The Effects of Dietary Protein and Lysine Levels on Broiler Performance, Carcass Characteristics and N Excretion
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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 3 (): , 004 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion 004 The Effects of Dietry Protein nd Lysine Levels on Broiler Performnce, Crcss Chrcteristics nd N Excretion M. Rezei, H. Nssiri Moghddm, J. Pour Rez nd H. Kermnshhi Deprtment of Animl Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mshhd, Irn Deprtment of Animl Science, College of Agriculture, Technicl University, Isfhn, Irn E-mil: mrezei000@yhoo.com 1 Astrct: In 3 fctoril rrngement, the effects of dietry protein nd lysine levels on performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of Ross mle roiler chickens from 1 to 3 weeks nd 4 to 6 weeks of ge were tested. Dietry tretments consisted of three levels of L-lysine.HCl in strter nd grower period (0.0, 1.5 nd 3.0 g/kg) nd two levels of protein (08.4, in strter nd 181., 161. g/kg in grower period) with 1.1 MJ AME/kg diet. Reducing dietry protein decresed weight gin in strter, grower nd totl period up to 6.0, 4.6 nd 5.6% respectively (P<0.05). It lso decresed feed consumption in strter period (P<0.05). Decresing dietry protein hd no significnt effect on gin to feed rtio nd rest met yield, ut incresed dominl ft percentge significntly (P<0.05). Incresing dietry lysine incresed feed consumption in strter nd weight gin, feed to gin rtio in grower nd totl period of the experiment (P<0.05). It lso incresed rest met yield nd percentge (P<0.05). N excretion reduced significntly y decresing dietry protein (P<0.05). Dietry tretments hd no significnt effect on mortlity. Key words: Protein, lysine, roiler, crcss, rest met Introduction There hs een gret interest in reducing N concentrtion in poultry litter in recent yer. Lowering crude protein is effective in decresing N excretion in poultry production (Ferguson et l., 1998; Blir et l., 1999). Jco et l. (1994) found tht N excretion in litter could e lowered up to 10g/kg y reducing dietry CP y 5g/kg diet. Excess dietry protein lso increses het production nd wter consumption which increses moisture content of litter (Kleier, 1961; Tsk nd Kushim, 1979; Allemn nd Leclercq, 1997). In some previous studies feeding low protein diets to roilers decresed growth performnce (Ferguson et l., 1998; Jco et l., 1994; Jensen, 1991). It is showed tht reducing CP diets y % in strter period did not ffect Body Weight Gin (BWG) (Prr nd Summer, 1991; Morn nd Stilorn, 1996). It hs een suggested tht Amino cid requirements in roiler increses linerly with dietry CP (Gru, 1984; Boomgrdt nd Bker, 1973; Morris et l., 1987; Morris nd Ae, 1990; Morris et l., 199). The mechnism of this ction is unknown, ut the Amino cid imlnce my e the most importnt fctor for Amino cid needs (Morris et l., 1999). Lysine (Lys) is ccepted s the second limiting Amino Mterils nd Methods An experiment with Ross 308 mle roilers ws conducted from 1 to 6 weeks of ge. At dy 1, 40 mle chicks were plced in 4 floor pens (10 chicks per pen nd 0.1m floor spce/chicks). Feed nd wter were provided d-liitum. Tretment diets consisted of three cid sed on corn nd soyen mel, therefore it will levels of L- Lys.HCl in strter nd grower period (0.0, 1.5 e possile to supplement poultry diet with crystlline nd 3.0 g/kg diet) nd two levels of protein (08.4, Lys to reduce CP content of the diet. The NRC (1994) in strter nd 181., 161. in grower period) with 4 recommended tht roilers receive 11.0, 10.0 nd 8.5 g Lys/kg of diet t 0 to 3, 3 to 6 nd 6 to 8 weeks of ge respectively. Lys needed for optimizing rest met yield my e higher thn the mount needed for optiml BWG nd feed efficiency (Jckson et l., 1989; Hickling et l., 1990; Morn nd Bilgili, 1990; Acr et l., 1991; Gormn nd Blnve, 1995). Holsheimer nd Ruesink (1998) showed tht rest met yield ws incresed in mle roilers fed diet contining incresing Lys from 1-14 dys of ge, however the performnce of roilers did not ffected y dietry Lys from 15 to 49 dys of ge. It is well known tht protein nd Lys nd its interction is considered s n importnt fctor which ffects performnce nd crcss qulity of growing chicks nd so, dietry requirement of protein is ctully requirement for the Lys contined in the protein. Therefore the ojective of this study ws to evlute the Lys nd protein levels effects on performnce nd crcss chrcteristics with recommended level protein nd nother diet lower in protein thn the recommended level, without chnging the Methionine+Cystine nd Threonine requirements recommended y NRC (1994). replictes/tretment nd 1.1 MJ AME/kg diet. The compositions of strter nd grower diets re shown in Tle 1. Clculted protein nd Lys content of the experimentl diets re shown in Tle. Tretments 148
