Production of Fusaric Acid by Fusarium Species

Transcription

1 APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1996, p Vol. 62, No /96/$ Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology Production of Fusaric Acid by Fusarium Species C. W. BACON, 1 * J. K. PORTER, 1 W. P. NORRED, 1 AND J. F. LESLIE 2 USDA Agricultural Research Service, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia, 1 and Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 2 Received 22 May 1996/Accepted 16 August 1996 is a mycotoxin with low to moderate toxicity, which is of concern since it might be synergistic with other cooccurring mycotoxins. is widespread on corn and corn-based food and feeds and is frequently found in grain, where Fusarium spp. are also isolated. We surveyed 78 strains of Fusarium moniliforme, F. crookwellense, F. subglutinans, F. sambucinum, F. napiforme, F. heterosporum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. proliferatum for their ability to produce fusaric acid. s in Fusarium section Liseola also were assigned to mating population of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. The fungi could be divided into three classes, low (<100 g/g), moderate (100 to 500 g/g), and high (>500 g/g), based on the amounts of this mycotoxin produced in culture on autoclaved corn. s of mating populations C from rice consistently produced moderate to high concentrations of fusaric acid. Two isolates, one each from mating populations C and D, produced fusaric acid in excess of 1,000 g/g of corn. No isolates of any of the Fusarium species examined were negative for the of fusaric acid on autoclaved corn. * Corresponding author. Mailing address: USDA/ARS, P.O. Box 5677, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA Phone: (706) Fax: (706) Contribution J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kans. (5-butylpicolinic acid) was first discovered during the laboratory culture of Fusarium heterosporum Nees by Yabuta et al. (45). This compound was one of the first fungal metabolites implicated in the pathogenesis of tomato wilt symptoms caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Schlecht. emend. Snyd & Hans. (13, 45). In addition to the suggested role in plant pathogenesis, fusaric acid is potentially toxic to animals. is mildly toxic to mice (14), and it has several important pharmacological properties (14, 25, 33, 34) in that both brain and pineal neurotransmitters and metabolites are affected. may augment the overall toxicity of other mycotoxins. Thus, the major importance of fusaric acid to animal toxicity may be synergistic interactions (3, 10, 37) with other naturally cooccurring mycotoxins (6, 33, 38). Two surveys of several types of cereal grain, mixed livestock, and poultry feed indicated that fusaric acid is a natural contaminant of these food and feed grains (34, 38). Further, several toxic mixed feeds and corn samples contained fusaric acid in addition to other mycotoxins (34). Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. (sexual stage Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito in Ito & K. Kimura) of the section Liseola is associated with corn as a nonobligate and usually symptomless endophyte (2). The endophytic association of corn with this fungus is a cause for concern, since several mycotoxins may be produced during its symptomless endophytic colonization (1). F. moniliforme produces fumonisins (4, 15, 20, 21), fusarins (44), moniliformin (7, 21), and beauvericin (32). The contamination of corn kernels by F. moniliforme varies but can reach 100% (17); individual plants are usually infested by more than one strain of the fungus (16). The fungus systemically infects kernels, although it also colonizes the surface of kernels. The infection of kernels is not obvious, and apparently uninfected kernels can have just as high an incidence of infection as do obviously diseased corn kernels (1, 12, 17). The fumonisins are most commonly found in corn kernels and most corn commodities examined (15, 40, 41), which is highly indicative of the ubiquitous presence of F. moniliforme and related fungi in corn. In addition to F. moniliforme, other Fusarium spp. parasitize corn and other cereal grains. Within the last decade, F. moniliforme has been described as a species complex composed of six different biological species, frequently termed mating populations (18, 19). Since the reevaluation of this species complex, several studies have been designed to assign specific morphological, physiological, phytopathological, and toxicological characteristics to mating populations within fungi of the section Liseola (18, 22, 27, 29, 35, 46). Fungi of mating populations A and F make up F. moniliforme. A recent study (34) indicated that one isolate from mating population A, MRC 826, produces fusaric acid on autoclaved corn, but no other information on the ability of members of other G. fujikuroi mating populations to produce fusaric acid is available. The common occurrence of mating populations on food and feed grains accentuates the concern for the identity of taxa that produce fusaric acid. In this study, we report the ability of strains from 12 Fusarium spp., including the 6 G. fujikuroi mating populations, to produce fusaric acid when cultured on autoclaved corn. