Chemical characteristics and in situ ruminal parameters of barley for cattle: Comparison of the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and five feed cultivars

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1 Chemical characteristics and in situ ruminal parameters of barley for cattle: Comparison of the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and five feed cultivars Kenton J. Hart 1,3, Brian G. Rossnagel 2, and Peiqiang Yu 1 1 Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 6D10 Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8 ( peiqiang.yu@usask.ca); and 2 Crop Development Centre, Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8. Received 3 June 2008, accepted 28 August Hart, K. J., Rossnagel, B. G. and Yu, P Chemical characteristics and in situ ruminal parameters of barley for cattle: Comparison of the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and five feed cultivars. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 88: The objective of this study was to compare the most widely grown barley cultivar in Canada, AC Metcalfe, a malting type barley, with five feed cultivars. Barley cultivars were grown at one location during 3 consecutive years and barley samples were milled to pass through a 1-mm screen and analysed to determine nutritive value. Additional samples were passed through a roller mill with a gap set at 1.12 mm and incubated ruminally for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h in 3 dry Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae. The rate and extent of rumen digestion were estimated. AC Metcalfe had a higher (PB0.001) concentration of NDF, and lower (PB0.05) concentrations of non structural carbohydrates, starch, ADF, total digestible nutrients, and fermentable cell wall carbohydrates compared with the mean of the feed cultivars. The malting cultivar had a higher (PB 0.001) soluble DM fraction, lower (PB0.05) CP and starch degradation rates, and a lower (PB0.001) ruminally degradable starch concentration compared with the mean of the five feed cultivars. The results demonstrate that there are only small differences in terms of chemical composition and in situ degradation kinetics between the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and the five feed cultivars of barley reported here. Key words: Barley, energy, protein, ruminants Hart, K. J., Rossnagel, B. G. et Yu, P Proprie tés chimiques et parame` tres dans le rumen de l orge chezles bovins : comparaison du cultivar brassicole AC Metcalfe et de cinq cultivars fourragers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 88: L étude devait comparer la varie té brassicole AC Metcalfe, l orge la plus cultivée au Canada, à cinq cultivars de type fourrager. Les varie te s ont e te cultive es au meˆ me endroit pendant trois années consécutives puis les échantillons ont e te moulus de fac on à traverser un tamis aux mailles de 1 mm et analyse s de manie` re a` en établir la valeur nutritive. D autres échantillons ont e té traite s avec un broyeur re glé a` un espacement de 1,12 mm puis incube s dans le rumen pendant 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 et 48 h chez 3 vaches Holstein taries canule es au rumen. On a ensuite estime la rapidite et l importance de la digestion dans le rumen. AC Metcalfe contenait plus (PB0,001) de fibres au de tergent neutre et moins (PB0,05) d hydrates de carbone non structuraux, d amidon, de fibres au de tergent acide, d e le ments nutritifs digestibles et vd hydrates de carbone cellulosiques fermentables que la moyenne des cultivars fourragers. La varie té brassicole se caractérisait par une plus grande Abbreviations: ADF, acid detergent fibre; ADIP, acid detergent insoluble protein; ADL, acid detergent lignin; CA, fraction of carbohydrate that is fermentable sugar; CB1, fraction of carbohydrate that is starch and non-starch polysaccharides; CB2, fraction of the carbohydrate that is available cell wall; CC, fraction of carbohydrate that is unfermentable cell wall; CDC, Crop Development Center; CHO, carbohydrates; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; D, insoluble but potentially degradable fraction from in situ residues; ED, effective degradability of DM, CP, and starch (EDDM, EDCP, EDST); EE, ether extract; Kd, fractional rate of degradation of the D fraction from in situ incubations; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; NDIP, neutral detergent insoluble protein; NPN, non-protein nitrogen; NSC, non-structural carbohydrates; PA, fraction of CP that is instantaneously solubilised at time zero; PB1, fraction of CP that is soluble in borate-phosphate buffer and precipitated with trichloroacetic acid; PB2, calculated as total CP minus the sum of fractions PA, PB1, PB3 and PC; PB3, calculated as the difference between the portions of total CP recovered with NDF and ADF; PC, fraction of CP recovered with ADF and is considered to be undegradable; RU, rumen undegradable DM, CP, and starch (RUDM, RUCP, RUST); S, soluble fraction of the in situ incubations; SCP, soluble crude protein; TDN1x, total digestible nutrients estimated from NRC (2001) 3 Present address: University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland. 711

