Original Article. A novel method for measuring serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Introduction. Materials and methods. Abstract
|
|
- Percival Parks
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Original Article A novel method for measuring serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase Hiroaki Ishikawa 1, Takeo Matsuzawa 2, Koji Ohashi 2 and Yoichi Nagamura 2 Abstract Addresses 1 Department of Medical Technology Fujita Health University College 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry School of Health Sciences Fujita Health University Toyoake, Aichi , Japan Correspondence Hiroaki Ishikawa hishikaw@fujita-hu.ac.jp Background Serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase is a diagnostic marker of hepatic disorders due to its localization in periportal mitochondria. Methods We have developed a new method for the determination of serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase. It is based on the reverse reaction of ornithine carbamoyltransferase, using ornithine-ketoacid aminotransferase, 1 -pyrroline-5- carboxylate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, which together convert citrulline through ornithine to glutamate. The glutamate is then quantitatively measured using glutamate oxidase and Trinder s reagent. Results The results obtained by this method agreed well with those obtained using the diacetylmonoxime method as a gold standard [correlation coef cient (r ) ˆ P50 001]. The endogenous amino acids sensitive to this method in serum (glutamate, ornithine and 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate) were eliminated by the initial futile reaction. The new method appears to be more accurate at low levels of ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity than the diacetylmonoxime method. Conclusions Here we report a new method for serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase assay which might be useful for clinical diagnosis of hepatic disorders, including hepatic cancer. Introduction Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT; EC ) is the second of the ve enzymes that constitute the urea cycle. It catalyses the transfer of carbamoyl phosphate to the d-amino residue of ornithine to produce citrulline and inorganic phosphate. This enzyme is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme which occurs mainly in the liver, where it is exclusively localized in periportal hepatocytes and the small intestine. The OCT activity in the liver is so high that the activity released into serum has been used as a diagnostic marker of hepatic disorders, especially those involving damage to periportal mitochondria. Serum OCT activity was assayed originally by Archibald s method 1 using diacetylmonoxime, which reacts non-speci cally with citrulline, one of the reaction products of the OCT reaction. Diacetylmonoxime also reacts with urea and several other guanidine compounds. This method, however, is not suitable for automated analysis because of the necessity of urease pre-treatment of the serum, the use of strong acids (a mixture of concentrated sulphuric and phosphoric acids) and a boiling step. 2 For automated analysis, a speci c enzyme-based assay would be ideal. Here we describe such an assay, which determines OCT through the reverse reaction catalysed by the enzyme and which, following automation, is suitable for high-throughput screening. Materials and methods Principle Citrulline is converted to ornithine by the reverse reaction of OCT, then ornithine is quantitatively transaminated 3 and oxidized producing two molecules of glutamate in the presence of ornithine ^ ketoacid aminotransferase (OKT; EC ) and 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH; EC ). 4 Glutamate is quantitated using glutamate oxidase (GOD; EC ) in the presence of Trinder s reagent, 4-aminoantipyrine and TOOS (N-ethyl-N-(2- hydroxy-3-sulphopropyl)-m-toluidine sodium salt dihydrate), which form a coloured quinoneimine derivative (absorption maximum ˆ 555 nm) following 264 &2003 The Association of Clinical Biochemists
2 Measuring serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase 265 Reagents for Archibald s diacetylmonoxime method were OCT assay reagent 2 (OCT-test, Wako) obtained from Wako Chemical Company (Tokyo, Japan). OKT, P5CDH and POD were stored at 7208C; other reagents were kept at 48C. Recombinant rat OCT was prepared as described previously. 6 Serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were determined with Iatrozyme TA-Lq reagent 7 obtained from Iatron Laboratories, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Figure 1. Reaction scheme for the conversion of citrulline to glutamate during the quantitative determination of OCT activity. Cit ˆ citrulline; Pi ˆ inorganic phosphate; CarbP ˆ carbamoyl phosphate; Orn ˆ ornithine; akg ˆ 2-oxoglutarate; Glu ˆ glutamate; P5C ˆ pyrroline-5-carboxylate; NADP + ˆ nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized; NADPH ˆ nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced; 4AA ˆ 4-aminoantipyrine; TOOS ˆ N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulphopropyl)-mtoluidine sodium salt dihydrate; OCT ˆ ornithine carbamoyltransferase; OKT ˆ ornithine-ketoacid aminotransferase; P5CDH ˆ pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase; GDH ˆ glutamate dehydrogenase; GOD ˆ glutamate oxidase; POD ˆ peroxidase. oxidation by peroxidase (POD; EC ). In the course of the reaction sequence, three molecules of glutamate arise per molecule of citrulline: one is produced by OKT from 2-oxoglutarate, another from pyrroline-5-carboxylate by P5CDH and a third by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; EC ) used for the regeneration of NADP + from NADPH. This leads to signal ampli cation and contributes to the sensitivity of the assay (see Fig. 1). Furthermore, endogenous glutamate plus ornithine and 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate in the serum can be eliminated by an initial futile reaction without addition of 4-aminoantipyrine of Trinder s reagent; therefore only glutamate produced in the present method is quantitated by glutamate oxidase and Trinder s reagent. Enzymes and reagents OKT and P5CDH were puri ed from Bacillus sphaericus. 