Methods to Improve Nutrient Use Efficiency in Rice
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1 Methods to Improve Nutrient Use Efficiency in Rice Timothy W. Walker, Ph. D. Associate Agronomist R 2/Room 4 Tuesday 11:10 11:56 Wednesday 10:10 10:56
2 Nitrogen Use Efficiency NUE = Grain yield (lb/acre) Nitrogen applied (lb/acre)
3 Nitrogen Use Efficiency Yield Genetics Management Variety Selection Breeding Agronomic Pest
4 Nitrogen Use Efficiency N Rate Decrease N Rate Maintain N Rate Account for Soil Supply Account for Plant Need Prevent Loss N ST*R (U of A) Rate Response Chlorophyll Plant Area Board Sensorbased Ammonia Nitrate Agrotain Water Water Nitrification Inhibitors
5 Nitrogen Use Efficiency Maintain N Rate Prevent Loss Ammonia Nitrate Agrotain Water Water Nitrification Inhibitors
6 Urea s Reaction Produces NH 3 Gas 2 NH 3 ammonia gas on soil surface or in flood -H 2 O & CO 2 CO(NH 2 ) 2 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 2 NH OH - urea urease (ph ~ alkaline) ammonium salt in soil Note: Urea s reaction in soil initially is alkaline and increases soil ph causing ammonia volatilization loss if not incorporated in soil quickly. Slide borrowed from R. Norman
7 Ammonia Volatilization of Urea Applied to a Conventional Tilled and a Stale-Seedbed Silt loam soil (RREC, 2001) [N source LSD0.05 = 3.1% of applied N] Volatilization (% of applied N) Ammonia Volatilization Ends at ~10 Days Griggs etal., 2007; SSSAJ Time (days) Stale-Seedbed Conventional Till Slide borrowed from R. Norman
8 Ammonia Volatilization Losses (Clay soil) Ammonia Volatilization of 15 N-labeled Urea and Ammonium Sulfate From a Perry Clay Soil 14 Days before Flooding (SEREC, 2000) Volatilization (% of applied N) Ammonium Sulfate Flood Urea Ammonium Sulfate Urea Griggs et al., 2007; SSSAJ Time (days) Slide borrowed from R. Norman
9 y = 520.4x a Yield (lb/a) i a-d e-h 1238 lbs 15 % a-d d-h a-e 581 lbs 7 % a-c Urea Agrotain-Urea Linear (Urea) DPF 7 DPF 4 DPF 1 DPF Rice Research Station fertility and Agronomy Project Application time (Days Prior to Flooding)
10 NH4 N loss (% of total applied) Time (days) Urea AS Urea AS Super U Agrotain Urea Rice Research Station fertility and Agronomy Project
11 9000 (Urease inhibitor only) (Urease and nitrification inhibitors) 8500 a-d c-g a-d b-f a-e b-f a-c a-c 8000 Yield (lb/a) Agrotain-Urea Super-U DPF 7 DPF 4 DPF 1 DPF Application time (Days Prior to Flooding) Rice Research Station fertility and Agronomy Project
12 Ammonia Volatilization NH3 Volatilization Loss % of applied urea ams agrotain Days Data from Tunica clay. Dillon and Walker, unpublished
13 Urea vs Agrotain lb/acre 8800 Source x Timing (P = ) LSD = LSD = Agrotain Urea
14 Urea vs Agrotain Source x Timing (P = ) LSD = LSD = Agrotain Urea
15 Agrotain vs Super U Source x Timing (P = ) LSD = LSD = Agrotain Super U
16 Testing the Mechanism Product Evaluation Agrotainis the only urease inhibitor recommended in Arkansas. Other products unproven to inhibit NH 3 loss include Nutrisphere N Zone Extend Upgrade
17 Lab Evaluation Upgrade Urea Agrotain Urea Upgrade Urea Cumulative NH 3 Loss (% of applied N fertilizer) Time (days) Source: Norman and Roberts (unpublished data)
18 Lab Evaluation N Zone Cumulative NH 3 Loss (% of applied N fertilizer) Urea Agrotain Urea N Zone Urea Time (days) Source: Norman and Roberts (unpublished data)
19 Lab Evaluation Nutrisphere Cumulative NH 3 Loss (% of applied N fertilizer) Urea Agrotain+Urea Nutrisphere+Urea Ammonium Sulfate Time (days) Source: Franzen et al. (2011, in press) J. Plant Nutr. 0.25% Nutrisphere added
20 Lab Evaluation Extend Urea Agrotain Urea Extend Urea Cumulative NH 3 Loss (% of applied N fertilizer) Time (days) Source: Norman and Roberts (unpublished data)
21
22 Nitrification/Denitrification Nitrosomonas 2NH O 2 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O + 4H + Nitrobacter 2NO 2 + O 2 2NO 3 Permanent Flood NO 3 + H 2 O NO, N 2 O, N 2 (gases)
23 Nitrogen Stabilizers bu/ac DBF 2 DBF
24 Urea Conversion to NO 3 NH 4 remaining (% of initial) Time (days) Dulaney F13S F14 Walker CircleH LA Davis
25 Urea Conversion to NO 3 Soil A K T 1/2 R 2 % d 1 d Unit less LA (8.6832) (0.0187) F13S (5.0216) (0.0095) Dulaney (8.0813) (0.0139) Davis (7.4631) (0.0218) CircleH (7.8772) (0.0242) F (7.1418) (0.0236) Walker (5.5211) (0.0212)
26 Nitrification Rate of Urea 120 Nitrification of Urea in two Soils 100 % urea-n as NO3-N Calhoun soil Dewitt soil Days Unpublished data: Golden et al. (2009) Slide borrowed from R. Norman
27 Grain Yield Source x Timing (P = ) LSD = % Urea ENTEC Super U Agrotain Data collected at DREC 2010 Sharkey clay soil LSD = 421 2DBF 10DBF
28 Nitrification Inhibitor Nutrisphere Soil Inorganic N (ppm) NO3 N NH4 N Source: Franzen et al. (2011, in press) J. Plant Nutr. 90 lb urea N/acre; LSD0.05 (8.4 ppm for NO 3 and 4.5 ppm for NH 4 ) Data from Hazelton, North Dakota)
29 Sensor based
30
31 1 NUE Fixed = 35% NUE Sensor = 38% $ Fixed = $447 $ Sensor = $446
32 Commercially Available Active Sensors Photo courtesty of B. Tubana
33 Rice Info on the Web
34 Dr. Dustin Harrell Dr. Brenda Tubana Mr. Kevin Dillon Mr. Paxton Fitts Dr. Rick Norman Dr. Nathan Slaton Dr. Bobby Golden Dr. Trent Roberts Special Thanks
35 Special Thanks
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