2 712 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE (PB0,001) proportion de matie` re sèche soluble et un plus faible (PB0,05) taux de de gradation des protéines brutes et de l amidon ainsi qu une plus faible (PB0,001) concentration d amidon de gradable dans le rumen, comparativement a` la moyenne des cinq cultivars fourragers. Ces re sultats indiquent le la composition chimique et la cinétique de la dégradation in situ ne varient que très peu entre le cultivar brassicole AC Metcalfe et les cinq varie te s d orge fourrage` re examine es. Mots clés: Mots clés: Orge, e nergie, prote ines, ruminants Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is extensively grown in the northern United States of America and Western Canada due to a short growing season and unfavourable climatic conditions for corn (Zea mays L.) production (Lewandrowski and Schimmelpfennig 1999). Canada has the world s largest area of barley, but is only the second largest producer (Kim and Dale, 2004) because of lower yields (2.6 t dried grain ha 1 ) attributable to the length of growing season and less precipitation (Lewandrowski and Schimmelpfennig 1999). Production of the cultivar AC Metcalfe (a two-rowed, malting-type barley) during 2006 was t, which accounted for approximately 60% of all malting barley grown in Canada (Canadian Grain Commission 2007). During the season, t of barley grown for malting was sold to domestic processors for use as animal feed or used as seed (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2007). Malting cultivars of barley are characterised by a large percentage of plump kernels (80%), a low beta-glucan content and their rapid germination and mobilization of starches to sugars, typically 98% of malting barley germinates within 3 d (American Malting Barley Association, Inc. 2008). Feed cultivars have typically been selected for enhanced nutritional characteristics for swine and poultry, such as production of hulless barley cultivars (Classen et al. 1988; Beames et al. 1996). Inclusion of rapidly degradable starch into ruminant diets is a major precursor for the onset of acidosis (Owens et al. 1998). Yu et al. (2003) reported that in a comparison of a rolled feed and a rolled malting cultivar, the feed cultivar had a slower rumen degradation rate and an increased amount of rumen undegradable starch. This may be advantageous in terms of milk yield, as starch digested post-ruminally is utilized more efficiently for milk fat synthesis (Owens et al. 1986; Nocek and Tamminga 1991). Grings et al. (1992) and Yang et al. (1997) have shown that corn can be replaced by barley in the diets of high-yielding dairy cattle without affecting yield or milk composition. The aims of this study are to examine the differences in chemical composition and in situ degradation characteristics of five feed cultivars of spring-sown barley in relation to the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe. MATERIAL AND METHODS Barley Samples Six, two-row cultivars of spring-sown barley, AC Metcalfe (Brandon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB), CDC Cowboy, CDC Dolly, CDC Helgason, CDC Trey [Crop Development Center (CDC), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK] and McLeod (WestBred, LLC, Bozeman, MT) were grown, without irrigation, at the Kernen Crop Research Farm, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, for 3 consecutive years from 2003 to Approximately 1.5 kg of grain per cultivar per year was collected at harvest as a sub-sample from the total yield and was provided by the Crop Development Center, University of Saskatchewan. The grain was stored in cloth bags in dry and cool conditions prior to analysis. Sample Preparation Barley samples (60 g) were milled to pass through a 1- mm screen (Christy Norris 8 laboratory mill, Ipswich, UK) and a sub-sample (2 g) was further milled to pass through a 0.5-mm screen (Retsch ZM-100, Brinkmann Instruments Ltd., ON). Milled samples were stored in air tight vials at room temperature prior to subsequent analysis. Approximately 500 g of each barley sample was processed through a roller mill (Economill, Sven Products, Apollo Machine and Products Ltd., Saskatoon, SK) with a roller gap width set at 1.12 mm. Rolled samples were stored in air tight, zip seal bags prior to use. In Situ Rumen Degradation Parameters Animals and Experimental Diets Three, mature, dry Holstein dairy cows fitted with permanent rumen cannulae (10 cm internal diameter, Bar Diamond, ID) were used for the determination of the in situ rumen degradation parameters. The cows were housed individually in pens of approximately 4 4 m at the University of Saskatchewan research farm. Cows, mean liveweight 800 kg, were fed 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio on a DM basis at 10 g kg 1 body weight in two equal portions at 0800 and 1600 daily. The diet comprised whole-crop barley silage (DM 605 g kg 1, CP 140 g kg 1 DM, NDF 504 g kg 1 DM, ADF 325 g kg 1 DM) and a standard, barley-based, dairy concentrate (DM 880 g kg 1,CP 380 g kg 1 DM, NDF 180 g kg 1 DM, starch 346 g kg 1 DM, EE 28 g kg 1 DM; Federated Cooperatives Ltd., Saskatoon, SK). Cows had free access to fresh clean drinking water and were bedded on barley straw, which was changed three times a week. The animals used in this experiment were cared for in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (1993).