5 GDH and POD were purchased from Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim, Germany). GOD was obtained from Seikagaku Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). 4-Aminoantipyrine and TOOS were from Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan). L-Canaline was from Sigma (St Louis MO, USA). Serum samples Venous blood samples were obtained from 150 healthy persons and 55 patients, including those with hepatic disorders, at the clinical laboratory of Fujita Health University Hospital. The separated sera were stored at 7858C until use. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Fujita Health University. Procedures Enzyme reaction mixtures A, B, C and D were prepared as follows: Mixture A consisted of 160 mmol of potassium phosphate bu er (ph 8 0), 7 6 U of OKT, 6 5 U of P5CDH, 32 mmol of NADP +, 50 mmol of 2-oxoglutarate, 300 mmol of ammonium chloride and 48 U of GDH in a nal volume of 1mL. Mixture B contained 17 mmol of TOOS, 400 U of POD and 6 8 U of GOD in a nal volume of 5 ml of water. Mixture C was 10 mmol of 4-aminoantipyrine and 570 mmol of L-citrulline in a nal volume of 2 ml of water. Mixture D contained 10 mmol of 4-aminoantipyrine in a nal volume of 2 ml of water. Mixture A was prepared before use and was stable for 1 day if kept on ice; the other mixtures could be used for 4^5 days if kept at 48C. Mixture A+B was made before starting the reaction by mixing equal volumes of mixtures A and B. For each serum sample a separate blank reaction was carried out. To two 1 5-mL plastic centrifuge tubes, 20 ml of serum and 100 ml of mixture A+B were added. Both tubes were incubated at 378C for 30 min (to eliminate endogenous glutamate, ornithine and 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate) (the futile reaction); then 20 ml of mixture D was added to the blank tube and 20 ml of mixture C to the OCTassay tube. After 60 min of incubation at 378C, the reaction was terminated by the addition of 500 ml of mol/l L-canaline, and the mixture was centrifuged at 7000 g for 10 min to remove any turbidity. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured spectrophotometrically at 555 nm within 1h. The enzyme activity (U/L) was calculated from the di erence between the absorbances of the blank tube and the OCT assay tube using the molar extinction coe cient of the end-product glutamate produced in the reaction mixture (e ˆ 7800 cm/mol at 555 nm) which was obtained from the calibration curve as shown in Fig. 2. Ann Clin Biochem 2003: 40:
3 266 Ishikawa et al. an almost linear response of the assay to the very small amount of OCT added. Due to the higher speci c activity of the recombinant OCT, the incubation time in this experiment could be shortened to 15 min with the other conditions being very similar to those described in`materials and methods (see Fig. 3). Figure 2. Linearity of the assay following the addition of glutamate. Varying amounts (5 80 nmol) of glutamate were added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was carried out as described in Materials and methods. Statistical calculations Statistical calculations for this study were carried out using the software package StatView purchased from Abacus Concepts, Inc. (Berkeley, CA, USA). Results Linearity of the assay Initially we checked the linearity of this method by measuring the absorbance of the reaction mixture after the addition of 5^80 nmol of glutamate to the reaction mixture. A linear dependence of the absorbance at 555 nm in the range 0^1 0 on the amount of glutamate added (5^80 nmol) was con rmed (Fig. 2). The two preparations of recombinant rat OCT showed Termination of the assay The enzyme reaction was e ciently terminated by the addition of L-canaline, which is a potent inhibitor of OKT. 9 We tested how long this inhibitor could suppress the increase of absorbance at 555 nm after termination of 20 serum samples, including low and high activities in the normal range. Our results showed that the inhibitor was active for 1h; the absorbance then gradually increased, indicating that the absorbance should be measured within 60 min after termination of the reaction with L-canaline (see Fig. 4). Comparison of the present method and the diacetylmonoxime method The OCT activities of serum samples from 55 patients with hepatic disorders and 13 healthy individuals were determined by the present method and the diacetylmonoxime method. A linear relationship was obtained between the two methods and the correlation coe cient (r) was calculated to be (P50 001) (see Fig. 5a). The Bland ^ Altman di erence plot comparing the present method with the diacetylmonoxime method showed a concentration-dependent positive bias (Fig.5b). 10 At an activity of less than 11 IU/L, the diacetylmonoxime method sometimes yielded a value of zero (see also Fig. 6), whereas the new method consistently gave non-zero results. The initial futile reaction was useful, because the absorbance at 555 nm of the blank tube was usually less than Figure 3. Linearity of the assay following the addition of recombinant OCT activity. Two different preparations of recombinant rat ornithine carbamoyltransferase (1 4 ml) were added to the reaction mixture and assayed. The initial futile reaction was omitted, and the enzyme reaction was carried out only for 15 min. The values were obtained with two recombinant OCT preparations, 452 IU/L (open circles) and 155 IU/L (closed circles), respectively. Figure 4. Effect of termination of the reaction by L-canaline. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase activities of 20 serum samples were assayed and terminated by the addition of L-canaline. The increase of the absorbance was then monitored. The values indicate the mean+standard deviation.