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microorganisms and culture conditions. For a list of the isolates used in this study, see Tables 1 (G. fujikuroi mating populations) and 2 (other Fusarium spp.). G. fujikuroi isolates were assigned to mating populations on the basis of crosses on carrot agar with standard mating-type tester strains (18). All isolates of fungi were stored on silica gel at 4 C. Inocula were prepared from fungi that were cultured on potato dextrose agar (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) for 7 to 14 days at room temperature. The inocula (10 6 to 10 9 spores per ml) were prepared in phosphatebuffered saline (ph 7.0). The fungi were tested for fusaric acid on autoclaved corn and liquid culture media (23, 31). Only fungi in mating population C, as well as a few other species, were positive for fusaric acid when cultured on liquid media; however, all fungi produced fusaric acid on the corn kernels. Twenty grams of a seed grade field yellow corn (Trucker s Favorite) was added to 125-ml Erlenmeyer flasks along with 9 ml of distilled water to produce kernels with 45% added water. The flasks were closed with foam plugs, and the kernels were allowed to imbibe the water at room temperature for 4 h. The flasks of corn were autoclaved for 30 min on two consecutive days. The inoculum, 1 ml per flask, was pipetted onto the autoclaved kernels, and the cultures were incubated in the dark for 4 weeks at 26 to 28 C. The fungal cultured corn kernels were stored at 20 C until analyzed. extraction. The 20-g sample was ground in a Braun homogenizer (Brinkmann, Inc.) to a uniform consistency in 100 ml of 1:1 methanol 1% 4039

2 4040 BACON ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. KH 2 PO 4 (ph 3.0) by a modification of the procedure of Smith and Sousadias (38). The ground samples were centrifuged (10,000 g for 20 min at ambient temperature), and the ph of the supernatant was adjusted to 3.0 with 2 N HCl. The acidified supernatant was extracted sequentially three times with 80 ml of methylene chloride. The methylene chloride extracts were pooled, and the volume was reduced to less than 50 ml on a rotary evaporator under vacuum. The methylene chloride was extracted twice with 25 ml of 5% aqueous NaHCO 3. The methylene chloride fraction was discarded, and the aqueous NaHCO 3 solutions were pooled. The ph of the NaHCO 3 was adjusted to 3.0 with 5 N HCl, and the solution was extracted twice with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride fractions were combined, and the methylene chloride was removed under vacuum at 40 C on a rotary evaporator. The resulting residue was stored at 4 C until analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Liquid chromatography. The residue was dissolved in the high-pressure liquid chromatography mobile phase before injection. Separation and determination of fusaric acid in the extracts were based on a modified method of ligand-exchange liquid chromatography (8, 36). The mobile phase consisted of water-methanolligand stock solution (5:3:2, vol/vol/vol). The ligand stock solution consisted of 2.5 g of 4-dodecyldiethylenetriamine (Eastman Kodak), 100 g of ammonium acetate, and ml of 0.01 M zinc acetate, with the ph adjusted to 7.3 (30). The column was equilibrated in the mobile phase for 6 h before use. was resolved with a 4.6-mm by 5-cm Microsorb 3- m-bead C 18 reverse-phase column protected by a C m, 4.6-mm by 10-cm guard column (Rainin Instrument Co. Inc., Woburn, Mass.) on a Hewlett-Packard model 1050 liquid chromatography system. Incorporation of the ligand into the mobile phase was essential for complete resolution of fusaric acid. was detected by monitoring the UV A 271. had a retention time of 19.5 min with a mobile-phase flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The quantities of fusaric acid (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) were determined by the external-standards method. For each fungal strain, the results are the means of two separate experiments that consisted of three replications, and each experiment was repeated twice. The coefficient of variation within replications was less than 7% (INSTAT Statistics; GraphPAD Software, Inc.). The presence of fusaric acid in the corn samples was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the trimethysilyl ester of an authentic standard on a Hewlett-Packard 5890 series II gas chromatograph with an HP-5970 mass-selective