3 HART ET AL. * CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RUMINAL PARAMETERS OF BARLEY 713 Rumen Incubation Approximately 8 g rolled barley was accurately weighed into a pre-weighed, numbered, nylon bag (10 20 cm) with a pore size of 40 mm (ScreenTech Corp., Canada). The bags were sealed by folding the neck of the bag over approximately 2 cm from the top and secured using an elastic band resulting in a sample size to bag surface area of 31.7mg cm 2. A single replicate of each cultivar and year were placed into a mesh laundry bag along with a 0.5 kg weight for each cow for each time point. Bags were ruminally incubated for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h using a complete exchange design (Paine et al. 1982). After the allotted incubation time, all the nylon bags were removed and replaced with another laundry bag containing a further 18 samples. In total, each cow received duplicate samples for every time point. Upon removal from the rumen the nylon bags were placed in approximately 10 L of cold water to remove excess ruminal contents and stop microbial activity prior to being stored at 208C. Zero-hour bags were treated identically to the post-ruminally incubated bags. Upon completion of all the rumen incubations, all of the frozen bags were thawed slowly at 48C and were then washed by hand in cold tap water. The bags were washed until the water ran clean. Washed bags were dried in a forced air-draught oven at 658C for 48 h. Elastic bands were removed from each bag and the bags reweighed in order to determine DM loss. The residues of duplicate time point bags within each cow were pooled to give one sample per year, per cultivar, per cow. Pooled residue samples were milled to pass through a 0.5-mm screen (Retsch ZM-100, Brinkmann Instruments Ltd., ON) and stored in air-tight vials prior to subsequent analysis. Chemical Analysis All analyses were carried out in duplicate on samples milled to pass through a 1-mm screen unless otherwise stated. Oven dry matter (DM) and ash were determined by drying the samples to a constant weight at 1358C [Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990, ) followed by dry ignition at 5508C for 24 h (Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food 1986). Residual DM of the in situ residues was determined using the 0.5-mm ground samples. Ether extract (EE) was determined by refluxing samples in the presence of ethoxyethane for 6 h (AOAC ). Crude protein (CP) was determined using the Kjeldahl method (AOAC ) using an auto-titrator (Kjeltic 1030, FOSS Teactor, Sweeden). In situ residues were analysed for nitrogen by the Dumas method (AOAC ) using a Leco FP 528 analyser (Leco Corporation, St. Joseph, MI). Starch was determined on the 0.5-mm milled samples by the enzymatic method of McCleary et al. (1997). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was determined in beakers using the method of Robertson and Van Soest (1977) with a heat stable a-amylase (Termamyl 120; A3402, Sigma Aldrich, Canada). Sodium sulphite was omitted. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) was determined in beakers by the method of Van Soest et al. (1991). All other reagents for NDF and ADF were as described by Van Soest et al. (1991). Residues of NDF and ADF were filtered through a filter paper (11 cm #54; Whatman, Whatman Plc., Middlesex, UK) and subsequently analysed for neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP), respectively, using the Kjeldahl method as described by Licitra et al. (1996). Acid detergent lignin (ADL; Van Soest and Robertson 1980) was determined using 26 N sulphuric acid following extraction with acid detergent solution using fibre bags (ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY). Non protein nitrogen (NPN) and soluble CP (SCP) were determined using the Kjeldahl method following extraction with sodium tungstate solution and borate phosphate buffer solution respectively as described by Licitra et al. (1996). Calculations Non structural carbohydrates (NSC) were calculated according to Van Soest et al. (1991): NSC 1000½(NDFNDIPÞCPEEashŠ and carbohydrates (CHO) were calculated according to Sniffen et al. (1992): CHO 1000EEashCP: Total digestible nutrients (TDN 1x ) were calculated according to the National REsearch Council (NRC) (2001): TDN 1X tdnfctdcp(tdfa 22:5)tdNDF 70 where tdnfc, tdcp, tdfa, and tdndf were calculated according to NRC (2001).Protein and carbohydrate sub-fractions were calculated according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS; Sniffen et al. 1992). Data from the in situ degradation studies were fitted to the model of Ørskov and McDonald (1979): PSD(1exp (kdt) ) using the NLIN procedure of the SAS Institute, Inc. (1999) where, P is the degradability of DM, CP or starch at time t, S is the immediately soluble fraction, D the degradable fraction and k d is the fractional rate of degradation of fraction D. Effective degradability (ED) was calculated as described by Ørskov and McDonald (1979): ED Sf(DKd)=(KdKr)g