4 Measuring serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase 267 Figure 6. Correlation of the two methods for the determination of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) activities within the normal range. OCT activities of 150 normal serum samples were assayed by the present method and by the diacetylmonoxime method; the values were plotted using StatView. whereas the present method produced an almost symmetric single peak in the histogram (Fig. 6). Figure 5. Relationship between ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) activity measured by the present method and the diacetylmonoxime method (a) and Bland Altman difference plot (b). OCT activities of 55 patients serum samples and 13 normal serum samples were assayed by the present method and by the diacetylmonoxime method. The values were plotted and the Pearson correlation coef cient was calculated using StatView. (a) The solid line represents a linear regression equation of y ˆ 3 986x+32 1 (r ˆ 0 973, P50 001). (b) Differences [(OCT activity by the diacetylmonoxime method)7(oct activity by the present method)] are plotted against the average values by the two methods. SD ˆ standard deviation. Range of normal values The OCT activities of serum samples from 150 healthy persons were measured by the present method and by the diacetylmonoxime method, and their normal ranges and histograms were compared. The mean value (2 standard deviations) was calculated to be (5 59) for the present method and (10 96) for the diacetylmonoxime method. The normal range was estimated as 0 71^11 89 IU/L for the new method and 0 00^18 35 IU/L for the diacetylmonoxime method. The histograms and scatter graphs of the values obtained by the two methods are shown in Fig. 6. As pointed out in the previous section (see Fig. 5), the diacetylmonoxime method gave two peaks consisting of a high null and a broader lower distribution, Reproducibility Measurement of OCT activity ten times in two serum samples, one with an activity of 56 0 IU/L and another with an activity of 9 8 IU/L, gave a percentage coe cient of variation (%CV) of 3 4 and 6 5, respectively, using the new method. Discussion OCT is an enzyme located in the mitochondrial matrix of the liver and small intestine. There is no activity of this enzyme in the kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, brain or other tissues. In particular, the activity of this enzyme is rich in the liver where it is localized exclusively in periportal mitochondria. Its release into the circulation should therefore be a useful liver-speci c diagnostic marker of damage to the periportal mitochondria in liver diseases, such as various types of hepatitis and liver carcinomas. On the other hand, in the case of intestinal disorders, the intestinal enzyme may be released into the alimentary canal and not into the circulation. This new method utilizes the reverse reaction of OCT; 4 1mol of ornithine that is produced from the substrate citrulline is nally converted into 3 mol of glutamate through the actions of OKT, P5CDH and GDH. OCT itself favours the forward reaction, but is forced to catalyse the reverse reaction by a successive conversion of ornithine into glutamate and Ann Clin Biochem 2003: 40:
5 268 Ishikawa et al. then into 2-oxoglutarate and ammonia in the present method. The present method is an enzymatic method and is sensitive to interference from endogenous glutamate, ornithine and 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate present in the serum. The total concentration of these endogenous amino acids is less than 3 nmol in 20 ml of serum. However, the colouration and therefore interference due to them in the serum can be e ectively eliminated by the initial futile reaction without 4- aminoantipyrine. In practice, the blank tube usually gave an absorbance of less than 0 1 absorbance unit at 555 nm. Thus only the glutamate produced by the method is quantitatively measured by glutamate oxidase and Trinder s reagent. The present method gave a narrower reference range (0 71^11 89 IU/L) than the diacetylmonoxime method (0 00^18 35 IU/L). Furthermore, unlike the diacetylmonoxime method, it did not give rise to false zero values at very low activities. Despite this discrepancy, the agreement between the two methods was good, as indicated by the high correlation coe cient (0 973). A %CV of 3 4 was obtained following analysis of patients serum samples, which is satisfactory for the routine analysis of patients samples. In the screening of 55 patients serum samples, the correlation between OCT value and other values such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was studied. The correlation coe cient was with ALT and with AST. The increased ratio of OCT/ALT has been reported as a useful marker for diagnosis of liver carcinoma, 8 which may enhance the utility of highthroughput screening of serum OCT activity in an autoanalyser. The termination of the reaction by the addition of L-canaline at a nal concentration of mol/l was e ective for only 60 min. The K i value of L- canaline for OKT was reported as mol/l, 9 but L-canaline is able to bind several other proteins in a non-speci c manner. 9 If it was supplemented with catalase, the termination would be more e ective. Acknowledgements The authors thank Mrs K Matsunaga and K Isobe, Amano Pharmaceutical Company, for supplying OKT and P5CDH, Dr H Ogawa for preparation of recombinant rat OCT, and Dr M Mori for supplying rat OCT cdna. We also thank Dr A Treumann for reading this manuscript and Ms M Sasaki and Ms AUchida for their technical assistance. The work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from Fujita Health University. References 1 Archibald RM. Determination of citrulline and allantoin and demonstration of citrulline in blood plasma. J Biol Chem 1944; 156: Ohshita M, Takeda H, Kamiyama Y, Ozawa K, Honjo I. A direct method for the estimation of ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity in serum. Clin Chim Acta 1976; 67: Matsuzawa T, Ito M, Ishiguro I. Enzymatic assays of L-ornithine and L- 