2 Rezei et l.: Effects of Dietry Protein nd Lysine Levels Tle 1: Bsl diets composition nd nlysis (g/kg diet) Ingredient Strter Grower Control Low Control Low Corn Soyen mel Sunflower oil Di-clcium phosphte Limestone DL-Methionine L-Threonine Premix Slt Snd Totl Nutrient nlysis CP (clculted) CP (nlyzed)) AME MJ/kg C Aville P Lys (clculted) Lys (nlyzed) Met+Cys (clculted) Met+Cys (nlyzed) Thr (clculted) Thr (nlyzed) Diclcium Phosphte 10 g C nd 160 g P/kg. Supplied per kilogrm of diet: 6050 µg vitmin A (retinyl cette + retinyl plmitte), 55 µg vitmin D,.05 µg vitmin E (dl-"-topheryl cette),.0 mg K, 5 mg B, 6.0 mg vitmin B, mg vitmin B, 4 mg vitmin B, 0.0 mg vitmin B, 10.0 mg pntothenic cid, 6.0 mg folic cid, 0.15 mg iotin, mg ethoxyquin, Supplied per kilogrm of feed: 500 mg CCO, 80 mg Fe, 80 mg Zn, 80 mg Mn, 10 mg Cu, mg I, 0.3 mg Se Tle : Clculted crude protein (CP) nd Lys content of experimentl diets (g/kg diet) Diet CP Lys In diet dditionl- Lys.HCl Strter Grower were derived y dding L-Lys.HCl (780 g L-Lys/kg) in sl diet. Prior to the experiment smples of ingredients (corn, soyen mel) were nlyzed for protein nd Amino cid. Crude protein ws clculted y Kejeldl method. Amino cid concentrtion ws determined following cid hydrolysis, Met nd Cys following performic cid oxidtion using high performnce ction exchnge column (AOAC, 1980). Weight gin, feed consumption nd feed efficiency (djusted for mortlity) were mesured on pen sis from 1 to 4 dy period weekly. Mortlity ws recorded throughout the experiment. At 4 dys of ge 4 irds in ech tretment (Close to pen mens BW with no visile normlities) were killed y cervicl disloction for crcss chrcteristics. Prior to killing the irds, feed nd wter were withdrwn for 10 nd 4 hr, respectively. For N excretion lnce tril ws done. At 7 dys of ge totl of 74 mle roiler chickens with similr pen weight distriuted mong 4 wire ttery cges (3 in ech pen) nd fed the experimentl diets for 10 dys. Feed consumption nd feces excretion were recorded from 18-1 dys of ge. Excret were collected on polyethylene sheets plced under wire ttery floor for 3 dys. Smples were collected nd then stored t -3 o C until nlyzing for nitrogen content. The fctoril rrngement of 6 tretments consisting of two levels of 149
3 Rezei et l.: Effects of Dietry Protein nd Lysine Levels Tle 3: Min effects of dietry crude protein (CP) nd Lys levels on roiler performnce Diet Weight Gin (g) Feed consumption (g) Gin: feed (kg/kg) weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks CP level Control Low Lys.HCl (g/kg) Sttistics Root MSE CP * Lys CP*Lys Mens in columns with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). *Proility of significnce. Tle 4: Effects of dietry crude protein (CP) nd Lys levels on mle roiler crcss, rest met yield, thigh met, dominl ft percentge nd N excretion Tretment Crcss/ Brest Brest met/ Thigh/ Adominl N excretion Body weight met Crcss Crcss ft/crcss (g/ird/dy) (g/kg) yield(g) (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) CP level Control Low Lys.HCl (g/kg) c Sttistics CP 0.05* Lys CP*Lys Mens in columns with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). *Proility of significnce. CP nd three levels of Lys with CRD design were experiment (P<0.05). It lso incresed feed nlyzed using the Generl Liner Models procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1999). When differences mong mens were found, mens were seprted using Duncn's new multiple rnge test (Steel nd Torrie, 1980 ). Results The results of roiler performnce nd crcss chrcteristics re given in Tle 3 nd 4. Reducing