4 714 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE where S, D, and Kd are the same as previously described and Kr is the assumed rumen outflow rate for concentrates set at 0.06 h 1 (Tamminga et al. 1994). Statistical Analysis Chemical composition, CNCPS fractions, and TDN 1x data was fitted to the model: y ij ma i b j o ij using the MIXED procedure of the SAS Institute, Inc. (1999) where y ij is the measured variable, m the overall mean, a the effect of cultivar (i 1 to 6), b the fixed blocking effect of year (j 1 to 3), and o ij is the associated error. Data from the in situ experiment was fitted to the model y ijk ma i b j g k o ijk using the MIXED procedure of the SAS Institute, Inc. (1999) where y ijk is the measured variable, m, a, and b are the same as stated previously, g is the random blocking effect of cow (k 1 to 3), and o ikj is the associated error. Statistical differences were declared at P Treatment means were separated using Fishers LSD at Contrasts between AC Metcalfe and individual feed cultivars were assessed using least-squares means approach. RESULTS Chemical Composition The chemical composition and CNCPS protein and carbohydrate fractions of the barley cultivars are presented in Table 1. There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and the mean of the feed cultivars for several parameters with mean values of 945 g DM kg 1 of fresh matter, 20 g EE kg 1 DM, 121 g CP kg 1 DM, 834 g CHO kg 1 DM, 27g ADL kg 1 DM, 192 g SCP kg 1 CP, 59 g NPN kg 1 CP, 84 g NDIP kg 1 CP, and 5 g ADIP kg 1 CP. There was a small but significant difference between AC Metcalfe and the mean of the feed cultivars in respect to the ash value with means of 24 and 25 g kg 1 DM, respectively. The mean of the feed cultivars had higher (P B0.05) NSC, starch, ADL, and TDN values of 692, 520, 51, and 834 g kg 1 DM, respectively, compared with respective values of 662, 492, 46, and 820 g kg 1 DM for AC Metcalfe. However, AC Metcalfe had a higher (P B0.001) NDF concentration than the mean of the feed cultivars with average values of 183 and 152 g kg 1 DM, respectively. There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and any of the feed cultivars in terms of DM concentration. Cultivars CDC Dolly and McLeod had a higher (PB0.05) ash value than AC Metcalfe, whereas only CDC Helgason differed from AC Metcalfe in EE concentration where it had a higher (P0.032) value. The CP concentration of CDC Cowboy was higher (P 0.042) than that of AC Metcalfe. There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and any of the other cultivars in terms of CHO concentration. The NSC concentration of CDC Cowboy, CDC Helgason and CDC Trey were higher (P B0.05) than that of AC Metcalfe. Additionally, CDC Cowboy, CDC Trey, and McLeod had a higher (P B0.05) starch concentration than AC Metcalfe. CDC Dolly had a lower (P 0.017) ADF value compared with AC Metcalfe, whereas CDC Helgason and McLeod had a higher (PB0.05) value. AC Metcalfe had a higher (P B0.05) NDF concentration when compared with CDC Cowboy, CDC Helgason, or CDC Trey. There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and individual feed cultivars in respect to SCP or NPN. McLeod had a lower (P0.018) NDIP value and CDC Dolly had a lower (P 0.039) ADIP value compared with AC Metcalfe. The TDN 1x value reported for McLeod was lower (P 0.041) than that of AC Metcalfe, whereas CDC Cowboy, CDC Helgason, and CDC Trey had a higher (PB0.05) TDN 1x value. Protein Fractions There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and the feed cultivars in terms of PA, PB1, PB2, and PB3 with mean values of 59, 133, 724, and 79 g kg 1 CP, respectively. There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and the mean of the feed cultivars in respect to the PC fraction with a mean value of 5 g kg 1 CP; however, CDC Dolly had a lower (P0.039) PC value compared with AC Metcalfe. Carbohydrate Fractions There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and the mean of the feed cultivars in terms of CA and CC fractions with mean values of 206 and 79 g kg 1 CHO, respectively. The feed cultivars had a higher (P 0.005) CB1 fraction with a value of 624 g kg 1 CHO and a lower (P0.025) CB2 fraction with a value of 92 g kg 1 CHO compared with mean values of 589 and 123 g kg 1 CHO, respectively, for AC Metcalfe. CDC Helgason had a higher (P0.016) CA fraction and McLeod had a lower (P 0.004) CA fraction compared with AC Metcalfe. AC