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate in tissues, and ornithine-load test in human subjects. Anal Biochem 1980; 106: Isobe K, Matsuzawa T, Nagamura Y. A new enzymatic determination of ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity. Anal Lett 1993; 26: Isobe K, Matsuzawa T, Soda K. Crystallization and characterization of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase from Bacillus sphaericus. Agric Biol Chem 1987; 51: Matsuzawa T, Kobayashi T, Tashiro K, Kasahara M. Changes in ornithine metabolic enzyme induced by dietary protein in small intestine and liver: intestine liver relationship in ornithine supply to liver. J Biochem 1994; 116: Lippi U, Guidi G. A new colorimetric ultramicromethod for serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase determination. Clin Chim Acta 1970; 28: Watanabe Y, Mori S, Fujiyama S, Sato T, Mori M. Clinical evaluation of serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with liver disease. Enzyme Protein 1995; 48: Kito K, Sanada Y, Katunuma N. Mode of inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase by L-canaline. J Biochem 1978; 83: Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; i: Accepted for publication 8 January 2003
Kinetic assay of serum and urine for urea with use of urease and leucine dehydrogenase
Clinical Chemistry 43:10 1932 1936 (1997) Automation and Analytical Techniques Kinetic assay of serum and urine for urea with use of urease and leucine dehydrogenase Yoshitaka Morishita, 1 * Kiyoshi Nakane,
More informationExperiment 6. Determination of the enzyme ALT or SGPT activity in serum by enzymatic method using Biophotometer
Experiment 6 Determination of the enzyme ALT or SGPT activity in serum by enzymatic method using Biophotometer Background: Alanine aminotransferase (glutamate pyruvate transaminase) belongs to the group
More informationProtein & Enzyme Lab (BBT 314)
Protein & Enzyme Lab (BBT 314) Experiment 3 A: Determination of the enzyme ALT or SGPT activity in serum by enzymatic method using Bioanalyzer Background: Alanine aminotransferase (glutamate pyruvate transaminase)
More informationMethods of Enzyme Assay. By: Amal Alamri
Methods of Enzyme Assay By: Amal Alamri Introduction: All enzyme assays measure either the consumption of substrate or production of product over time. Different enzymes require different estimation methods
More informationMethods of Enzyme Assay
Methods of Enzyme Assay Introduction All enzyme assays measure either the consumption of substrate or production of product over time. Different enzymes require different estimation methods dependingon
More informationNITROGEN METABOLISM An Overview
1 University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PBL Seminar & Health Sciences NITROGEN METABOLISM
More informationEnzymatic Assay of PYRUVATE OXIDASE (EC ) from Pediococcus species
Enzymatic Assay of PYRUVATE OXIDASE PRINCIPLE: Pyruvate + O 2 + P i Pyruvate Oxidase > Acetylphosphate + CO 2 + H 2 O 2 FAD, TPP, Mg 2+ 2H2O2 + 4-Aminoantipyrine + N,N-Dimethylaniline POD > Quinonediimine
More informationCHAPTER 5 MEASUREMENT OF UREA AND URIC ACID IN BLOOD SERUM
79 CHAPTER 5 MEASUREMENT OF UREA AND URIC ACID IN BLOOD SERUM 5.1 INTRODUCTION Urea and Uric acid are the metabolic nitrogenous wastes present in the body that can be measured in blood and urine. Serum
More informationKey words: citrulline synthesis, immunohistochemistry, liver, ornithine aminotransferase, small intestine.
J. Biochem. 116, 721-727 (1994) Changes in Ornithine Metabolic Enzymes Induced by Dietary Protein in Small Intestine and Liver: Intestine-Liver Relationship in Ornithine Supply to Liver' Takeo Matsuzawa,*.2
More informationBIOO RESEARCH PRODUCTS. Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Color Endpoint Assay Kit Manual Catalog #:
BIOO RESEARCH PRODUCTS Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Color Endpoint Assay Kit Manual Catalog #: 5605-01 BIOO Scientific 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 1 Product Description... 1 Procedure
More informationAspartate Transaminase (AST) Color Endpoint Assay Kit Manual Catalog #:
Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Color Endpoint Assay Kit Manual Catalog #: 5605-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 2 Product Description... 2 Procedure Overview... 2 Kit Contents, Storage and Shelf
More informationAnalytical test kits. Glutamine Lactic acids Malic acids Pyruvic acid Sucrose Sulfite Urea
5 Analytical test kits Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Ammonia Arginine Ethanol Fructose Glucose Glutamine Lactic acids Malic acids Pyruvic acid Sucrose Sulfite Urea Principles & Features NZYTech test kits are
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism The continuous degradation and synthesis of cellular proteins occur in all forms of life. Each day humans turn over 1 2% of their total body protein, principally muscle protein. Approximately
More informationNITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview
NITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview University of PNG School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology VJ Temple 1 How are nitrogen-containing
More informationEstimation of Serum Urea
Estimation of Serum Urea 1 -Urea: Urea is the highest non-protein nitrogen compound in the blood. Urea is the major excretory product of protein metabolism. It is formed by urea cycle in the liver from
More informationDate... Name... Group... Urine sample (Tube No 2)
Date... Name... Group... Instructions for the practical lesson on biochemistry Topic: Non-protein nitrogen compounds Task 1: Estimation of creatinine in serum and urine 1. Trichloroacetic acid 1.22 mol/l
More informationLiver Function Tests
Liver Function Tests The liver is of vital importance in intermediary metabolism and in the detoxification and elimination of toxic substances. Damage to the organ may not obviously affects its activity
More informationAmino acid Catabolism
Enzymatic digestion of dietary proteins in gastrointestinal-tract. Amino acid Catabolism Amino acids: 1. There are 20 different amino acid, they are monomeric constituents of proteins 2. They act as precursors