dietry protein decresed weight gin in strter, grower nd totl period of the experiment up to 6.0, 4.6 nd 4.6% respectively (P<0.05). Lowering dietry protein lso decresed feed consumption in strter period (P<0.05), ut it hd no significnt effect on gin to feed rtio in ll phses of the experiment. Decresing dietry protein incresed dominl ft significntly (P<0.05). Incresing Lys level in the diet incresed weight gin nd gin to feed rtio in grower nd totl period of the consumption in strter period of the experiment. A positive response in rest met yield ws chieved y incresing Lys level in the diet (P<0.05). The vlues of dietry Lys (11. nd 1.4 in strter nd 9.4, 10.6 g/kg in grower period) re higher thn those of cited in the NRC (1994) sed on 1.1MJ AME/kg diet. The results confirmed the previous studies which demonstrted tht Lys requirement for growing chicks is higher thn tht of which NRC (1994) recommendtion which is supplemented on the diet for mximl growth. It is lso confirmed tht incresing dietry Lys level increses rest met yield. It is concluded tht reducing dietry protein with dding 1.5 g L-Lys.HCl/kg diet in strter nd grower period (sed on 1.1MJ AME/kg diet) could e suitle for improving ody weight gin, feed efficiency, nd rest met yield for Ross roiler chickens under the conditions of this study. 150
4 Rezei et l.: Effects of Dietry Protein nd Lysine Levels Discussion The results in Tle 3 indicte tht the NRC requirement for Lys is proly too low for the period of 3 to 6 week of ge oth in term of weight gin nd gin to feed rtio. It is pprent from this dt tht protein nd Lys levels nd their interctions hd no significnt effect on feed consumption in grower nd totl period of the experiment, showing tht dietry tretment hd not dverse effect on this trit. It ws shown tht feed consumption tended to increse slightly, s the protein nd Lys level incresed. It ws cler from the dt tht irds utilized feed more efficiently in grower period. Dietry protein did not significntly ffect the yield of rest met nd thigh met (P>0.05). There ws significnt reduction in dominl ft percentge for the higher protein diet (control). It might e close reltionship etween ft percentge nd the energy protein rtio. The smller the rtio, the less ft will e deposited. Decresing dietry protein incresed the cloric protein rtio, resulting in excessive energy intke s reltive to protein intke, thus resulted in higher crcss ft content, s similrly oserved with other studies (Frrel, 1974; Brtov et l., 1974; Lesson et l., 1988; Yshmit et l., 1975). Although there ws trend for reduction in ft pd percentge due to increse Lys level, the effect ws not significnt. Lowering the dietry protein level did not ffect protein nd ft content of rest met. Incresing Lys level in diet incresed rest met percentge significntly, s shown in other reserches (Bilgili et l.,199; Gormn nd Blnve, 1995; Hn nd Bker, 1994; Kidd et l., 1998). The concentrtion of dietry Lys cn significntly influence rest met yield for severl resons: it contins high concentrtion of Lys (Tle 4); Brest met represents lrge portion of crcss met. Brest muscle development is lso ffected y sex, ge, reed nd genetics (Morn nd Bilgili, 1990; Acr et l., 1991; Bilgili et l., 199; Gormn nd Blnve, 1995; Hn nd Bker, 1991). Their studies hve lso shown tht n dditionl Lys increse rest met ccretion. Dietry Lys hd not significnt effect on mortlity. The results re in greement with pervious studies (Kerr et l., 1999; Kidd et l., 1998; Hn nd Bker, 1994). N excretion ws reduced significntly y decresing dietry protein level (0.868 versus g/ird/dy). This finding is in greement with other studies (Jco et l., 1994; Blir et l., 1999; Ferguson et l., 1998). An ttempt to reduce the protein level of the diet would help to decrese diet cost (depend on grin nd oilseed mel cost). The results of the present study showed tht protein level could e reduced pproximtely 30 in strter nd 0 g/kg diet in grower period sed on 1.1MJ AME/kg diet without dverse effect on gin to feed rtio. In this cse dditionl mino cids would e dded to the diet. By decresing protein level in roiler diet N excretion will e reduced significntly (P<0.05). References Assocition of Officil Anlytic Chemists, Officil th Methods of Anlysis. 