Metcalfe had a lower (P B0.05) CB1 fraction compared with CDC Helgason, CDC Trey, and McLeod. However, AC Metcalfe had a higher (P B0.05) CB2 fraction compared with CDC Cowboy, CDC Helgason and CDC Trey. There was no difference between AC Metcalfe and individual feed cultivars in terms of the CC fraction. In situ Degradation Parameters The in situ rumen DM, CP, and starch degradation parameters of the barley cultivars are presented in Table 2. There was no difference between in situ DM parameters of AC Metcalfe and the mean of the feed cultivars in terms of D, RUDM, EDDM, or Kd with mean values of 723, 618, 382 g kg 1 DM, and h 1, respectively. The feed cultivars had a lower (P B0.001) S fraction compared with AC Metcalfe

5 Table 1. Chemical composition and Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein system (CNCPS) fractions of different barley cultivars Cultivar Significance AC Metcalfe CDC Cowboy CDC Dolly CDC Helgason CDC Trey McLeod SEM All cultivars Feed vs. malting z Chemical composition (g kg 1 DM unless stated otherwise) DM (g kg 1 ) ash y y EE y CP y CHO NSC y y y B0.001 B0.001 Starch y y y ADF y 51.8 y y 1.64 B NDF y y y B0.001 B0.001 ADL SCP (g kg 1 CP) NPN (g kg 1 CP) NDIP (g kg 1 CP) y ADIP (g kg 1 CP) y TDN 1x y y y y 3.36 B CNCPS protein fractions (g kg 1 CP) PA PB PB PB PC y CNCPS carbohydrate fractions (g kg 1 CHO) CA y y CB y y y CB y y 60.7 y CC z Contrast between AC Metcalfe and mean of all other cultivars. y Values differ (PB 0.05) from AC Metcalfe. For definitions, please see list of abbreviations. HART ET AL. * CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RUMINAL PARAMETERS OF BARLEY 715

6 Table 2. In situ rumen DM, CP, and starch degradation characteristics of different barley cultivars AC Metcalfe CDC Cowboy CDC Dolly Cultivar CDC Helgason CDC Trey McLeod SEM all cultivars Significance In sacco rumen DM degradation characteristics (g kg 1 DM unless otherwise stated) S y 78.0 y y 3.97 B0.001 B0.001 D y y B Kd (h 1 ) y y B RUDM x y y y B EDDM x y y y B In sacco rumen CP degradation characteristics (g kg 1 CP unless otherwise stated) S D y y Kd (h 1 ) y y y B RUCP x y y RUCP x (g kg 1 DM) EDCP x y y EDCP x (g kg 1 DM) y B In sacco rumen starch degradation characteristics (g kg 1 starch unless otherwise stated) S D Kd (h 1 ) y y B RUST x RUST x (g kg 1 DM) EDST x EDST x (g kg 1 DM) B0.001 z Contrast between AC Metcalfe and mean of all other cultivars. y Values differ (P B 0.05) from AC Metcalfe. For definitions, please see list of abbreviations. x Calculated at a rumen outflow rate of 0.06 h 1. Feed vs. malting z 716 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

7 HART ET AL. * CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RUMINAL PARAMETERS OF BARLEY 717 with mean values of 83 and 97g kg 1 DM, respectively. AC Metcalfe had a higher (PB0.05) S fraction compared with CDC Dolly, CDC Helgason and McLeod. CDC Cowboy had a lower (P 0.047) and CDC Dolly had a higher (P0.004) D fraction compared with AC Metcalfe, whereas the reverse was true in respect to Kd values (P B0.001 and P 0.014, respectively). CDC Cowboy had a higher (P0.015) RUDM value compared with AC Metcalfe, whereas CDC Dolly and CDC Helgason had a lower (P B0.01) value. CDC Helgason and CDC Dolly had a higher (PB0.01) EDDM and CDC Cowboy had a lower (P0.015) EDDM value compared with AC Metcalfe. There was no difference between in situ CP parameters of AC Metcalfe and the mean of the feed cultivars in respect to CP degradation parameters S, D, RUCP, and EDCP on a g kg 1 CP basis and RUCP and EDCP on a g kg 1 DM basis with mean values of 19, 824, 463, 537g kg 1 CP, 56, and 65 g kg 1 DM, respectively. The feed cultivars had a higher (P 0.024) Kd value compared with AC Metcalfe with mean values of and h 1, respectively. There was no difference between individual feed cultivars and AC Metcalfe in terms of the S (g kg 1 CP) or RUCP (g kg 1 DM). CDC Cowboy and CDC Helgason had a lower (PB0.05) D fraction than AC Metcalfe. However, CDC Cowboy, CDC Helgason, and CDC Trey had a higher (P B0.05) Kd value compared with AC Metcalfe. CDC Cowboy and CDC Trey had a lower (PB0.05) RUCP value and a higher (P B0.05) EDCP value compared with AC Metcalfe. However, only CDC Cowboy differed from AC Metcalfe in terms of EDCP on a DM basis where it had a higher (PB0.001) value. There was no difference between in situ starch parameters of AC Metcalfe and the feed cultivars in respect to starch degradation parameters S, D, RUST, EDST, and RUST on a DM basis with mean values of 197, 718, 223, 777 g kg 1 starch, and 111 g kg 1 DM, respectively. The feed cultivars of barley had a higher (P0.038) Kd value compared with the malting cultivar with mean values of and h 1, respectively. However, CDC