detector by earlier procedures (34). The GC-MS procedure was also used to determine the presence of the related analogs dehydrofusaric acid and 10-hydroxyfusaric acid (43) in the samples. Additional confirmation of fusaric acid was performed by cochromatography with an authentic standard of fusaric acid developed on precoated thin-layer chromatography sheets (20- by 20-cm plates with aluminum backing coated with silica gel, 250 mm thick; Whatman Ltd., Kent, England). The plates were developed in tolueneethyl acetate-formic acid (50:40:20, vol/vol/vol) (31). After development (15 cm), the plates were dried with a heat gun and then sprayed with 0.1% rubeanic acid (dithiooxamide) dissolved in acetone (8). Additionally, several of the extracts were applied to the silica gel sheets, and the plates were developed with an authentic standard and dried as described above. The thin-layer silica gel sheets were covered with a glass plate before the guide standard was sprayed with the rubeanic acid solution. The area of the sheets representing the extracts that were consistent with authentic fusaric acid were scored, scraped from the plate, treated with methylene chloride, and filtered, and the methylene chloride solution was concentrated under a stream of nitrogen. was confirmed in the extracts by GC-MS analysis of the trimethylsilyl ester as described above. RESULTS TABLE 1. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium mating populations in the section Liseola Original host a Geographic origin Mating type b Source c C ,080 Rice Taiwan C JFL C Rice Taiwan C JFL C Rice Taiwan C JFL C Rice Taiwan C JFL ATCC Rice Taiwan C ATCC A Corn California A PTS A Corn California A PTS MRC Corn-D South Africa A PEN A Corn-D Kansas A JFL A Corn-A Kansas A JFL A Corn-D Kansas A JFL A Corn-A Kansas A JFL A Corn-D Kansas A JFL A Corn Kansas A JFL A Sorghum Arkansas A JFL A Banana Turkey A JFL A Banana Thailand A JFL RRC Corn Georgia A CWB RRC Corn Georgia A CWB RRC Corn Georgia A CWB RRC Corn Georgia A CWB RRC PAT 20 Corn Italy A CWB RRC Corn Georgia A CWB RRC Corn Mississippi A CWB RRC Corn Mississippi A CWB B Sorghum Philippines B JFL B Cattlyea Germany B JFL B Lab cross B JFL B Sorghum Philippines B JFL D Corn-D Kansas D JFL D Corn-D Kansas D JFL D Corn-D Kansas D JFL D Sorghum Missouri D JFL D Sorghum Kansas D JFL D Corn Kansas D JFL D Sorghum Mississippi D JFL D Tobacco S. Carolina D JFL E Corn-D Kansas E JFL E Corn Kansas E JFL E Corn Illinois E JFL E Corn China E JFL E Corn Iran E JFL F Sorghum-D Kansas F JFL F Sorghum-D Kansas F JFL F Sorghum-D Kansas F JFL F Sorghum-A Kansas F JFL F Sorghum-A Kansas F JFL F Sorghum-D Kansas F JFL F Sorghum-D Kansas F JFL F Sorghum-D Kansas F JFL a D, disease; A, asymptomatic. b The letters A through F indicate the mating population to which a strain belongs; and indicate mating types within a mating population. c PTS, Philip T. Spieth, University of California, Berkeley; JFL, John F. Leslie, Kansas State University, Manhattan; PEN, Paul E. Nelson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; CWB, Charles W. Bacon, Russell Research Center, Athens, Ga.; ATCC, American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. was detected in corn kernels cultured with all 78 Fusarium isolates examined (Tables 1 to 3). The presence of fusaric acid was confirmed by both GC-MS and thin-layer chromatography. Two naturally occurring analogs of fusaric acid, dehydrofusaric acid and hydroxyfusaric acid, were not detected in 21 randomly selected F. moniliforme corn cultures consisting of isolates from all mating populations. The presence of these two analogs in other species was not determined. The range in the of fusaric acid was quite large, from 20 g/g (strain RRC PAT) to 1,080 g/g (strain C01993). Of the 78 strains examined, 15 produced less than 100 g/g, 53 produced 101 to 500 g/g (moderate producers), and 10 produced 501 to more than 1,000 g/g (high producers). Of the high producers only two strains produced more than 1,000 g/g. On a liquid culture medium (29), only members of mating population C produced fusaric acid (range, 320 to 1,590 mg/liter; mean, 789 mg/liter). Of the other taxa, both isolates of F. oxysporum produced this toxin (mean value, 391 mg/liter) on the liquid medium. However, trace but nonquantitative amounts ( 15 g/liter) were observed in the liquid culture of the one isolate of F. solani. by G. fujikuroi mating populations. The strains used in this study are a subset of a standard set of 44 strains that have been used to screen the different mating populations for several toxicological, physiological, and mor-

