein. Corn on Nutrient Digestibility and Excretion in Finishing Pigs
Effect of High Available Phosphorus Corn and Elevated Fat and Protein Introduction Corn on Nutrient Digestibility and Excretion in Finishing Pigs S. L. Hankins, A. L. Sutton and B. T. Richert Department
More informationBCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud
BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides. Most,
More informationJosie Grace C. Castillo, M.D.
Josie Grace C. Castillo, M.D. 2 types of nutrients Macronutrients Carbohydrate Fats Protein Micronutrients Vitamins Minerals 1 Occur when the quantity or quality of food is not sufficient to meet a persons
More informationThe digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs. The Digestive System
The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs. The Digestive System The Digestive System The digestive system mechanically and chemically breaks down food. Mechanical
More informationFigure 1: Schematic diagram of iron s electron shuttling role in the body
It is one of life s paradoxes that many of the most familiar features turn out on closer inspection to be the most complex. And so it is with nutrition. Take, for example, iron, one of the most familiar
More informationThe Human Digestive Tract
The Human Digestive Tract The Mouth salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submaxillary) - produces saliva --->lubricate food ---> dissolves food particles ---> allows us to taste food --->contains amylase
More informationAn overview of the digestive system. mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus
An overview of the digestive system mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus Why GIT? What are the main steps in the digestive process? Ingestion intake of food via the
More informationExtrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product
British Journal of Nutrition (1986), 55, 255-260 255 Extrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product 2. Effects on apparent absorption of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in humans BY BARBRO
More informationKazakh Academy of Nutrition
Kazakh Academy of Nutrition USAID/GAIN MICRONUTRIENT FORTIFICATION PROJECT IN CENTRAL ASIA, AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN ANALYSIS AND JUSTIFICATION THE POSSIBILITY OF HARMONIZING STANDARDS FOR REFINED WHEAT
More information