Cowboy had a higher (PB0.001) and CDC Dolly had a lower (P0.018) Kd compared with AC Metcalfe. The EDST on a g kg 1 DM basis was higher (PB0.001) in the feed cultivars in comparison to the malting cultivar with mean values of 391 and 370 gkg 1 DM, respectively. There was no difference in EDST on a g kg 1 DM basis between individual feed cultivars and AC Metcalfe. DISCUSSION Chemical Composition, Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions There were few overall differences in chemical composition between the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and the mean of the five feed cultivars tested, with the results being comparable with other Canadian and North American barley cultivars reported by Fregeau-Reid et al. (2001), NRC (2001), and Yu et al. (2003) in terms of DM, ash, CP, and EE. The most notable differences between the malting and the mean result of the five feed cultivars are the increased NSC and starch concontrations of the feed cultivars. This could be highly beneficial in terms of animal performance, since an increase in the starch content of feed cultivars of barley has been shown to increase net energy and feed efficiency in beef cattle in comparison with the lower starch parent lines (Surber et al. 2000). All of the starch values reported here fall into the wide range of 483 to 625 g kg 1 DM reported by Khorasani et al. (2000). Yu et al. (2003) reported no difference in starch contents between a malting and a feed cultivar, but reported a large difference in measured rather than derived NSC content with the malting cultivar having 100 g kg 1 DM more NSC than the malting cultivar. When examining the individual feed cultivars reported here, there were significant differences in NSC between AC Metcalfe and the feed cultivars CDC Cowboy, CDC Helgason, and CDC Trey. However, since NSC is typically derived and not measured directly it is influenced by multiple methodologies that are not always comparable between studies such as NDF, NDIP, and EE. The malting cultivar AC Metcalfe had a higher NDF concentration compared with the feed cultivars in this study, whereas Yu et al. (2003) reported no difference between feed and malting cultivars. The fibre and fibre associated protein fractions reported here are lower (approximately 24 and 30% less for NDF and ADF, respectively, and approximately 41 and 88% less for NDIP and ADIP, respectively) than those reported by NRC (2001) and Yu et al. (2003). These differences may be attributable to variations in fibre methodologies (Ferreria and Mertens 2007). Licitra et al. (1996) published standardized methodologies for nitrogen fractionation of feedstuffs and included brief details on the fibre methods using specific laboratory equipment. However, there are many different adaptations for fibre methods based upon type of feedstuff, enzyme used, and equipment available (Van Soest et al. 1991). The fibre fractions reported in this study were analysed using more traditional, concentratetargeted, methodologies resulting in greater repeatability compared with the fibre bag methodology, potentially due to a larger sample size or a more aggressive heating procedure being used in the beaker method compared with the fibre bags. Therefore, it is essential that these are detailed fully so that suitable comparisons can be made. Despite the significant difference (P B 0.05) in ADF and NDF between the malting and feed cultivars reported here there would be of little impact on ruminant nutrition since the differences are practically not important. The most notable difference is the increased TDN 1x value observed in the feed cultivars compared with the malting cultivar. This result differs from that of Yu et al. (2003), who reported a TDN 1x difference of 9 g kg 1 DM between a feed and a malting

8 718 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE cultivar. The feed cultivar McLeod was the only cultivar that had a lower TDN 1x value than AC Metcalfe. When TDN 1x is derived from chemical composition, small gross differences in EE concentration lead to a larger difference in TDN 1x. due to the multiplication factor of 22.5 applied in the calculation. This is potentially the reason for the lower TDN 1x value observed in McLeod. In terms of predicted ruminant performance there would overall be little difference between AC Metcalfe and CDC Dolly, but feeding CDC Cowboy, CDC Helgason, and CDC Trey might result in increased animal performance. However, this might not be the case when fed, since Boss and Bowman (1996a) offered a highly comparable feed and malting cultivar to beef cattle and reported that feeding the malting cultivar resulted in an increased DMI, daily gain, and carcass quality grade compared with