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 1
BIOO RESEARCH PRODUCTS Glucose Assay Kit Manual Catalog #: 5611-01 BIOO Scientific Corp. 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 1 Product Description... 1 Procedure Overview... 1 Required Materials
More informationMATERIAL AND METHODS
MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 SOURCE OF DATA The present data which is case controlled study was done during the period from 1 st Oct 2010 to 1 st Jan 2012. All the participants were recruited from outpatient
More informationUrea is the major end product of nitrogen catabolism in humans One nitrogen free NH3 other nitrogen aspartate. carbon oxygen CO2 liver,
Urea is the major end product of nitrogen catabolism in humans Urea is the major disposal form of amino groups derived from amino acids, and accounts about 90% percent of the nitrogencontaining components
More informationFor the rapid, sensitive and accurate measurement of Aspartate aminotransferase activity in various samples
ab105135 Aspartate Aminotransferase Activity Assay Kit Instructions for Use For the rapid, sensitive and accurate measurement of Aspartate aminotransferase activity in various samples This product is for
More informationEnzymatic Assay of GLUCONATE KINASE (EC ) ß-NADPH = ß-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate,
Enzymatic Assay of GLUCONATE KINASE PRINCIPLE: D-Gluconate + ATP Gluconate Kinase > 6-Phospho-D-Gluconate + ADP 6-Phospho-D-Gluconate + ß-NADP G-PGDH > D-Ribulose-5'-P + ß-NADPH + CO 2 Mg2+ Abbreviations
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationLecture: Amino Acid catabolism: Nitrogen-The Urea cycle
BIOC 423: Introductory Biochemistry Biochemistry Education Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of New Mexico Lecture: Amino Acid catabolism: Nitrogen-The Urea cycle OBJECTIVES Describe
More informationAMINOACID METABOLISM FATE OF AMINOACIDS & UREA CYCLE
AMINOACID METABOLISM FATE OF AMINOACIDS & UREA CYCLE SOURCE & FATE OF AA The aminoacids obtained from DIETARY SOURCE or BODY PROTEIN TURNOVER are utilized for protein biosynthesis and the production of
More informationΒ-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE ENZYME
KINETICS ANALYSIS OF Β-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE ENZYME 2-The effects of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. Systematic names and numbers β-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) Reactions
More informationGlucose, glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, photometry, diabetes mellitus.
Quantitative Determination TEAS Related topics Glucose, glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, photometry, diabetes mellitus. Principle Blood sugar is the key energy provider for our cells. The primary hormone
More informationBCH 447. Estimation of Serum Urea
BCH 447 Estimation of Serum Urea 1 Objective: Estimation of Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum sample. 2 -Urea: Urea is the highest non-protein nitrogen compound in the blood. Urea is the major excretory
More informationEnzymatic Assay of CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE (EC )
PRINCIPLE: Cholesterol + O 2 Cholesterol Oxidase > H 2 O 2 + 4-Cholesten-3-One 2H 2 O 2 + 4-AAP + Phenol Peroxidase > 4 H 2 O + Quinoneimine Dye Abbreviation: 4-AAP = 4-Aminoantipyrine CONDITIONS: T =
More informationMetabolism of amino acids. Vladimíra Kvasnicová
Metabolism of amino acids Vladimíra Kvasnicová Classification of proteinogenic AAs -metabolic point of view 1) biosynthesis in a human body nonessential (are synthesized) essential (must be present in
More informationEnzymatic Assay of RIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE 1 (EC )
PRINCIPLE: Enzymatic Assay of RIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE 1 DNA + NTP RNA Polymerase > DNA + RNA + PP i PP i + UDPG UDPG Pyrophosphorylase > UTP + Glucose 1-Phosphate Glucose 1-Phosphate Phosphoglucomutase
More information2. 2,4 Dinitro phenyl hydrazine (DNPH): I mm in 1N HCl. 5. Working standard: 1 in 20 dilution of the stock standard.
-1 Estimation of Alanine Transaminase (ALT) (Mohun and Cook, 1957) Reagents I. Buffered substrate: [100 mm phosphate buffer, 200mM DL-alanine; 2 mm 2-oxo glutarate.}- Dissolved 1.5 g di potassium hydrogen
More informationAMINO ACID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
AMINO ACID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Amino acids derived from dietary protein absorbed from intestine through blood taken up by tissues used for biosynthesis
More informationFate of Dietary Protein
Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal lining: proteases
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal
More informationUser s Manual and Instructions
User s Manual and Instructions Mitochondria Activity Assay (Cytochrome C Oxidase Activity Assay) Kit Catalog Number: KC310100 Introduction Mitochondria are the eukaryotic subcellular organelles that contain
More informationAspartate Aminotransferase Test Code: AST
Aspartate Aminotransferase Test Code: AST Intended Use For in vitro diagnostic use only CARESIDE Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) cartridges are used with the CARESIDE Analyzer to quantitatively measure
More informationDietary Protein as a Factor Affecting Vitamin B6 Requirement. Mitsuko OKADA, *Mayumi SHIBUYA, 1 Tomoko AKAZAWA, Hitomi MUYA and Yoko MURAKAMI
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 1998, 44, 37-45 Dietary Protein as a Factor Affecting Vitamin B6 Requirement Mitsuko OKADA, *Mayumi SHIBUYA, 1 Tomoko AKAZAWA, Hitomi MUYA and Yoko MURAKAMI Faculty of Health and
More informationMidterm 2 Results. Standard Deviation:
Midterm 2 Results High: Low: Mean: Standard Deviation: 97.5% 16% 58% 16.3 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Dietary (Exogenous) Proteins Hydrolyzed
More informationB. 100 mm L-Glutamate Solution (L-Glu) (Prepare 2 ml in deionized water using L-Glutamic Acid, Monosodium Salt, Sigma Prod. No. G-1626.