13 ed. Wshington, DC. Acr, N., E.T. Morn, Jr. nd S.F. Bilgili, Live performnce nd crcss yield of mle roiler from two commercil strin crosses receiving rtions contining lysine elow nd ove the estlished requirement etween six to eight weeks of ge. Poult. Sci., 70: Allemn, F. nd B. Leclercq, Effect of dietry protein nd environmentl temperture on growth performnce nd wter consumption of mle roiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 38: Brtov, I., S. Bornstein nd B. Lipstein, Effect of cloric to protein rtio on the degree of ftness in roiler fed on prcticl diets. Br. Poult. Sci., 15: Bilgili, S.F., E.T. Morn, Jr. nd N. Acr, 199. Strin cross response of hevy mle roiler to dietry lysine in the finisher feed: Live performnce nd further processing yields. Poult. Sci., 71: Blir, R., J.P. Jco, S. Irhim nd P. 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5 Rezei et l.: Effects of Dietry Protein nd Lysine Levels Holsheimer, J.P. nd E.W. Ruesink, Effect of performnce, crcss composition, yield nd finncil return of dietry energy nd lysine levels in strter nd finisher diet fed to roiler. Poult. Sci., 77: Jckson, M.R., S. Li, E.J. Dy nd S. Omr, The effect of different lysine level fed in constnt proportion to different crude protein level on the live performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of roiler chicken. Poult. Sci., 68 (supplement): 186 (Astrct). Jco, J.P., R. Blir, D.C. Bennett, T.R. Scott nd R.C. Newerry, The effect of dietry protein nd mino cid levels during the grower phse on nitrogen excretion of roiler chicken. Pge in: Proceeding of Cndin Animl Science Meeting of Ssktchewn, Ssktoon, SK, Cnd. Jensen, L.S., Broiler performnce s ffected y intct protein versus synthetic mino cid. Pge in: Proceeding Georgi Nutrition Conference. Atlnt, GA. Kerr, B.J., M.T. Kidd, K.M. Hlpn, G.W. Mcwrd nd C.L. Qurles, Lysine level increses live performnce nd rest yield in mle roiler. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 8: Kidd, M.T., B.J. Kerr, K.M. Hlpn, G.W. Mcwrd nd C.L Qurles, Lysine levels in strter-finisher diets ffect roiler performnce nd crcss trits. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 7: Kleier, M., The fire of life. An Introduction to Animl Energetic (New York, John Wiley). Lesson, S., L.T. Cston nd J.D. Summer, Response of mle nd femle roiler to diet protein. Cn. J. Anim. Sci., 68: Morn, E.T., Jr. nd B. Stilorn, Effect of glutmic cid on roiler given su mrginl crude protein with dequte essentil mino cids using feeds high nd low in potssium. Poult. Sci., 75: Morn, E.T., Jr. nd S.F. Bilgili, Processing losses, crcss qulity nd met yield of poultry chickens s influenced y dietry lysine. Poult. Sci., 69: Morris, T.R., K. Alzzwi, R.M. Gous nd G.L. Simpson, Effect of protein concentrtion on response to dietry lysine y chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 8: Morris, T.R. nd S. Ae, Effect on rginine nd protein on chicks response to dietry lysine. Br. Poult. Sci., 31: Morris, T.R., R.M. Gous nd S. Ae, 199. Effect of dietry protein concentrtion on the response of growing chicks to Methionine. Br. Poult. Sci., 33: Morris, T.R., R.M. Gous nd C. Fisher, An nlysis of the hypothesis tht mino cid requirement for chicks should e stted s proportion of dietry protein. World's Poult. Sci. J., 55: 7-. Ntionl Reserch Council, Nutrient requirements th of Poultry. 9 edition (Revised). Ntionl Acdemy press Wshington, DC. Prr, J.F. nd J.D. Summer, The effect of minimizing mino cid excess in roiler diets. Poult. Sci., 70: SAS Institute, SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS Institute, Inc, NC. Steel, R.G.D. nd J.H. Torrie, Principle nd nd procedures of sttistics. ed. McGrw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. Tsk, I. nd M. Kushim, Het production when single nutrients given to fsted cockerels in: L.F. Mount (Ed) studies in the Agriculturl nd Food Sciences. Energy Metolism, pp: (London, Butterworth). Yshmit, C., Y. Ishimoto T. Ymd, H.S. Medd nd S. Eisv, Effect of dietry protein nd energy levels on dominl ft content nd met tste. Jpnese Poult. Sci., 1:
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