the feed cultivar. However, detailed chemical analyses were not reported. No differences were observed in the CNCPS protein fractions of the malting and feed cultivars a result in agreement with that of Yu et al. (2003). In this current study, more of the protein was intermediately degradable (mean 724 g kg 1 CP) and less of the protein was slowly degradable (mean 79 g kg 1 CP) in comparison with the results of Yu et al. (2003), who reported mean values of 529 and 264 g kg 1 CP for PB2 and PB3, respectively. Despite the significant differences in CB1 and CB2 fractions of the malting and feed cultivars reported here, there would be little practical differences. In the rumen, there is unlikely to be any difference between microbial protein synthesis of animals fed any of the cultivars reported here since there was practically no difference in any of the CNCPS fractions. In situ Rumen Degradation Characteristics It is complicated to make comparisons between in situ studies due to the large differences observed between methods of sample preparation, effect of basal diet, and the variation observed intra- and inter-animal (Huntington and Givens 1995). Yu et al. (2003) demonstrated that the in situ degradation parameters of barley grain were heavily influenced by processing methods, with no difference being observed with milled samples whereas differences were observed in rolled samples. Additionally, Boss and Bowman (1996b) reported no difference between feed and malting cultivars when milled samples were assessed in situ. The feed cultivars reported here had a lower S DM fraction compared with the malting cultivar, a result in agreement with the findings of Yu et al. (2003). Some of this difference in S fraction might be attributable to small particle losses from the polyester bags (Huntington and Givens 1995) since all the barley grains used here were milled using the same size roller gap irrespective of grain size. Therefore, some of the larger grains may have experienced more extensive fracturing of the hull. Yu et al. (2003) reported that the rolled malting cultivar had higher S, D, and Kd values, in terms of CP, compared with the rolled feed cultivar. This was not the case in this current study for the S and D fractions where no difference was observed; however, the malting cultivar reported here also had a faster Kd rate compared with the mean of the feed cultivars. These results are in support of the predicted CNCPS protein fractions reported here. There were no further differences in RUCP or EDCP between feed and malting cultivars. Some individual feed cultivars had an increased EDCP value and decreased RUCP value compared with AC Metcalfe but on a DM basis these differences were reduced with only CDC Cowboy being different from AC Metcalfe. It is not expected that this small difference would enhance animal performance. The Kd value for starch disappearance was considered practically insignificant due to the very small difference of between means. The starch Kd values reported here are typically higher than that of 0.13 h 1 reported by Ortega-Cerrilla et al. (1999). This large difference between starch Kd values was unexpected and may be indicative of a different starch and protein matrix within the grain structure of these different varieties (Yu et al. 2004). There were no differences in in situ starch degradation kinetics between the malting cultivar and the feed cultivars. The feed cultivars had a higher EDST value compared with AC Metcalfe. An imbalance caused by an increased amount of ruminally available starch is a contributing factor to rumen acidosis (Owens et al. 1998) and as such the malting cultivar might be more beneficial when ruminant rations contain a high proportion of barley grain. The extent of starch disappearance recorded for McLeod was contradictory to the derived CHO fractions where it was predicted to have the lowest soluble CHO fraction; however, no difference was observed in situ. The CNCPS fractions were determined on milled products whereas the in situ values were determined using rolled samples. It is plausible to suggest that differences in sample preparation might have caused these differences between CNCPS fractions and in situ values due to the sample matrix being destroyed to a greater extent by milling. A large proportion of barley intended for the malting industry fails to meet the malting quality standards and as such is redirected into the animal feed market. The results of this study suggest that there would be few nutritive differences and subsequent differences in ruminant performance between the five feed cultivars compared with the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Development Fund for financing this project.