Enzymatic Assay of L-GLUTAMATE OXIDASE PRINCIPLE: L-Glutamate + O 2 + H 2 O L-Glutamate Oxidase > a-ketoglutaric Acid + NH 3 + H 2 O 2 2 H 2 O 2 + H 2 O Catalase > 2 H 2 O + O 2 CONDITIONS: T = 30 C, ph
More informationEnzymatic Assay of PYRUVATE KINASE (EC ) From Rabbit Liver
Enzymatic Assay of PYRUVATE KINASE PRINCIPLE: Phospho(enol)pyruvate + ADP Pyruvate Kinase > Pyruvate + ATP Mg2 + Pyruvate + ß-NADH Lactic Dehydrogenase > Lactate + ß-NAD Abbreviations used: ADP = Adenosine
More informationJ. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 38, , Note. in Tissues
J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 38, 517-521, 1992 Note A Simple Enzymatic Quantitative in Tissues Analysis of Triglycerides Hiroshi DANNO, Yuu JINCHO, Slamet BUDIYANTO, Yuji FURUKAWA, and Shuichi KIMURA Laboratory
More informationLecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism
Lecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire 1 Introduction 2 Proteins are degraded into amino acids. Protein
More informationTECHNICAL BULLETIN. Sialic Acid Quantitation Kit. Catalog Number SIALICQ Storage Temperature 2 8 C
Sialic Acid Quantitation Kit Catalog Number SIALICQ Storage Temperature 2 8 C TECHNICAL BULLETIN Product Description The Sialic Acid Quantitation Kit provides a rapid and accurate determination of total
More informationUREA CE Insert. 01 English - Ref.: 27. Ref.:27
UREA CE Insert Ref.:27 Intended use. Colorimetric and enzymatic system for urea determination in samples of blood and urine, by end point reaction. Professional use. [Only for in vitro diagnostic use.]
More informationBIOO LIFE SCIENCE PRODUCTS
BIOO LIFE SCIENCE PRODUCTS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES This manual is for Reference Purposes Only. DO NOT use this protocol to run your assays. Periodically, optimizations and revisions are made to the kit
More informationSee external label 2 C-8 C Σ=96 tests Cat # 3171Z. Free Estriol. Cat # 3171Z. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite D/E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com See external
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY Protein Metabolism
BIOCHEMISTRY Protein Metabolism BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 25 Session Plan Digestion & Absorption of Proteins Amino Acid Utilization Amino Acid Degradation Transamination Oxidative Deamination
More informationChymotrypsin ELISA Kit
Chymotrypsin ELISA Kit Cat. No.:DEIA10041 Pkg.Size:96T Intended use The Chymotrypsin ELISA Kit is a sandwich Enzyme Immuno Assay intended for the quantitative determination of Chymotrypsin in stool. General
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company In the cytosol of a cell amino groups from amino acids
More informationEnzymatic Assay of CHOLINE KINASE (EC )
Enzymatic Assay of CHOLINE KINASE PRINCIPLE: Choline + ATP CK > o-phosphocholine + ADP ADP + PEP PK > ATP + Pyruvate Pyruvate + ß-NADH LDH > Lactate + ß-NAD Abbreviations used: ATP = Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate
More informationkinetic methods for transaminase assay
J. clin. Path., 1973, 6, 4-47 Comparison of two-point (AutoAnalyzer II) with kinetic methods for transaminase assay A. F. SMITH AND R. H. TAYLOR From the University Department of Clinical Chemistry, The
More information1.2 Synonyms There are several synonyms e.g. diaminomethanal, but in a medical context, this substance is always referred to as urea.
Urea (serum, plasma) 1 Name and description of analyte 1.1 Name of analyte Urea 1.2 Synonyms There are several synonyms e.g. diaminomethanal, but in a medical context, this substance is always referred
More informationBASIC ENZYMOLOGY 1.1
BASIC ENZYMOLOGY 1.1 1.2 BASIC ENZYMOLOGY INTRODUCTION Enzymes are synthesized by all living organisms including man. These life essential substances accelerate the numerous metabolic reactions upon which
More informationEvaluation of VACUETTE Urine CCM tube for Clinical Chemistry
Evaluation of VACUETTE Urine CCM tube for Clinical Chemistry Background The VACUETTE Urine CCM tube is for the collection, transport and storage of urine samples for urine culture and urinalysis in the
More informationMetabolism of proteins and amino acids
BIOQUÍMICA E BIOLOGIA CELULAR António Ascensão, José Magalhães Metabolism of proteins and amino acids Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, 1º Ciclo, 1º Ano 202_2013 Humans degradation of ingested
More informationBlood Urea Nitrogen Enzymatic Kit Manual Catalog #:
Blood Urea Nitrogen Enzymatic Kit Manual Catalog #: 5602-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 2 Product Description... 2 Procedure Overview... 2 Kit Contents, Storage and Shelf Life... 3 Required
More informationMechanisms of dopamine and dobutamine interference in biochemical tests that use peroxide and peroxidase to generate chromophore
Clinical Chemistry 44:1 155 160 (1998) General Clinical Chemistry Mechanisms of dopamine and dobutamine interference in biochemical tests that use peroxide and peroxidase to generate chromophore Brad S.