3 VOL. 62, 1996 FUSARIC ACID PRODUCTION BY FUSARIUM SPECIES 4041 TABLE 2. Production of fusaric acid by species of Fusarium on autoclaved corn Host Source a F. crookwellense 2F16 110? CWB F. crookwellense 2F32 142? CWB F. crookwellense 2F10 345? CWB F. crookwellense R Corn/soil PEN F. crookwellense R Carnation PEN F. subglutinans F7 330? CWB F. subglutinans G3 222? CWB F. subglutinans 1133b 125? CWB F. sambucinum R Potato PEN F. sambucinum R Potato PEN F. sambucinum R Potato PEN F. napiforme M Millet PEN F. heterosporum RRC Bermuda grass CWB F. oxysporum ATCC Tomato ATCC F. oxysporum ATCC Cotton ATCC F. solani ATCC Pea ATCC a PEN, Paul E. Nelson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; CWB, C. W. Bacon, Russell Research Center, Athens, Ga.; ATCC, American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. b?, unknown. phological features. Representatives of all six mating populations produced significant levels of fusaric acid (Table 1). Members of mating population C produced the most fusaric acid (range, 420 to 1,080 g/g; mean, 586 g/g). Mating population A had a range of similar size (20 to 760 g/g) but a much lower mean (232 g/g). Mating population D had a similar range (67 to 520 g/g) and mean ( g/g) to those of mating population A. The ranges for mating populations B (70 to 200 g/g), E (69 to 320 g/g), and F (81 to 501 g/g) were more compressed than the ranges for mating populations A, C, and D. The means for mating populations B (136 g/g), TABLE 3. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium moniliforme strains isolated from toxic samples Animal toxicity or mycotoxin a Sample type Source b RRC Fusarin C Corn CWB M Fusarin C Barley JMF F Fusarin C Corn LB SRRC Leuco c Horse feed MAK SRRC Swine edema Swine feed MAK RRC Leuco Horse feed CWB RRC Leuco Corn CWB MRC Fumonisin d Corn MRC RRC Leuco Corn CWB ATCC e 295 Leuco Corn JCH RRC Leuco Horse feed CWB RRC Leuco Horse feed CWB a The isolate was either associated with a specific animal disease or shown to produce a specific mycotoxin upon isolation. b CWB, Charles W. Bacon, USDA/ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, Ga.; JMF, Jeffrey M. Farber, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; LB, Leonard Bjeldanes, University of California, Berkeley; MAK, Maren A. Klich, USDA/ASR, Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La.; JCH, J. C. Halibarton, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Ill.; MRC, W. F. O. Marasas, Medical Research Council, Capetown, South Africa. c Leuco, leucoencephalomalacia disease of horses. d Corn kernels from this sample are associated with human esophageal cancer. e ATCC, American Type Culture Collection. E (170 g/g), and F (236 g/g) were below the means for the other three mating populations. In addition to the 71 strains that were assigned to mating populations, 3 strains of F. subglutinans (Table 2), presently associated with mating populations B and E, and 12 strains of F. moniliforme (Table 3), presently associated with mating populations A and F, were examined for their ability to produce fusaric acid. None of the three strains of F. subglutinans produced more than 330 g of fusaric acid per g and could belong to either the B or the E mating population. Of the 12 F. moniliforme strains, all but 3 (RRC 371, M3783, and F-84) are probably members of mating population A, since they are known either to produce fumonisins or to be associated with diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia or swine pulmonary edema. The three strains known to produce fusarin C are all moderate producers of fusaric acid and could belong to either the A or the F mating population. by other Fusarium spp. In addition to species from Fusarium section Liseola, we examined 13 strains representing six other species and three other sections of the Fusarium genus (Table 2). With the exception of the F. heterosporum strain, all of the other strains were either low or moderate producers of fusaric acid. If each of the six mating populations is counted as a separate species (19), there are now at least 12 different Fusarium species that are known to produce fusaric acid. This is the first report of the of fusaric acid by strains of F. crookwellense, F. napiforme, and F. sambucinum. DISCUSSION F. moniliforme has previously been reported to produce fusaric acid (28, 39, 43), but this is the first time that strains assigned to mating populations of the G. fujikuroi species complex were tested for their ability to produce fusaric acid. Unlike the fumonisins and moniliformin, which are made by some mating populations but not others (21, 22), the ability to synthesize fusaric acid was shared by all of the G. fujikuroi strains, with only mating populations B and E not having at least one strain capable of producing high levels of fusaric acid. is an unusual secondary metabolite in that it is synthesized by strains of all of the Fusarium spp. that we examined. Thus, this metabolite is very different from other mycotoxins synthesized by various Fusarium spp., e.g., moniliformin, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone, which are limited to