9 HART ET AL. * CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RUMINAL PARAMETERS OF BARLEY 719 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fact sheet; Barley production in Canada March [Online] Available: [2008 Jul. 31]. American Malting Barley Association, Inc Malting barley breeding guidelines. [Online] Available: [2008 Jul. 31]. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official methods of analysis. 15th Edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA. Beames, R. M., Helm, J. H., Eggum, B. O., Boisen, S., Bach Knudsen, K. E. and Swift, M. L A comparison of methods for measuring the nutritive value for pigs of a range of hulled and hulless barley cultivars. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 62: Boss, D. L. and Bowman, J. G. P. 1996a. Barley varieties for finishing steers: I. Feedlot performance, in vivo diet digestion, and carcass characteristics. J. Dairy. Sci. 74: Boss, D. L. and Bowman, J. G. P. 1996b. Barley varieties for finishing steers: II. Ruminal characteristics and rate, site and extent of digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 74: Canadian Council on Animal Care Guide to the care and use of experimental animals. Volume 1. CCAC, Ottawa, ON. Canadian Grain Commission Grains from western Canada; Malting barley. [Online] Available: maltingbarley.pdf [2008 Jul. 31]. Classen, H. L., Campbell, G. L., Rossnagel, B. G. and Bhatty, R. S Evaluation of hulless barley as replacement for wheat or conventional barley in laying hen diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 68: Ferreira, G. and Mertens, D. R Measuring detergent fibre and insoluble protein in corn silage using crucibles or fibre bags. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 133: Fregeau-Reid, J., Choo, T-W., Ho, K-M., Martin, R. A. and Konishi, T Comparisons of two-row and six-row barkey for chemical composition using double haploid lines. Crop Sci. 41: Grings, E. E., Roffler, R. E. and Deitelhoff, D. P Evaluation of corn and barley as energy sources for cows in early lactation fed alfalfa-based diets. J. Dairy Sci. 75: Huntington, J. A. and Givens, D. I The in situ technique for studying the rumen degradation of feeds: A review of the procedure. Nut. Abs. Rev. (Series B) 65: Kim, S. and Dale, B.E Global potential bioethanol production from wasted crops and crop residues. Biomass Bioenergy 26: Khoransani, G. R., Helm, G. and Kennelly, J. J In situ rumen degradation characteristics of sixty cultivars of barley grain. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 80: Lewandrowski, J. and Schimmelpfennig, D Economic implications of climate change for U.S. agriculture: Assessing recent evidence. Land Econ. 75: 3957 Licitra, G., Hernandez, T. M. and Van Soest, P. J Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 57: McCleary, B. V., Gibson, T. S. and Mugford, D. C Measurement of total starch in cereal products by amyglucosidase alpha amylase method: Collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 80: Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Analysis of agricultural materials. HMSO, London, UK. National Research Council Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Nocek, J. E. and Tamminga, S Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: Ørskov, E. R. and McDonald, I The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to the rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92: Ortega-Cerrilla, M. E., Finlayson, H. and Armstrong, D. L The effect of chemical treatment of barley on starch digestion in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 77: Owens, F. N., Zinn, R. A. and Kim, Y. K Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine. J. Anim. Sci. 63: Owens, F. N., Secrist, D. S., Hill, W. J. and Gill, D. R Acidosis in cattle: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 76: Paine, C. A., Crawshaw, R. and Barber, W. P A complete exchange method for the in situ estimation of rumen degradability on a routine basis. In D. G. Thompson, D. E. Beever, and R. G. Gunn, eds. Forage protein in ruminant animal production. Occasional publication No. 6. British Society of Animal Production, Penicuik, UK. Robertson, J. B. and Van Soest, P.J Dietary fiber estimation in concentrate animal feed-stuffs. J. Anim. Sci. 54 (Suppl. 1): (Abstr.). SAS Institute, Inc User s guide: Statistics. 8th ed. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. Sniffen, C. J., O Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. J. and Russell, J. B A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. J. Anim. Sci. 70: Surber, L. M. M., Bowman, J. G. P., Blake, T. K., Hinman, D. D., Boss, D. L. and Blackhurst, T. C Prediction of barley feed quality for beef cattle from laboratory analyses. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 51: Tamminga, S., Van Straalen, W. M., Subnel, A. P. J., Meijer, R. G. M., Wever, C. J. G. and Block, M. C The Dutch protein evaluation system: The DVE/OEB-system. Livest. Prod. Sci. 40: Van Soest P. J. and Robertson, J. B Systems of analysis for evaluating fibrous feeds. Page 49 W. J. Pigden, C. C. Balch, and M. Graham, ed. in Standardization of analytical methodology for feeds. Int. Dev. Res. Center, Ottawa, ON. Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: Yang, W. Z., Beauchemin, K. A. and Rhode, L. A Comparison of barley, hull-less barley and corn in the concentrate of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80: Yu, P., Meier, J. A., Christensen, D. A., Rossnagel, B. G. and McKinnon, J. J Using the NRC2001 model and the DVE/OEB system to evaluate nutritive values of Harrington (malting type) and Valier (feed-type) barley for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 107: 4560 Yu, P., Christensen, D. A., Christensen, C. R., Drew, M. D., Rossnagel, B. G. and McKinnon, J. 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