More informationEnzymatic Assay of FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE KINASE, PYROPHOSPHATE DEPENDENT (EC ) from Mung Bean
PRINCIPLE: PP i + F-6-P PP i -PFK > F-1,6-DP + P i F-2,6-DP 1 F-1,6-DP Aldolase > GAP + DHAP GAP TPI > DHAP 2DHAP + 2 ß-NADH GDH > 2 Glycerol-3-Phosphate + 2 ß-NAD Abbreviations used: PP i = Pyrophosphate
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 30 Outline Amino acids are obtained from the
More informationRat Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Kit Instructions
V.3 Crystal Chem Rat Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Kit Instructions For the quantitative determination of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in rat whole blood Catalog #80300 96 Assays For research use only. Not for use
More informationRUBISCO > 2 moles of 3-phosphoglycerate Mg +2
PRINCIPLE: RuDP + CO 2 RUBISCO > 2 moles of 3-phosphoglycerate Mg +2 3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP PGK > Glycerate 1,3-Diphosphate + ADP Glycerate 1,3-Diphosphate + ß-NADH GAPDH > Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
More informationFUJI DRI-CHEM SLIDE Comprehensive Panel
[Warnings and precautions] 1. Only the required number of slides should be taken out of the refrigerator and warmed up to room temperature before opening the individual packages. 2. Do not touch either
More informationCuvette Assay for GSH/GSSG (Reduced/Oxidized Glutathione) For Research Use Only INTRODUCTION
Cuvette Assay for GSH/GSSG (Reduced/Oxidized Glutathione) For Research Use Only INTRODUCTION Cuvette Assay for GSH/GSSG Product Number: GT35 Store according to individual components FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY
More informationEnzymatic Assay of NAD-PYROPHOSPHORYLASE (EC )
Enzymatic Assay of NAD-PYROPHOSPHORYLASE PRINCIPLE: ß-NMN + ATP NAD-Pyrophosphorylase > ß-NAD + PP ß-NAD + Ethanol ADH > ß-NADH + Acetaldehyde Abbreviations used: ATP = Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate ADH =
More informationNADH Assay Kit (Red) Catalog Number KA assays Version: 07. Intended for research use only.
NADH Assay Kit (Red) Catalog Number KA2522 400 assays Version: 07 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information... 4 Materials Supplied...
More informationSee external label 2 C-8 C Σ=96 tests Cat # 6101Z. Cortisol. Cat # 6101Z
DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite D/E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com See external
More informationBlood Urea Nitrogen Enzymatic Kit Manual Catalog #:
BIOO LIFE SCIENCE PRODUCTS Blood Urea Nitrogen Enzymatic Kit Manual Catalog #: 5602-01 BIOO Scientific Corp. 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 1 Product Description... 1 Procedure Overview...
More informationKinetics analysis of β-fructofuranosidase enzyme. 1-Effect of Time Incubation On The Rate Of An Enzymatic Reaction
Kinetics analysis of β-fructofuranosidase enzyme 1-Effect of Time Incubation On The Rate Of An Enzymatic Reaction Enzyme kinetics It is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes.
More informationPublisherName : BioMed Central. PublisherLocation : London. PublisherImprintName : BioMed Central. ArticleID : 313. ArticleDOI : 10.
PublisherInfo PublisherName : BioMed Central PublisherLocation : London PublisherImprintName : BioMed Central A new concept for urate in human serum: Enzymatic assay of total urate (protein-bound & loosely
More informationGlutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit
Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit Catalog Number KA0882 100 assays Version: 04 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information... 4
More informationOxalate (urine, plasma)
Oxalate (urine, plasma) 1 Name and description of analyte 1.1 Name of analyte Oxalate 1.2 Alternative names 1.3 NLMC code To follow 1.4. Function of analyte Oxalate is a metabolic end product primarily
More informationEstimation of glucose in blood serum
Estimation of glucose in blood serum Enzymatic estimation of glucose uses a reagent containing two enzymes and a chromogen. Glucose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone with the
More informationHYPOGLYCAEMIC ACTION OF THE FLAVONOID FRACTION OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LEAF
42 Research Paper ISSN 0189-6016 2006 Afr. J. Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines www.africanethnomedicines.net HYPOGLYCAEMIC ACTION OF THE FLAVONOID FRACTION OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS
More informationCoQ10(Coenzyme Q10) ELISA Kit
CoQ10(Coenzyme Q10) ELISA Kit Catalogue No.: EU0196 Size: 48T/96T Reactivity: Universal Detection Range: 0.781-50ng/ml Sensitivity:
More informationG. Snodgrass, K. Ackles, A. Blanco and A. Versaggi Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, NY 14626
Performance of the EKF Diagnostics, Stanbio β-hydroxybutyrate LiquiColor Assay on the VITROS 4600 Chemistry System and the VITROS 5600 Integrated System. G. Snodgrass, K. Ackles, A. Blanco and A. Versaggi
More informationCreatinine (serum, plasma)
Creatinine (serum, plasma) 1 Name and description of analyte 1.1 Name of analyte Creatinine 1.2 Alternative names None 1.3 Description of analyte Creatinine is a heterocyclic nitrogenous compound (IUPAC
More informationAmino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle
Amino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle Amino Acids: Final class of biomolecules whose oxidation contributes significantly to the generation of energy Undergo oxidation in three metabolic circumstances
More informationHigher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25
Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell
More informationGlutathione Reductase Assay Kit
Glutathione Reductase Assay Kit Catalog Number KA0881 200 assays Version: 03 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information... 4 Materials
More informationUPLC/MS Monitoring of Water-Soluble Vitamin Bs in Cell Culture Media in Minutes
UPLC/MS Monitoring of Water-Soluble Vitamin Bs in Cell Culture Media in Minutes Catalin E. Doneanu, Weibin Chen, and Jeffrey R. Mazzeo Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, U.S. A P P L I C AT ION B E N E F
More informationGLUCOSE OXIDASE
www.megazyme.com GLUCOSE OXIDASE ASSAY PROCEDURE K-GLOX 11/16 (200 Assays per Kit) or (1960 Auto-Analyser Assays per Kit) or (2000 Microplate Assays per Kit) Megazyme 2016 INTRODUCTION: Glucose oxidase
More informationJana Novotná, Bruno Sopko. Department of the Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry The 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles Univ.