only a few taxonomic entities among a species population. On the basis of the present study and previous work (13, 28, 39, 45), the 13 taxa (including the different mating populations) are known to produce fusaric acid. The fungi that produce fusaric acid are widely distributed on both grain and nongrain hosts (5, 26). Most Fusarium strains from corn and sorghum probably synthesize fusaric acid, and fusaric acid has been reported to be universally present in corn and sorghum grain samples that have been tested for the presence of this mycotoxin (23, 26, 34, 38). Curiously, we know of no reports of fusaric acid being recovered from rice, even though the strains that we examined, those in G. fujikuroi mating population C that are common on rice, were the highest producers of fusaric acid in our study. Furthermore, only these strains were positive producers of fusaric acid in the liquid media tested. Relatively few agricultural products have been screened for fusaric acid (34, 38); however, the overall presence of this compound in grain used for food and feed remains unknown, and so its impact on animal health has never been estimated. Several of the Fusarium species used in this study are re-

4 4042 BACON ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. ported to be strict plant pathogens (13, 23, 45), but others were isolated from symptomless F. moniliforme-infected plants (1, 12, 22). The number of food and feed plants symptomatically or asymptomatically infected by Fusarium species used in this study is extremely large. For example, F. moniliforme alone is associated with 32 plant families (5), which represent 61 of these plant genera (11). Thus, on the basis of the number of species within each genus (24), our computation indicates that 11,665 species of plants, hundreds of which are agriculturally important food plants, may serve as hosts of isolates of F. moniliforme that are capable of producing fusaric acid in planta. The in planta of fusaric acid by several formae speciales of F. oxysporum occurs in watermelon, tomato, flax, cabbage, and carnation (9). The role of fusaric acid in plant diseases incited by these fungi is not clear. In at least two instances, fusaric acid is known to play an important role in the plant disease process (9, 13, 42), but, curiously, no correlation between plant toxicity and the amount of fusaric acid produced by the infecting isolate has been made. We have no evidence for the in planta of fusaric acid by isolates used in this study, but the symptomless endophytic association of several of these isolates in corn (2) suggests that fusaric acid either is not related to the disease aspects of seedling blight or is not produced during the symptomless endophytic colonization of corn plants. is known to enhance the toxicity of other mycotoxins in terms of both animal and plant toxicities (3, 10). This result could be due to the presence of numerous Fusarium spp. and strains within the contaminated feed samples (16) or to the fact that with multiple mycotoxins being produced (21, 32), any analysis that focuses on only a single toxin is unlikely to show a strong correlation between toxicity and the amount of any single mycotoxin (21). Reports of multiple mycotoxins being present in some toxic samples are not uncommon (6, 34), and work of this type should be encouraged, especially in light of the widespread ability of strains of numerous Fusarium species to synthesize fusaric acid. Work that attributes observed toxicities to a single compound when the test animals consumed contaminated feed may need to be reexamined. The widespread synthesis of fusaric acid, especially by strains recovered from non-grain-producing crops, suggests that the level of fusaric acid present in many of these hosts should be determined as well. In conclusion, fusaric acid is probably one of the most widely distributed mycotoxins produced by strains in the genus Fusarium. Indeed, fusaric acid may well serve as a presumptive indicator of Fusarium contamination of food and feed grains. Corn and corn-based feeds should probably be monitored on a routine basis to determine the fusaric acid levels present in these materials. The importance of fusaric acid is amplified by its abilities to interact with other toxins such as fumonisins and moniliformin. Toxicity studies of the Fusarium spp. should include analyses of multiple compounds, not just single compounds, in the determinations of toxicity under field conditions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank P. E. Nelson, P. T. Spieth, W. F. O. Marasas, J. F. Farber, L. Bjeldanes, and M. A. Klich for the fungi used in this study. We acknowledge the technical assistance of R. M. Bennett, D. Maxey, and E. M. Wray. This work was supported in part by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 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