Amino acid metabolism II. Urea cycle Jana Novotná, Bruno Sopko Department of the Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry The 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles Univ. Nitrogen balance Tissue proteins
More informationEnzymatic Assay of PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE (EC )
PRINCIPLE: Enzymatic Assay of PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE 2 Phosphorylase b + 4 ATP Phosphorylase Kinase > Phosphorylase a + 4 ADP Glycogen n + P i Phosphorylase a > Glycogen n-1 + a-d-glucose 1-Phosphate a-d-glucose
More informationEnzymatic Assay of PHOSPHOLIPASE C (EC ) from Bacillus cereus
PRINCIPLE: Lecithin + H 2 O Phospholipase C > Diglyceride + Choline Phosphate Choline Phosphate + H 2 O Alkaline Phosphatase > Choline + P i Choline + O 2 Choline Oxidase > Betaine Aldehyde + H 2 O 2 Betaine
More informationData sheet. TBARS Assay kit. (Colorimetric/Fluorometric) Kit Contents. MDA-TBA Adduct. 2-Thiobarbituric Acid. Cat. No: CA995.
Data sheet Cat. No: CA995 TBARS Assay kit (Colorimetric/Fluorometric) Introduction Oxidative stress in the cellular environment results in the formation of highly reactive and unstable lipid hydroperoxides.
More informationSuperoxide Dismutase Assay Kit
Superoxide Dismutase Assay Kit Catalog Number KA3782 100 assays Version: 02 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Intended Use... 3 Background... 3 General Information...
More informationBio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #2, 100 points total
Bio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #2, 100 points total Please neatly PRINT YOUR NAME on EACH PAGE. PRINT the l ast four digits of your SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER on the BACK SIDE OF PAGE 11 of this test.
More informationPlasma Hemoglobin Determination: Two Manual Methods Compared. An Honors Thesis (HONRS 499) Anne M. Emerick. Sharlene Strahl. Beech Grove, Indiana
Plasma Hemoglobin Determination: Two Manual Methods Compared An Honors Thesis (HONRS 499) by Anne M. Emerick Sharlene Strahl St. Francis Hospital and Health Centers Beech Grove, Indiana Dr. Nancy Behforouz
More informationCaspase-3 Assay Cat. No. 8228, 100 tests. Introduction
Introduction Caspase-3 Assay Cat. No. 8228, 100 tests Caspase-3 is a member of caspases that plays a key role in mediating apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Upon activation, it cleaves a variety of
More informationCHEM121. Unit 6: Enzymes. Lecture 10. At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
CHEM121 Unit 6: Enzymes Lecture 10 At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define the term enzyme Name and classify enzymes according to the: type of reaction catalyzed type of specificity
More informationAmino acid metabolism
Amino acid metabolism The important reaction commonly employed in the breakdown of an amino acid is always the removal of its -amino group. The product ammonia is excreted after conversion to urea or other
More informationPart III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.5 Protein Catabolism 3.5a Protein Degradation 3.5b Amino Acid Breakdown 3.5c Urea Cycle
Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY 3.5 Protein Catabolism 3.5a Protein Degradation 3.5b Amino Acid Breakdown 3.5c Urea Cycle Section 3.5a: Protein Degradation Synopsis 3.5a - Dietary proteins are degraded
More information-Glucan (mixed linkage), colorimetric method
-Glucan (mixed linkage), colorimetric method Catalogue number: AK0027, 00 tests Introduction -Glucans are common components in cereals, bacteria, yeasts and mushrooms. Mixed linkage -glucans are naturally
More informationHigh-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Assay Kit
(FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. DO NOT USE IT IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS!) High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Assay Kit (Double reagents) Catalog No: E-BC-K221 Method: Colorimetric method Specification: 96T
More informationUrinary Aspartate Transaminase in Childhood
HE JOURNAL OF VITAMINOLOGY 14, 1-6 (1968) Urinary Aspartate Transaminase in Childhood YUTAKA HASEGAWA, MASUHIDE MIYAO, YOSIIIO KITAMURA, TAKEO MATSUZAWA* AND NORUHIKO KATUNUMA*1 Department of Pediatrics,
More informationPurity Tests for Modified Starches
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Purity Tests for Modified Starches This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationB. 15 mm Ouabain Solution (Ouabain) (Prepare 10 ml in Reagent A using Ouabain Octahydrate, Sigma Prod. No. O3125.)
SIGMA QUALITY CONTROL TEST PROCEDURE Sigma Prod. No. A7510 PRINCIPLE: ATP + H 2 O ATPase > ADP + P i Abbreviations used: ATPase = Adenosine 5'-Triphosphatase ATP = Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate ADP = Adenosine
More informationEnzymatic Assay of CREATININASE (EC ) From Pseudomonas species
PRINCIPLE: Creatinine + H 2 O Creatininase > Creatine Creatine + ATP CPK > Creatine-P + ADP ADP + PEP PK > ATP + Pyruvate Pyruvate + ß-NADH LDH > L-Lactate + ß-NAD Abbreviations used: ATP = Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate
More information